Wir danken Jianhua Ling, Raymond MacDonald, Galvin Swift, Michelle Griffin, Paul Grippo und Satyanarayana Rachagani für ihre hilfreichen Kommentare, Anregungen und Austausch ihrer Protokolle. Diese Arbeit wurde durch Gewährung U01CA111294 und einer Idee Development Award von der Ohio State University Interne Research Program.

1. Vorbereitung Die folgenden Praktiken halten sich an die Richtlinien von Animal Care und Verwenden Ausschuss der Institution (IACUC) eingestellt. <ol><li> Es wird empfohlen, nicht mehr als 6 Maus Pankreas in einem bestimmten Tag zu isolieren. Haben alle chirurgischen Instrumente sauber und autoklaviert, ein Set pro Tier. </li><li> Kennzeichnen Sie alle Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. Vier 2-ml-Röhrchen pro Tier. </li><li> Platz 8 ml Lyse-Reagenz in 50 ml Zentrifugenröhrchen auf Eis. Hinweis: Während der Reinigung-Kit kommt mit einem Guanidinthiocyanat Phenol Reagenz, das für Bauchspeicheldrüse Isolation ist, wird Lysereagens wegen der großen Mengen, die notwendig sind pro Isolierung verwendet. </li><li> Dispense etwa 10 ml der folgenden Lösungen in 15 ml Zentrifugenröhrchen für die Reinigung der Homogenisator Klingen. Ethanol, 70% (2 Röhren), HPLC-Wasser (1-Rohr) und HPLC-Wasser, das etwa 200 ul RNase Auswärts oder gleichwertig Ribonuklease Inaktivators. </li></ol&gt; 2. Chirurgie, Bauchspeicheldrüse Dissection und Homogenisierung <ol><li> Zeigen 1-2 ml Isofluran in ein Gefäß mit Baumwolle Gaze oder Papiertücher. Mäuse werden auf einer Plattform, die sie vor dem Erreichen der Quelle des Isofluran verhindert platziert. Add frischen Isofluran in das Gefäß vor der Anästhesie jede Maus. </li><li> Sanft statt mit der Maus in das Glas mit der Isofluran. Verschließen Sie das Glas und die Auswirkungen der Narkose zu überwachen, indem Sie vorsichtig Drehen Sie das Glas hin und her. Das Tier wird anästhesiert, sobald es nicht mehr in seiner eigenen stehen. </li><li> Zur Bestätigung der Anästhesie, entfernen Sie das Tier aus dem Glas und tragen Sie eine Firma Zehe Prise. Wenn die Maus nicht auf die Zehen Prise reagieren, gehen Sie zu Schritt 2.5. </li><li> Wenn die Maus bis zu den Zehen Prise reagiert, wiederholen Sie die Schritte 2,2 bis 2,3. </li><li> Setzen Sie den narkotisierten Tier auf der Werkbank in der Bauchlage. Verrücken der Maus die Zervix durch dicht indem die linke Hand auf der Maus den Gebärmutterhals. Unsten die rechte Hand die Maus am Schwanz und schnell nach oben ziehen ungefähr in einem Winkel von 45 °, um den Muttermund zu verrücken. </li><li> Sichern Sie die Karkasse zu einer Oberfläche (eine Stufe Stück Styropor mit Papiertüchern abgedeckt) durch Einstechen in jedem der vier Pfoten des Tieres in die flache Oberfläche mit 25 Gauge Injektionsnadeln. </li><li> Mit einer sterilen chirurgischen Instrumenten, schneiden Sie den Mittelteil der Maus öffnen und schnell zu entfernen, die Bauchspeicheldrüse von der Maus. Verwenden Sie die Zange, um die Bauchspeicheldrüse zu halten und schneiden Sie es aus der Milz und Dünndarm mit Feder Schere. Achten Sie darauf, die Bauchspeicheldrüse bei der Entfernung von der Maus zu dehnen. Störung des Gewebes konnte Ribonuklease freizugeben. Hinweis: Die Zeit, die von der Bauchspeicheldrüse der Maus zu entfernen, ist kritisch. Ein Fachmann sollte in der Lage, die Bauchspeicheldrüse in ca. 1 min oder weniger sezieren können. </li><li> Legen Sie die gesamte Bauchspeicheldrüse in ein 50-ml-Tube mit 8 ml eiskaltem Lyse-Reagenz. Das Röhrchen und kurz schütteln, um die ti eintauchenusgabe in das Reagenz und fahren Sie mit dem nächsten Schritt ohne Verzögerung. Das Verhältnis von Lysereagenz, um Gewebe ist kritisch. Siehe Abschnitt Ergebnisse zum Vergleich der RNA-Integrität getrennt unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Mengen von Lysereagenz. </li><li> Homogenisieren für 5 Sekunden. Es ist wichtig, die Homogenisator Schaufeln zum Boden des Zentrifugenröhrchens drücken, damit das Gewebe in die Messer für die effiziente Homogenisierung gezogen werden. </li></ol> 3. Entfernen von Gewebe