Die Unterstützung der Lions Eye Bank of Delaware Valley war für diese Arbeit von unschätzbarem Wert. Primäre Maus-monoklonaler Antikörper gegen ICP8 war eine Art Geschenk von Dr. David Knipe (Harvard Medical School). Wir danken auch Dr. Stephen Jennings (Drexel University College of Medicine) und Dr. Peter Laibson (Wills Eye Institute) für hilfreiche Diskussionen und Know-how.

Alle Reagenzien und Ausrüstung wurden gekauft wurden steril oder vor dem Verfahren sterilisiert. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Schritte zum Einrichten der ex vivo-Modell beginnt mit einer Pre-entkernte Auge. In unseren Experimenten verwenden wir frische ganze Augäpfel aus jungen (8-12 Wochen) Albino-Kaninchen (Pel-Freez Biologicals, Rogers, AR). Darüber hinaus nutzen wir die menschliche Hornhäute von der örtlichen Hornhautbank erhalten. Bei Durchführung Enukleation selbst darauf achten, dass eine Beschädigung der Hornhaut oder den Limbus während des Verfahrens. Kaninchen Enukleation Protokolle können an anderer Stelle 2 zu entnehmen. Teil 1: Die Exzision des korneoskleralen Knopf <ol><li> Befeuchten Sie einen schmalen Streifen aus Gaze mit PBS und wickeln Sie es um den Augapfel zu erleichtern hielt sie während des Verfahrens. </li><li> Mit einem scharfen Skalpell einen tangentialen Einschnitt in der Sklera zu machen, etwa 0,5 cm vom Limbus. </li><li> Verwenden Sie eine scharfe Schere, um den Einschnitt und vollständig Verbrauchsteuern die corneoscleral Taste. </li><li> Sobald die korneoskleralen Taste isoliert, necken sich die Blende während die Sklera Felge mit einer Pinzette. Vermeiden Sie Schäden am Endothel bzw. auszuüben übermäßige Belastung auf der Hornhaut. </li></ol> Teil 2: Einführung der Cornea in Organotypische Kultur <ol><li> Explantierten Hornhäute werden in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) mit Non-Essential Amino Acids (1X), L-Glutamin (2 mM), Penicillin (200 U / ml) und Streptomycin (200 ug / ml) kultiviert. Ein Antipilzmittel, wie Amphotericin, können ebenfalls zugesetzt werden, wenn notwendig. </li><li> Vorbereiten einer 1% igen Lösung in Kulturmedium und halten es bereit bei 55 ° C </li><li> Gründlich die Hornhaut in sterile PBS enthaltend Penicillin (200 U / ml) und Streptomycin (200 ug / ml). </li><li> Legen Sie die Hornhaut epithelialen Seite nach unten in eine Vertiefung einer sterilen Tüpfelplatte. </li><li> Fügen Sie die Agarose-haltigem Medium auf die endotheliale Konkavität der Hornhaut gerade genug, umfüllen Sie es vollständig aus. Lassen Sie ~ 1 min für die Agarose zu verfestigen. </li><li> Legen Sie die Hornhaut mit dem tragenden Gerüst Gel epithelialen Seite nach oben in eine 35 mm Gewebekulturschale und fügen Kulturmedium, um die Epithelzellen bedecken. </li><li> Die Hornhaut kann auf diese Weise über eine Woche kultiviert werden, wobei das Medium alle 48 Stunden. </li></ol> Teil 3: Eine Infektion mit HSV-1 und Behandlung mit experimentellen Drogen <ol><li> 1 ml Medium, enthaltend die gewünschte Menge des Virus in eine 35 mm Gewebekulturschale. Wir arbeiten normalerweise mit 1x10 4 PFU von Stamm KOS HSV-1 pro Hornhaut zu infizieren. Unser Lager Titer indem Plaque-Assays auf CV-1 Monolayer bestimmt. </li><li> Legen Sie die Hornhaut zusammen mit dem Agarose Gerüst epithelialen Seite nach unten in die Virus-haltigem Medium. </li><li> Platzieren Sie die Hornhaut in einer Gewebekultur-Inkubator für 1 Stunde mit intermittierenden Schaukelstuhl alle 10-15 min infizieren. </li><li> Nach 1 Stunde absaugen Virus-ContaiNing mittleren und spülen 2-3 mal mit PBS, um alle restlichen virale Partikel zu entfernen. </li><li> Platzieren der Hornhaut wieder in seine vorherige Position und frisches Kulturmedium, um die epitheliale Oberfläche bedeckt. </li><li> Experimentelle Therapien können vor oder nach der Infektion gestartet werden kann, je nach Art des Experiments. </li><li> Kulturmedium wird alle 48 Stunden gewechselt. </li></ol> Teil 4: Probenahme <ol