Unverdaute Anmerkung: Nach der Homogenisierung werden kleine Stücke von Gewebe in dem Lysereagenz bleiben. Es ist wichtiger, die so dass einige Gewebe und nicht über Homogenisieren und Risiko Abbau von RNA unverdaut Gewebe schnell aufzulösen. <ol><li> 2 ml Lyse-Reagenz, das die Lyse der Bauchspeicheldrüse in einem 2 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. Sammeln Sie zwei Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen pro Homogenat Isolation. Entsorgen Sie die verbleibenden Homogenat oder bei -80 ° C für zukünftige Studien. </li><li> Centrifuge bei 4 ° C, 12.000 × g für 5 min, um das unverdaute Gewebe zu pelletieren. Dies ist ein kritischer Schritt, da Verschleppung von unverdauten Gewebe in nachfolgenden Lösungen von RNA wahrscheinlich die Probe verunreinigt mit Ribonuclease (Schritt 5.13). </li><li> 1 ml des Überstands in ein 2 ml-Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. Fahren Sie mit der Isolation sofort und speichern Sie die Wiederholungsrohr bei -80 ° C für die zukünftige Verwendung. Legen Sie alle Röhrchen mit Homogenat auf nassem Eis, während Sie mit dem nächsten Schritt. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie die verbleibenden Lyse-Reagenz in eine geeignete chemische Abfallbehälter. </li></ol> 4. Reinigung der Homogenisator Blades <ol><li> Bevor Sie mit dem nächsten Isolation, reinigen Sie die Homogenisator Klingen, indem sie in 10 ml 70% Ethanol. Aktivieren Sie den Homogenisator für ca. 20 Sekunden, um alle Stücke von Gewebe, das von den Messern erfasst werden können, zu entfernen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie ein 200 ul Pipettenspitze, alle Stücke, die in den Homogenisator Klingen bleiben zu entfernen. </li&gt; <li> Wiederholen Sie Schritt 4.1 in Wasser, allgemeine RNase Inaktivators und 70% Ethanol. Trocknen der Homogenisator Welle mit einem sauberen Kim zu wischen. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie Schritt 2.1 für die Bauchspeicheldrüse Isolation der verbleibenden Tiere, halten RNA von jedem Tier trennen, anstatt die Bündelung der RNA isoliert. </li></ol> 5. RNA-Isolierung Der folgende Abschnitt ist identisch mit der Reinigungskits Protokoll. Der Vorteil des Reinigungs-Kits ist, dass sie die Gesamt-RNA auch kleine RNAs zu isolieren. <ol><li> Wenn Sie gefrorene Homogenisat Lösung, tauen auf nassem Eis und stehen lassen bei RT für 5 min. </li><li> In 200 ul Chloroform, Röhrchen verschließen und kräftig mit der Hand für 15 Sekunden. Lassen Sie den Schlauch stehen bei RT für 2-3 min. </li><li> Zentrifugieren für 15 min bei 12.000 × g, 4 ° C </li><li> Übertragen Sie die obere wässrige Schicht in einem Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. In 1,5 Volumen Isopropanol und mischen durch Pipettieren von oben und unten mehrmals. </li><li> Übertragen Sie bis zu 700 ul der Probe in eine Spin-Säule in ein 2 ml-Sammelröhrchen angeordnet ist. Schließen Sie den Deckel und Zentrifuge bei 8000 g für 15 sec bei RT. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie die Durchströmung. </li><li> Die Schritte von 5,5 bis 5,6, mit dem Rest der Probe. </li><li> Add 700 ul Puffer RWT auf die Spinsäule. Zentrifuge für 15 s bei 8.000 x g. Entsorgen Sie die Durchströmung. </li><li> Pipettieren Sie 500 ul Puffer RPE in die Spin-Säule. Zentrifugieren für 15 Sekunden bei 8000 × g, um die Säule zu waschen. Entsorgen Sie die Durchströmung. </li><li> Gib 500 ul Puffer RPE auf die Spinsäule. Zentrifugieren für 2 min bei 8.000 × g, um die Säule zu trocknen. </li><li> Übertragung der Spin-Säule in ein 1,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. Pipettieren Sie 80 ul Ribonuklease-freies Wasser direkt auf die Spin-Säule Membran. Zentrifugieren für 1 min bei 8.000 × g, um die RNA zu eluieren. </li><li> 1 ul RNase-Inhibitor auf die RNA-Lösung. Lagern bei -80 ° C oder fahren Sie mit 5.13. </li><li> Um die Unversehrtheit der RNA zu bestätigen, berechnen wir zuerst die RNA concentration und 260/280 Verhältnis mit einem Spektralphotometer. </li><li> Verdünnte einen Teil der RNA-Lösung auf etwa 500 ng / &amp;mgr; l mit Molekularbiologie Wasser. </li><li> Bestimmen Sie die RNA-Integrität (dh RIN) mit Kapillar-Elektrophorese-Analyse. Etwa 5 &amp;mgr; l RNA-Lösung ist für die Analyse ausreicht. </li><li> Aliquot der RNA-Lösung (siehe Abbildung 2) und bei -80 ° C </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Chen, C., Ridzon, D. A., Broomer, A. J., Zhou, Z., Lee, D. H., Nguyen, J. T., Barbisin, M., Xu, N. L., Mahuvakar, V. R., Andersen, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+quantification+of+microRNAs+by+stem-loop+RT-PCR.">Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 33, e179 (2005).</li><li>Chirgwin, J. M., Przybyla, A. E., MacDonald, R. J., Rutter, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+biologically+active+ribonucleic+acid+from+sources+enriched+in+ribonuclease.">Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease.</a> Biochemistry. 18, 5294-5299 (1979).</li><li>Chomczynski, P., Sacchi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-step+method+of+RNA+isolation+by+acid+guanidinium+thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform+extraction.">Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.</a> Anal Biochem. 162, 156-159 (1987).</li><li>Griffin, M., Abu-El-Haija, M., Abu-El-Haija, M., Rokhlina, T., Uc, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+and+versatile+method+for+isolation+of+high-quality+RNA+from+pancreas.">Simplified and versatile method for isolation of high-quality RNA from pancreas.</a> Biotechniques. 52, 332-334 (2012).</li><li>Iyer, V. R., Eisen, M. B., Ross, D. T., Schuler, G., Moore, T., Lee, J. C., Trent, J. M., Staudt, L. M., Hudson Jr, J., Boguski, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcriptional+program+in+the+response+of+human+fibroblasts+to+serum.">The transcriptional program in the response of human fibroblasts to serum.</a> Science. 283, 83-87 (1999).</li><li>Lenstra, J. A., Beintema, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+amino+acid+sequence+of+mouse+pancreatic+ribonuclease.+Extremely+rapid+evolutionary+rates+of+the+myomorph+rodent+ribonucleases.">The amino acid sequence of mouse pancreatic ribonuclease. Extremely rapid evolutionary rates of the myomorph rodent ribonucleases.</a> European journal of biochemistry FEBS. 98, 399-408 (1979).</li><li>Mullin, A. E., Soukatcheva, G., Verchere, C. B., Chantler, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+in+situ+ductal+perfusion+to+facilitate+isolation+of+high-quality+RNA+from+mouse+pancreas.">Application of in situ ductal perfusion to facilitate isolation of high-quality RNA from mouse pancreas.</a> Biotechniques. 40, 617-621 (2006).</li><li>Rio, D. C., Ares, M., Hannon, G. J., Nilsen, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> RNA A Laboratory Manual. , (2011).</li><li>Streit, S., Michalski, C. W., Erkan, M., Kleeff, J., Friess, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Northern+blot+analysis+for+detection+and+quantification+of+RNA+in+pancreatic+cancer+cells+and+tissues.">Northern blot analysis for detection and quantification of RNA in pancreatic cancer cells and tissues.</a> Nat Protoc. 4, 37-43 (2009).</li><li>Zmuda, E. J., Powell, C. A., Hai, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+murine+islet+isolation+and+subcapsular+kidney+transplantation.">A method for murine islet isolation and subcapsular kidney transplantation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments JoVE. , (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Isolierung von RNA aus Gewebe, die Ribonuklease reich sind eine große Herausforderung für die Molekularbiologie Experimenten. Verschiedene Reagenzien und Kits sind kommerziell erhältlich, die in erster Linie von dem Phenol Guanidinthiocyanat-Methode der RNA-Extraktion basieren. Guanidinthiocyanat denaturiert Protein und verringert die Aktivität der Ribonuklease damit. Die schiere Größe der Ribonuklease in der Bauchspeicheldrüse benötigt jedoch zusätzliche Modifikationen Standardprotokollen der RNA-Isolierung. E...