class="lalpha"><li> Medium für die Plaque-Assay-Analyse. Mischen Sie die Medium gut und verwenden Sie es sofort für einen Plaque-Assay oder bei -80 ° C für eine spätere Verwendung, wenn Sammeln von Proben zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten. </li><li> DNA, RNA, Protein oder Zellen von Hornhautepithel <ol><li> Entfernen Sie die Agarose Gerüst und spülen Sie die Hornhaut gut mit PBS. </li><li> Excise der Ring aus Skleragewebe von der Hornhaut, dass nur Hornhautepithels Materials gewährleistet ist, gesammelt. </li><li> Usingen ein Skalpell, schaben die kornealen Epithelzellen in die entsprechenden Puffer in Abhängigkeit von der Art des Materials zu isolieren. Für die Isolierung von DNA und RNA, verwenden wir die DNeasy Blood &amp; Tissue Kit und die RNeasy Mini Kit bzw. (QIAGEN, Hilden, Deutschland). Für die Sammlung von Proteinlysate, verwenden wir Laemmli Puffer. Für Flusszytometrie Analyse Hornhautepithelzellen wir vorher inkubiere die Hornhäute in einer kleinen Menge von Trypsin, um die Zellen lösen, und verdrängen sie in Trypsin mit einem Skalpell. Da Abkratzen des Hornhautepithel ergibt keine gleiche Mengen von Gewebe, ist es wichtig, geeignete Kontrollen beinhalten bei der Analyse der Proben. Wir verwenden 18S rRNA als Referenz Transkript in qRT-PCR, GAPDH als Referenz-Gen in qPCRs und Nukleolin als Ladekontrolle für Western-Blots. </li></ol></li><li> Gewebeproben für die Immunhistochemie oder Immunfluoreszenz <ol><li> Entfernen Sie die Agarose Gerüst und spülen Sie den Maisea gut mit PBS. </li><li> Abhängig von Ihrer experimentellen Ziel, verwenden Sie die Hornhaut ein Paraffin Gewebe Block oder eine gefrorene Gewebe Block zu machen, wie in dem Video gezeigt. Wir folgen Standardverfahren bei der Vorbereitung Hornhautgewebe Abschnitte. </li></ol></li></ol> Repräsentative Ergebnisse Die meisten der verfügbaren Methoden zur Untersuchung von Zellen in Gewebekultur kann leicht für den Einsatz in Hornhäute mit HSV-1 ex vivo infiziert angepasst werden. Sehen Sie hier repräsentative Ergebnisse für einige der am häufigsten verwendeten Techniken für das Studium HSV-1-Infektion - qPCR (1D), qRT-PCR (Abbildung 1B), Western Blot (1F), Plaque-Assay (Abbildung 1C) und Gewebe Immunfluoreszenz (1E). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3631/3631fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1" /> Abbildung 1. Analyse der Hornhäute mit HSV-1 ex v infiziertivo. (A) Schematische Darstellung der ex vivo Modell der akuten Hornhautepithels HSV-1-Infektion. (BF) Analyse der Augenhornhaut infiziert mit der Methode in diesem Video Artikel beschrieben. Explantierten Kaninchenhornhäuten wurden mit 1x10 4 PFU / Hornhaut Stamm KOS HSV-1 infiziert und kultiviert in Gegenwart (PAA) oder Abwesenheit (Mock) von Phosphonoessigsäure (400 ug / ml), ein bekannter Inhibitor von HSV-Replikation. (B) Gesamt RNA wurde zu den angegebenen Zeitpunkten gesammelt, und die virale Transkription wurde durch qRT-PCR mit Primern für HSV-1-Polymerase beurteilt. Primern gegen 18S rRNA wurden als Referenz benutzt. n = 3 ist. Fehlerbalken zeigen ± SEM. (C) Das Kulturmedium wurde auf 48 hpi gesammelt und infektiöses Partikel Produktion wurde durch Plaque-Assay auf CV-1-Monoschichten beurteilt. (D) Gesamt-DNA wurde bei 48 hpi gesammelt und viralen Genom-Replikation wurde beurteilt ein qPCR Assay mit Primern für die HSV-1-Genom. PrIMers gegen GAPDH wurden als Referenz benutzt. n = 3 ist. Fehlerbalken zeigen ± SEM. (E) Mock-behandelten Hornhäute wurden auf 48 hpi, geschnitten, schockgefroren und analysiert durch indirekte Immunfluoreszenz auf die Anwesenheit eines viralen frühen Proteins (ICP8) innerhalb des infizierten Epithels. Kerne werden mit Höchst 33.258 gegengefärbt. (F) Proteinlysate wurden bei 48 hpi gesammelt, und die Expression eines viralen Proteins (ICP0) wurde durch Western-Blot bestimmt. BCA-Assay wurde verwendet, um gleiche Belastung der Proben zu gewährleisten. hpi = Stunden nach der Infektion.