Isolierung von RNA mit hoher Integrität ist für die routinemäßige molekularbiologische Experimente wie Northern Blot 9, qRT-PCR 1 oder Genexpressions 5 erforderlich. Die meisten zeitgenössischen Methoden der RNA-Isolierung werden bei Änderungen der Guanidinthiocyanat Protokolle 2, 3 basiert. Guanidinthiocyanat ist eine starke Proteindenaturierungsmittel und effektiv stören die Aktivität der Ribonuklease unter den meisten Bedingungen. Die beliebte Methode der Chomczynski und Sacchi 3 kombiniert Phenol zu dem Guanidinthiocyanat Lyse-Lösung, die Verminderung der Isolation Zeit, über 4 Stunden. Viele im Handel erhältliche RNA-Extraktion Reagenzien werden von der Chomczynski und Sacchi Methode 3 basierend. Ribonuklease reichen Geweben wie Mensch oder Maus Bauchspeicheldrüse stellt eine zusätzliche Herausforderung für die Isolierung von RNA. Maus Bauchspeicheldrüse kann bis zu 75 mg Ribonuklease 6 enthalten von denen einige Durin freigegeben werdeng Störung der nachfolgenden Gewebe Autolyse Pankreasgewebe. Modifikationen der Guanidinthiocyanat-Protokolle wurden erfolgreich verwendet, um RNA aus Pankreas mit hoher Integrität 2, 4, 7, 10. Infusion von RNA-Stabilisierung in Maus-Pankreas-Reagens erleichtert Isolierung von RNA mit hoher Integrität 4, 7, 10, jedoch Infusion isolieren Lösungen in der Bauchspeicheldrüse erfordert viel Geschick, können spezialisierte Instrumente wie einem Binokular und stören Gewebearchitektur während des Verfahrens kann in Zell-Lyse führen müssen. Perfusion Gewebes mit RNA-Stabilisierung Reagenz könnte mit anderen Anwendungen, einschließlich der Proteinisolierung und histologischen Färbung stören. Darüber hinaus ist diese Technik nicht geeignet zur Isolierung von RNA aus menschlichen Pankreas. Andere Protokolle erfordern die Herstellung von spezifischen Lösungen durch den Prüfarzt 2. Wir berichten über ein Protokoll zur RNA mit hoher Integrität von Maus Bauchspeicheldrüse zu isolieren. ThE-Protokoll verwendet Elemente der bisher veröffentlichten Methoden und wird weitgehend von den Standard-Phenol / Guanidinthiocyanat-basierte Lyse-Reagenz-Protokollen. Es erfordert nicht die Herstellung von Speziallösungen noch erfordert es Infusion von Reagenzien in die Bauchspeicheldrüse. Kritische Schritte für eine erfolgreiche RNA-Isolierung sind eine hohe Phenol / Guanidin-basierte Lyse-Reagenz, um Gewebe-Verhältnis, die Entfernung von unverdauten Gewebe vor der Trennung und Aufnahme einer Ribonuklease-Hemmstoff, um die resultierende RNA-Lösung auslaufen. Mit diesen und anderen Modifikationen, die wir in der Regel isolieren RNA mit RIN größer als 7 um Routine Genexpressionsanalyse verwendet werden.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="788">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Power Gen 500&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-261-03&#160;</td>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">5424R</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Refrigerated microcentifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Trizol reagent</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15596018</td>
			<td>Lysis reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Student Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91500-09&#160;</td>
			<td>use to cut pancreas from attached tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical scissors, 6 inch</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-951-20</td>
			<td>use to cut scin of mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blunt end forceps</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1381239</td>
			<td>use to hold pancreas while dissecting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Isoflurane USP</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Abbott Labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4/8/5210</td>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rnase out (40 U/&#181;l)</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10777-019</td>
			<td>Rnase inhbitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Rnase Away</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10328-011</td>
			<td>General Rnase inactivator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HPLC grade water</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">W5-4</td>
			<td>For washing homogenizer blades</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Molecular Biology grade water</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30538.03</td>
			<td>Elution of RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">miRNeasy Mini kit</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">217004</td>
			<td>Purification Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">2 ml microcentrifuge tubes, certified Rnase Dnase free</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">USA Scientific Plastics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1620-2700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">15 ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">70% ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100% ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">200 ul pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Rainin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GPL200F</td>
			<td>For cleaning homogenizer blades</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1145-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nanodrop</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Thermo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Capillary electrophoresis analyzer to measue RNA integrity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RNAlater</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>RNA Stabilization Reagent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RNeasy&#160;spin columns&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;spin columns&#160;as a part of the miRNeasy Mini kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mice</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Chales River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">strain C57BL/6</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Their age ranged from 4 to 12 months.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mice&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Jackson Lab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">strain 129</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Their age ranged from 4 to 12 months.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rna isolation from mouse pancreas: a ribonuclease-rich tissue

Isolation of high-quality RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissue such as mouse pancreas presents a challenge. As a primary function of the pancreas is to aid in digestion, mouse pancreas may contain as much a 75 mg of ribonuclease. We report modifications of standard phenol/guanidine thiocyanate lysis reagent protocols to isolate RNA from mouse pancreas. Guanidine thiocyanate is a strong protein denaturant and will effectively disrupt the activity of ribonuclease under most conditions. However, critical modifications to standard protocols are necessary to successfully isolate RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissues. Key steps include a high lysis reagent to tissue ratio, removal of undigested tissue prior to phase separation and inclusion of a ribonuclease inhibitor to the RNA solution. Using these and other modifications, we routinely isolate RNA with RNA Integrity Number (RIN) greater than 7. The isolated RNA is of suitable quality for routine gene expression analysis. Adaptation of this protocol to isolate RNA from ribonuclease rich tissues besides the pancreas should be readily achievable.

Die Gesamt-RNA-Ausbeute aus 1 ml Lyse-Homogenat ist 20-40 ug. OD 260/280 Verhältnisse sind in der Regel rund 2,0 und die RIN sind durchweg größer als 7,0. Wenn das RIN ≤ 6, wird die Isolation müssen wiederholt werden. Gelegentlich wird ein RIN, die höher als 8,0 ist erreicht. Die beiden am häufigsten verwendeten Methoden der euthanizing Mäuse vor der Entfernung der Bauchspeicheldrüse sind CO 2-Erstickung oder Inhalation von Isofluran. Beide Techniken werden durch zervika...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNA Isolation from Mouse Pancreas: A Ribonuclease-rich Tissue at JoVE.com

RNA Isolation from Mouse Pancreas: A Ribonuclease-rich Tissue

We report a procedure to isolate RNA with high integrity from the ribonuclease rich mouse pancreas.