<ol>
	<li>Kaye, S., Choudhary, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herpes+simplex+keratitis.">Herpes simplex keratitis.</a> Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 25, 355-380 (2006).</li><li>Holmberg, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enucleation+of+exotic+pets.">Enucleation of exotic pets.</a> Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 16, 88-94 (2007).</li><li>Remeijer, L., Osterhaus, A., Verjans, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+herpes+simplex+virus+keratitis:+the+pathogenesis+revisited.">Human herpes simplex virus keratitis: the pathogenesis revisited.</a> Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 12, 255-285 (2004).</li><li>Foreman, D. M., Pancholi, S., Jarvis-Evans, J., McLeod, D., Boulton, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+organ+culture+model+for+assessing+the+effects+of+growth+factors+on+corneal+re-epithelialization.">A simple organ culture model for assessing the effects of growth factors on corneal re-epithelialization.</a> Exp. Eye Res. 62, 555-564 (1996).</li><li>Xu, K. P., Li, X. F., Yu, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corneal+organ+culture+model+for+assessing+epithelial+responses+to+surfactants.">Corneal organ culture model for assessing epithelial responses to surfactants.</a> Toxicol. Sci. 58, 306-314 (2000).</li><li>Klausner, E. A., Peer, D., Chapman, R. L., Multack, R. F., Andurkar, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corneal+gene+therapy.">Corneal gene therapy.</a> J. Control Release. 124, 107-133 (2007).</li><li>Halford, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ICP0+antagonizes+Stat+1-dependent+repression+of+herpes+simplex+virus:+implications+for+the+regulation+of+viral+latency.">ICP0 antagonizes Stat 1-dependent repression of herpes simplex virus: implications for the regulation of viral latency.</a> Virol. J. 3, 44 (2006).</li><li>Bhattacharjee, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+treatment+of+ocular+HSK+with+a+human+apolipoprotein+E+mimetic+peptide+in+a+mouse+eye+model.">Effective treatment of ocular HSK with a human apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide in a mouse eye model.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. 49, 4263-4268 (2008).</li><li>Novitskaya, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Difficulties+imaging+herpes+simplex+keratitis+with+fluorescein+isothiocynate-labeled+anti-HSV-1+antibodies+in+an+ex+vivo+model.">Difficulties imaging herpes simplex keratitis with fluorescein isothiocynate-labeled anti-HSV-1 antibodies in an ex vivo model.</a> Cornea. 28, 421-425 (2009).</li><li>Sharma, A., Shimeld, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+immunofluorescence+to+diagnose+herpes+simplex+virus+keratitis+in+mice.">In vivo immunofluorescence to diagnose herpes simplex virus keratitis in mice.</a> Br. J. Ophthalmol. 81, 785-788 (1997).</li></ol>

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In diesem Video Artikel beschreiben wir ein Verfahren zur Untersuchung akuter Hornhautepithels HSV-1-Infektion in einem ex vivo-Modell. Dieses Modell ist ein nützliches Sprungbrett zwischen den in vitro und in vivo Modellen, weil es für physiologisch genaue Validierung der Zellkultur Ergebnisse ermöglicht und dadurch begrenzt die Menge von Tierversuchen, die durchgeführt werden müssen. Zusätzlich stellt die ex vivo Modell eine einzigartige Gelegenheit, und wertvolle epithelialen...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reagenzien / Zubehör </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog # </td></tr><tr><td> Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) </td><td> Mediatech </td><td> 10-010-CV </td></tr><tr><td> Non-Essential Amino Acids (100x Lösung) </td><td> Mediatech </td><td> 25-025-CI </td></tr><tr><td> L-Glutamin </td><td> Mediatech </td><td> 25-005-CI </td></tr><tr><td> Penicillin G Sodium Salt </td><td> Sigma </td><td> P3032 </td></tr><tr><td> Streptomycin Sulfatsalz </td><td> Sigma </td><td> S9137 </td></tr><tr><td> Agarose </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15510-027 </td></tr><tr><td> Phosphatgepufferte Kochsalzlösung (PBS) </td><td> Vorbereitet im Labor </td><td> N / A </td></tr><tr><td> Trypsin EDTA (1x) &lt;/ Td&gt; <td> Mediatech </td><td> 25-053-CI </td></tr><tr><td> DNeasy Blood &amp; Tissue Kit </td><td> QIAGEN </td><td> 69504 </td></tr><tr><td> RNeasy Mini Kit </td><td> QIAGEN </td><td> 74104 </td></tr><tr><td> Laemmli Buffer </td><td> Vorbereitet im Labor </td><td> N / A </td></tr><tr><td> Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) Compound </td><td> Tissue-Tek </td><td> 4583 </td></tr><tr><td> Whole Kaninchen Eyes (Young) </td><td> Pel-Freez </td><td> 41211-2 </td></tr><tr><td> Menschliche Hornhäute und Whole Augen </td><td> Lokale Eye Bank </td><td> N / A </td></tr><tr><td> 12 Well Porzellan Tüpfelplatte </td><td> Avogadro-Lab Versorgung </td><td> 1877 </td></tr><tr><td> 35 mm Gewebekulturschale </td><td> Falke </td><td> 353001 </td></tr><tr><td> 6 WellZellkulturplatte </td><td> Greiner Bio-One </td><td> 657160 </td></tr><tr><td> Cryomold Intermediate </td><td> Tissue-Tek </td><td> 4566 </td></tr></tbody></table>

ex vivo organotypic corneal model of acute epithelial herpes simplex virus type i infection