RNA-Isolierung aus Maus Pankreas: Eine Ribonuklease-reichen Gewebe

Isolation of high-quality RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissue such as mouse pancreas presents a challenge.  As a primary function of the pancreas is to aid ...

rna-isolation-from-mouse-pancreas-a-ribonuclease-rich-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

27.4K Aufrufe.  The Ohio State University. We report a procedure to isolate RNA with high integrity from the ribonuclease rich mouse pancreas.

Serie: RNA Isolation from Mouse Pancreas: A Ribonuclease-rich Tissue

Neuronal Nuclei Isolation from Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, little is known about changes in neuronal chromatin and nuclear organization during the course of development and aging, or in chronic neuropsychiatric disease. However, to date most chromatin and DNA based assays (other than FISH) lack single cell resolution. To this end, the considerable cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation, because typically various subpopulations of neurons are intermingled with different types of glia and other non-neuronal cells. One possible solution would be to grow cell-type specific cultures, but most CNS cells, including neurons, are ex vivo sustainable, at best, for only a few weeks and thus would provide an incomplete model for epigenetic mechanisms potentially operating across the full lifespan.  Here, we provide a protocol to extract and purify nuclei from frozen (never fixed) human postmortem brain. The method involves extraction of nuclei in hypotonic lysis buffer, followed by ultracentrifugation and immunotagging with anti-NeuN antibody. Labeled neuronal nuclei are then collected separately using fluorescence-activated sorting. This method should be applicable to any brain region in a wide range of species and suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation studies with site- and modification-specific anti-histone antibodies, and for DNA methylation and other assays. 

The cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation for the study of epigenetic markings in chromatin because most assays lack single cell resolution. Neurons typically are intermingled with glia and other non-neuronal cells. We provide a protocol to extract and collect neuronal nuclei from human brain.

Neuronale Kerne Isolation von Human Postmortem Gehirngewebe

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, ...

Forschung

Biologie

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages.

The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation.

Isolierung von Primär Myofibroblasten aus Maus und Mensch Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...

In Vitro Pancreas Organogenesis from Dispersed Mouse Embryonic Progenitors

The pancreas is an essential organ that regulates glucose homeostasis and secretes digestive enzymes. Research on pancreas embryogenesis has led to the development of protocols to produce pancreatic cells from stem cells 1. The whole embryonic organ can be cultured at multiple stages of development 2-4. These culture methods have been useful to test drugs and to image developmental processes. However the expansion of the organ is very limited and morphogenesis is not faithfully recapitulated since the organ flattens. 
We propose three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions that enable the efficient expansion of dissociated mouse embryonic pancreatic progenitors. By manipulating the composition of the culture medium it is possible to generate either hollow spheres, mainly composed of pancreatic progenitors expanding in their initial state, or, complex organoids which progress to more mature expanding progenitors and differentiate into endocrine, acinar and ductal cells and which spontaneously self-organize to resemble the embryonic pancreas. 
We show here that the in vitro process recapitulates many aspects of natural pancreas development. This culture system is suitable to investigate how cells cooperate to form an organ by reducing its initial complexity to few progenitors. It is a model that reproduces the 3D architecture of the pancreas and that is therefore useful to study morphogenesis, including polarization of epithelial structures and branching. It is also appropriate to assess the response to mechanical cues of the niche such as stiffness and the effects on cell&#180;s tensegrity.