Herpes-Keratitis ist einer der schwerwiegendsten Pathologien, die mit dem Herpes-simplex-Virus-Typ 1 (HSV-1) zugeordnet ist. Herpes Keratitis ist derzeit die führende Ursache von sowohl Hornhaut abgeleitet und Infektion verbundene Blindheit in der entwickelten Welt. Typische Präsentation von Herpes-Keratitis umfasst Infektion der Hornhautepithel und manchmal die tiefere Hornhautstroma und Endothel, was zu solchen dauerhaften Hornhaut Pathologien als Narbenbildung, Ausdünnung, und Opazität ein. Kornealen HSV-1 Infektion ist traditionell in zwei Typen von experimentellen Modellen untersucht. Die in vitro-Modell, in dem kultivierten Monolayer von Hornhautepithelzellen in einer Petrischale infiziert sind, bietet Einfachheit, hohe Reproduzierbarkeit und schnelle Experimente und relativ niedrigen Kosten. Auf der anderen Seite bietet das in vivo Modell, in dem Tiere wie Kaninchen oder Mäuse direkt in der Hornhaut geimpft, eine hochentwickelte physiologischeSystem, hat aber höhere Kosten, längere Experimenten tierischen notwendigen Sorgfalt und einen größeren Grad an Variabilität. In diesem Video Artikel stellen wir eine detaillierte Demonstration einer neuen ex vivo Modell der Hornhautepithels HSV-1-Infektion, das die Stärken sowohl der in vitro und in vivo Modellen kombiniert. Die ex vivo-Modell nutzt intakten Hornhaut organotypically in Kultur gehalten und infiziert mit HSV-1. Die Verwendung des ex vivo-Modell ermöglicht eine hohe physiologische Basis Schlussfolgerungen, doch ist es sehr preiswert und erfordert Zeitaufwand vergleichbar mit der in vitro-Modell.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection at JoVE.com

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

In diesem Video Artikel beschreiben wir die Verwendung eines neuen<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Modell der akuten Herpes-simplex-Virus Typ I Hornhautepithels Infektion.

Ex Vivo Organotypische Corneal Modell der akuten Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Typ I Infection

Herpes keratitis is one of the most severe pathologies associated with the herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1).  Herpes keratitis is currently the leading ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

12.6K Aufrufe.  Drexel University College of Medicine. In diesem Video Artikel beschreiben wir die Verwendung eines neuen Ex vivo Modell der akuten Herpes-simplex-Virus Typ I Hornhautepithels Infektion.

Serie: Ex Vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for investigating the cell biology and development of central brain structures by allowing acute pharmacological interventions and live imaging of cellular processes. As an example of the technique, prior work from our lab1 has shown that a previously unrecognized subcellular compartment lies between the axonal and somatodendritic compartments of axons of the Drosophila central brain. The development of this compartment, referred to as the axon initial segment (AIS)2, was shown genetically to depend on the neuron-specific cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk5. We show here that ex vivo treatment of wild-type Drosophila larval brains with the Cdk5-specific pharmacological inhibitors roscovitine and olomoucine3 causes acute changes in actin organization, and in localization of the cell-surface protein Fasciclin 2, that mimic the changes seen in mutants that lack Cdk5 activity genetically.
A second example of the ex vivo culture technique is provided for remodeling of the connections of embryonic mushroom body (MB) gamma neurons during metamorphosis from larva to adult. The mushroom body is the center of olfactory learning and memory in the fly4, and these gamma neurons prune their axonal and dendritic branches during pupal development and then re-extend branches at a later timepoint to establish the adult innervation pattern5. Pruning of these neurons of the MB has been shown to occur via local degeneration of neurite branches6, by a mechanism that is triggered by ecdysone, a steroid hormone, acting at the ecdysone receptor B17, and that is dependent on the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system6. Our method of ex vivo culturing can be used to interrogate further the mechanism of developmental remodeling. We found that in the ex vivo culture setting, gamma neurons of the MB recapitulated the process of developmental pruning with a time course similar to that in vivo. It was essential, however, to wait until 1.5 hours after puparium formation before explanting the tissue in order for the cells to commit irreversibly to metamorphosis; dissection of animals at the onset of pupariation led to little or no metamorphosis in culture. Thus, with appropriate modification, the ex vivo culture approach can be applied to study dynamic as well as steady state aspects of central brain biology.

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

This article describes a method by which one can mimic in vivo development of the Drosophila mushroom body in an ex vivo culture system.

Ex vivo Kultivierung von Whole, Entwickeln von Drosophila Brains

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

Ex vivo Zubereitungen der Intact Vomeronasalorgan und akzessorischen olfaktorischen Bulbus

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal degeneration. Lack of growth cone formation, regeneration, and loss of additional myelinated axonal projections within the spinal cord greatly limits neurological recovery following injury. To assess how central myelinated axons of the spinal cord respond to injury, we developed an ex vivo living spinal cord model utilizing transgenic mice that express yellow fluorescent protein in axons and a focal and highly reproducible laser-induced spinal cord injury to document the fate of axons and myelin (lipophilic fluorescent dye Nile Red) over time using two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy. Dynamic processes such as acute axonal injury, axonal retraction, and myelin degeneration are best studied in real-time. However, the non-focal nature of contusion-based injuries and movement artifacts encountered during in vivo spinal cord imaging make differentiating primary and secondary axonal injury responses using high resolution microscopy challenging. The ex vivo spinal cord model described here mimics several aspects of clinically relevant contusion/compression-induced axonal pathologies including axonal swelling, spheroid formation, axonal transection, and peri-axonal swelling providing a useful model to study these dynamic processes in real-time. Major advantages of this model are excellent spatiotemporal resolution that allows differentiation between the primary insult that directly injures axons and secondary injury mechanisms; controlled infusion of reagents directly to the perfusate bathing the cord; precise alterations of the environmental milieu (e.g., calcium, sodium ions, known contributors to axonal injury, but near impossible to manipulate in vivo); and murine models also offer an advantage as they provide an opportunity to visualize and manipulate genetically identified cell populations and subcellular structures. Here, we describe how to isolate and image the living spinal cord from mice to capture dynamics of acute axonal injury.

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

We present a protocol utilizing two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy to simultaneously visualize the dynamics of axon and myelin injuries in real time. This proposed protocol permits studies of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors which can influence central myelinated axon fate after injury and contribute to permanent clinical disability.

Ein<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Laser-induzierte Rückenmarksverletzungen Modell zu Mechanismen der axonalen Degeneration Beurteilen Sie in Echtzeit

Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

Gleichzeitig<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Funktionsprüfung von zwei Netzhäute von<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Elektroretinogramm-System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Beobachtung der Flimmerbewegung von Plexus Epithelzellen<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated proteins and subsequent manipulation of neural activity by light. Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation-channels and when fused to a fluorescent protein their expression allows for visualization and concurrent activation of specific cell types and their axonal projections in defined areas of the brain. Via stereotactic injection of viral vectors, ChR fusion proteins can be constitutively or conditionally expressed in specific cells of a defined brain region, and their axonal projections can subsequently be studied anatomically and functionally via ex vivo optogenetic activation in brain slices. This is of particular importance when aiming to understand synaptic properties of connections that could not be addressed with conventional electrical stimulation approaches, or in identifying novel afferent and efferent connectivity that was previously poorly understood. Here, a few examples illustrate how this technique can be applied to investigate these questions to elucidating fear-related circuits in the amygdala. The amygdala is a key region for acquisition and expression of fear, and storage of fear and emotional memories. Many lines of evidence suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) participates in different aspects of fear acquisition and extinction, but its precise connectivity with the amygdala is just starting to be understood. First, it is shown how ex vivo optogenetic activation can be used to study aspects of synaptic communication between mPFC afferents and target cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, it is illustrated how this ex vivo optogenetic approach can be applied to assess novel connectivity patterns using a group of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala, the paracapsular intercalated cell cluster (mpITC), as an example.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are widely used to manipulate neural activity and assess the consequences for brain function. Here, a technique is outlined that&#160;upon in vivo expression of the optical activator Channelrhodopsin, allows for ex vivo analysis of synaptic properties of specific long range and local neural connections in fear-related circuits.