In Vitro Pancreas Organogenesis from Dispersed Mouse Embryonic Progenitors

The three-dimensional culture method described in this protocol recapitulates pancreas development from dispersed embryonic mouse pancreas progenitors, including their substantial expansion, differentiation and morphogenesis into a branched organ. This method is amenable to imaging, functional interference and manipulation of the niche.

In-vitro-Pankreas Organogenese von Dispersed embryonalen Maus-Vorläufer

The pancreas is an essential organ that regulates glucose homeostasis and secretes digestive enzymes. Research on pancreas embryogenesis has led to the ...

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

Proteinisolierung aus den Entwicklungs embryonalen Mäuseherzklappen Region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

Isolierung und funktionale Analyse von Mitochondrien aus kultivierten Zellen und Maus-Gewebe

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin defense by forming an intact skin barrier against environmental insults, such as UVB irradiation or pathogens, and also by initiating an inflammatory response upon those insults. Here we describe methods to isolate KCs from neonatal mouse skin and from adult mouse tail skin. We also describe culturing conditions using defined growth supplements (dGS) in comparison to chelexed fetal bovine serum (cFBS). Functionally, we show that both neonatal and adult KCs are highly responsive to high calcium-induced terminal differentiation, tight junction formation and stratification. Additionally, cultured adult KCs are susceptible to UVB-triggered cell death and can release large amounts of TNF upon UVB irradiation. Together, the methods described here will be useful to researchers for the setup of in vitro models to study epidermal biology in the neonatal mouse and/or the adult mouse.

Epidermal keratinocytes form a functional skin barrier and are positioned at the front line of host defense against external environmental insults. Here we describe methods for isolation and primary culture of epidermal keratinocytes from neonatal and adult mouse skin, and induction of terminal differentiation and UVB-triggered inflammatory response from keratinocytes.

Isolierung und Kultur der primären Maus Keratinozyten aus neonatalen und erwachsenen Maus Haut

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin ...

Nuclei Isolation from Whole Tissue using a Detergent and Enzyme-Free Method

High-throughput transcriptome and epigenome profiling requires preparation of a single cell or single nuclei suspension. Preparation of the suspension with&#160;intact cell or nuclei involves dissociation and permeabilization, steps that can introduce unwanted noise and undesirable damage. Particularly, certain cell-types such as neurons are challenging to dissociate into individual cells. Additionally, permeabilization of the cellular membrane to release nuclei requires optimization by trial-and-error, which can be time consuming, labor intensive and financially nonviable. To enhance the robustness and reproducibility of sample preparation for high-throughput sequencing, we describe a rapid enzyme and detergent-free column-based nuclei isolation method. The protocol enables efficient isolation of nuclei from the entire zebrafish brain within 20 minutes. The isolated nuclei display intact nuclear morphology and low propensity to aggregate. Further, flow cytometry allows nuclei enrichment and clearance of cellular debris for downstream application. The protocol, which should work on soft tissues and cultured cells, provides a simple and accessible method for sample preparation that can be utilized for high-throughput profiling, simplifying the steps required for successful single-nuclei RNA-seq and ATAC-seq experiments.

Single nuclei isolation relies on dissociation and detergent-based permeabilization of the cell membrane, steps that need optimization and are prone to introducing technical artifacts. We demonstrate a detergent and enzyme-free protocol for rapid isolation of intact nuclei directly from whole tissue, yielding nuclei suitable for single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-Seq) or ATAC-seq.

Kernisolierung aus ganzem Gewebe mit einer Waschmittel- und enzymfreien Methode

High-throughput transcriptome and epigenome profiling requires preparation of a single cell or single nuclei suspension. Preparation of the suspension ...