Ex Vivo optogenetische Dissection of Fear Schaltkreise in Hirnschnitten

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate tangentially from their place of origin in the ventral telencephalon (including from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, CGE)) to the dorsal cortical plate in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Different methodologies have been developed over the years to genetically manipulate specific pathways and investigate how they regulate the dynamic cytoskeletal changes required for proper IN migration. In utero electroporation has been extensively used to study the effect of gene repression or overexpression in specific IN subtypes while assessing the impact on morphology and final position. However, while this approach is readily used to modify radially migrating pyramidal cells, it is more technically challenging when targeting INs. In utero electroporation generates a low yield given the decreased survival rates of pups when electroporation is conducted before e14.5, as is customary when studying MGE-derived INs. In an alternative approach, MGE explants provide easy access to the MGE and facilitate the imaging of genetically modified INs. However, in these explants, INs migrate into an artificial matrix, devoid of endogenous guidance cues and thalamic inputs. This prompted us to optimize a method where INs can migrate in a more naturalistic environment, while circumventing the technical challenges of in utero approaches. In this paper, we describe the combination of ex utero electroporation of embryonic mouse brains followed by organotypic slice cultures to readily track, image and reconstruct genetically modified INs migrating along their natural paths in response to endogenous cues. This approach allows for both the quantification of the dynamic aspects of IN migration with time-lapse confocal imaging, as well as the detailed analysis of various morphological parameters using neuronal reconstructions on fixed immunolabeled tissue.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Here, we provide a low-cost and reliable method to generate electroporated brain organotypic slice cultures from mouse embryos suitable for confocal microscopy and live-imaging techniques.

Ex Utero Elektroporation und organotypischen Slice Kulturen der embryonalen Mäusegehirnen für Live-Aufnahmen von Migration Gabaergen Interneuronen

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...

In Situ Visualization of Axon Growth and Growth Cone Dynamics in Acute Ex Vivo Embryonic Brain Slice Cultures

During neuronal development, axons navigate the cortical environment to reach their final destinations and establish synaptic connections. Growth cones -the sensory structures located at the distal tips of developing axons- execute this process. Studying the structure and dynamics of the growth cone is crucial to understanding axonal development and the interactions with the surrounding central nervous system (CNS) that enable it to form neural circuits. This is essential when devising methods to reintegrate axons into neural circuits following injury in fundamental research and pre-clinical contexts. Thus far, the general understanding of growth cone dynamics is primarily founded on studies of neurons cultured in two dimensions (2D). Although undoubtedly fundamental to the current knowledge of growth cone structural dynamics and response to stimuli, 2D studies misrepresent the physiological three-dimensional (3D) environment encountered by neuronal growth cones in intact CNS tissue. More recently, collagen gels were employed to overcome some of these limitations, enabling the investigation of neuronal development in 3D. However, both synthetic 2D and 3D environments lack signaling cues within CNS tissue, which direct the extension and pathfinding of developing axons. This protocol provides a method for studying axons and growth cones using organotypic brain slices, where developing axons encounter physiologically relevant physical and chemical cues. By combining fine-tuned in utero and ex utero electroporation to sparsely deliver fluorescent reporters along with super-resolution microscopy, this protocol presents a methodological pipeline for the visualization of axon and growth cone dynamics in situ. Furthermore, a detailed toolkit description of the analysis of long-term and live-cell imaging data is included.

In Situ Visualization of Axon Growth and Growth Cone Dynamics in Acute Ex Vivo Embryonic Brain Slice Cultures

This protocol demonstrates a straightforward and robust method to study in situ axon growth and growth cone dynamics. It describes how to prepare ex vivo physiologically relevant acute brain slices and provides a user-friendly analysis pipeline.

In situ Visualisierung des Axonwachstums und der Wachstumskegeldynamik in akuten ex vivo embryonalen Hirnschnittkulturen

During neuronal development, axons navigate the cortical environment to reach their final destinations and establish synaptic connections. Growth cones ...

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the lack of proper animal models that fully mimic human diseases and the poor availability of post-mortem human brain tissue. Adult human nervous tissue culture offers the possibility to study different aspects of neurological disorders. Molecular, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms could be easily addressed in this system, as well as testing and validating drugs or different treatments, such as cell-based therapies. This method combines long-term organotypic cultures of the adult human cortex, obtained from epileptic patients undergoing resective surgery, and ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors. This method will allow the study of cell survival, neuronal differentiation, the formation of synaptic inputs and outputs, and the electrophysiological properties of human-derived cells after transplantation into intact adult human cortical tissue. This approach is an important step prior to the development of a 3D human disease modeling platform that will bring basic research closer to the clinical translation of stem cell-based therapies for patients with different neurological disorders and allow the development of new tools for reconstructing damaged neural circuits.

Organotypic Cultures of Adult Human Cortex as an Ex vivo Model for Human Stem Cell Transplantation and Validation

This protocol describes long-term organotypic cultures of adult human cortex combined with ex vivo intracortical transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical progenitors, which present a novel methodology to further test stem cell-based therapies for human neurodegenerative disorders.

Organotypische Kulturen des adulten humanen Kortex als Ex-vivo-Modell für die Transplantation und Validierung humaner Stammzellen

Neurodegenerative disorders are common and heterogeneous in terms of their symptoms and cellular affectation, making their study complicated due to the ...

Verwendung des Gehirns eines Kükenembryos als Modell zur Untersuchung des Verhaltens menschlicher Glioblastomzellen

Using the Chick Embryo Brain as a Model for In Vivo and Ex Vivo Analyses of Human Glioblastoma Cell Behavior

The chick embryo has been an ideal model system for the study of vertebrate development, particularly for experimental manipulations. Use of the chick embryo has been extended for studying the formation of human glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumors in vivo and the invasiveness of tumor cells into surrounding brain tissue. GBM tumors can be formed by injection of a suspension of fluorescently labeled cells into the E5 midbrain (optic tectum) ventricle in ovo. 
Depending on the GBM cells, compact tumors randomly form in the ventricle and within the brain wall, and groups of cells invade the brain wall tissue. Thick tissue sections (350 &#181;m) of fixed E15 tecta with tumors can be immunostained to reveal that invading cells often migrate along blood vessels when analyzed by 3D reconstruction of confocal z-stack images. Live E15 midbrain and forebrain slices (250-350 &#181;m) can be cultured on membrane inserts, where fluorescently labeled GBM cells can be introduced into non-random locations to provide ex vivo co-cultures to analyze cell invasion, which also can occur along blood vessels, over a period of about 1 week. These ex vivo co-cultures can be monitored by widefield or confocal fluorescence time-lapse microscopy to observe live cell behavior. 
Co-cultured slices then can be fixed, immunostained, and analyzed by confocal microscopy to determine whether or not the invasion occurred along blood vessels or axons. Additionally, the co-culture system can be used for investigating potential cell-cell interactions by placing aggregates of different cell types and colors in different precise locations and observing cell movements. Drug treatments can be performed on ex vivo cultures, whereas these treatments are not compatible with the in ovo system. These two complementary approaches allow for detailed and precise analyses of human GBM cell behavior and tumor formation in a highly manipulatable vertebrate brain environment.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Verwendung des Gehirns des Kükenembryos als Modell für In-vivo- und Ex-vivo-Analysen des Verhaltens menschlicher Glioblastom-Zellen  

Chick embryos are used for studying human glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumors in ovo and in ex vivo brain slice co-cultures. GBM cell behavior can be recorded by time-lapse microscopy in ex vivo co-cultures, and both preparations can be analyzed at the experimental endpoint by detailed 3D confocal analysis.

Verwendung des Gehirns von Kükenembryonen als Modell für in vivo und ex vivo Analysen des Verhaltens menschlicher Glioblastomzellen

The chick embryo has been an ideal model system for the study of vertebrate development, particularly for experimental manipulations. Use of the chick ...