Nuclei Isolation from Adult Mouse Kidney for Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are executed by multiple cell types arranged in a complex architecture across the corticomedullary axis of the organ. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have accelerated the understanding of cell type-specific gene expression in renal physiology and disease. However, enzyme-based tissue dissociation protocols, which are frequently utilized for single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), require mostly fresh (non-archived) tissue, introduce transcriptional stress responses, and favor the selection of abundant cell types of the kidney cortex resulting in an underrepresentation of cells of the medulla.
Here, we present a protocol that avoids these problems. The protocol is based on nuclei isolation at 4 &#176;C from frozen kidney tissue. Nuclei are isolated from a central piece of the mouse kidney comprised of the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. This reduces the overrepresentation of cortical cells typical for whole-kidney samples for the benefit of medullary cells such that data will represent the entire corticomedullary axis at sufficient abundance. The protocol is simple, rapid, and adaptable and provides a step towards the standardization of single-nuclei transcriptomics in kidney research.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from frozen mouse kidneys that improve the representation of medullary kidney cell types and avoids the gene expression artifacts from enzymatic tissue dissociation.

Zellkernisolierung aus der Niere adulter Mäuse für die Einzelkern-RNA-Sequenzierung

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are ...

Plastoglobule Lipid Droplet Isolation from Plant Leaf Tissue and Cyanobacteria

Plastoglobule lipid droplets are a dynamic sub-compartment of plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. Found ubiquitously among photosynthetic species, they are believed to serve a central role in the adaptation and remodeling of the thylakoid membrane under rapidly changing environmental conditions. The capacity to isolate plastoglobules of high purity has greatly facilitated their study through proteomic, lipidomic, and other methodologies. With plastoglobules of high purity and yield, it is possible to investigate their lipid and protein composition, enzymatic activity, and protein topology, among other possible molecular characteristics. This article presents a rapid and effective protocol for the isolation of plastoglobules from chloroplasts of plant leaf tissue and presents methodological variations for the isolation of plastoglobules and related lipid droplet structures from maize leaves, the desiccated leaf tissue of the resurrection plant, Eragrostis nindensis, and the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Isolation relies on the low density of these lipid-rich particles, which facilitates their purification by sucrose density flotation. This methodology will prove valuable in the study of plastoglobules from diverse species.

A fast and efficient protocol is presented for the isolation of plastoglobule lipid droplets associated with various photosynthetic organisms. The successful preparation of isolated plastoglobules is a crucial first step that precedes detailed molecular investigations such as proteomic and lipidomic analyses.

Isolierung von Plastoglobulen-Lipidtröpfchen aus pflanzlichem Blattgewebe und Cyanobakterien

Plastoglobule lipid droplets are a dynamic sub-compartment of plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. Found ubiquitously among photosynthetic species, they ...

Primärkultur von Stammzellen aus Fettgewebe aus Nebenhoden der Maus

Isolation, In Vitro Expansion, and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissue

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied as a new therapeutic approach, mainly to stop exacerbated inflammation due to their potential to modulate the immune response. The MSCs are immune-privileged cells capable of surviving in immunologically incompatible allogeneic transplant recipients based on low expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and in the use of cell-based therapy for allogeneic transplant. These cells can be isolated from several tissues, the most commonly used being the bone marrow and adipose tissues. We provide an easy protocol to isolate, culture, and characterize MSCs from epididymal adipose tissue of mice. The epididymal adipose tissue is surgically excised, physically fragmented, and digested with 0.15% collagenase type II solution. Then, primary adipose tissue-derived stem (ADSCs) cells are cultured and expanded in vitro, and the phenotypic characterization is performed by flow cytometry. We also provide the steps to differentiate the ADSCs into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic cells, followed by functional characterization of each cell lineage. The protocol provided here can be used for in vivo and ex vivo experiments, and as an alternative, the adipose-derived stem cells can be used to generate MSCs-like immortalized cells.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Weiterentwicklung von Behandlungsansätzen mit aus Fettgewebe gewonnenen Stammzellen

The adipose tissue is an excellent source of mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we bring the step-by-step extraction, cultivation, and characterization of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from Swiss mice epididymal adipose tissue.

Isolierung, In-vitro-Expansion und Charakterisierung von mesenchymalen Stammzellen aus epididymalem Fettgewebe der Maus

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied as a new therapeutic approach, mainly to stop exacerbated inflammation due to their potential ...

Methods Article

RNA-Isolierung aus Maus Pankreas: Eine Ribonuklease-reichen Gewebe