우리는 그들의 도움이 의견, 제안 및 자신의 프로토콜을 공유 지안 후아 링, 레이몬드 맥도날드, 갤빈 스위프트, 미셸 그리핀, 폴 Grippo 및 Satyanarayana Rachagani 감사합니다. 이 작품은 부여 U01CA111294와 오하이오 주립 대학 교내 연구 프로그램에서 아이디어 개발의 수상에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 준비 다음 사례는 기관의 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 설정된 정책을 준수. <ol><li> 그것은 특정 일에 더 이상 6 이상 마우스 췌장을 분리하는 것이 좋습니다. 깨끗하고 멸균 모든 수술 도구, 동물 당 하나의 집합이 있습니다. </li><li> 모든 마이크로 원심 튜브 레이블을 지정합니다. 동물 당 네 개의 2 ㎖ 튜브. </li><li> 얼음에 50 ㎖의 원심 분리기 튜브에 용해 시약 8 ㎖를 놓습니다. 주 : 정제 키트는 췌장의 분리에 적합한 구아니딘 티오 시아 네이트 페놀 시약와 함께 제공하지만, 용해 시약 때문에 격리 당 필요한 큰 볼륨으로 사용됩니다. </li><li> 균질의 블레이드 청소를 위해 15 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브에 다음과 같은 솔루션의 약 10 ㎖를 분배. 에탄올, 70 % (2 관), HPLC 등급 물 (1 관)과 약 200의 RNase ㎕의 비움 또는 이에 상응하는 리보 뉴 클레아 제 inactivator를 포함 HPLC 등급 물. </li></oL&gt; 2. 외과, 췌장의 해부 및 균질화 <ol><li> 면 거즈 나 종이 수건이 들어있는 항아리에 이소 플루 란의 1 ~ 2 ㎖를 놓습니다. 마우스는 이소 플루 란의 근원에 도달 할 수는없는 플랫폼에 배치됩니다. 이전에 각 마우스를 마취에 항아리에 신선한 이소 플루 란을 추가합니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 이소 플루 란을 포함하는 항아리에 마우스를 놓습니다. 항아리 뚜껑을 부드럽게 앞뒤로 항아리를 회전하여 마취의 효과를 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. 그것의 자신에 서 할 수 없습니다에 일단 동물은 마취. </li><li> 마취의 확인을 위해, 항아리에서 동물을 제거하고 회사 발가락 핀치를 적용합니다. 마우스가 발가락 핀치에 반응하지 않는 경우, 2.5 단계로 진행합니다. </li><li> 마우스가 발가락 핀치에 반응하는 경우, 다음 단계 2.3에 2.2를 반복합니다. </li><li> 발생하기 쉬운 위치에 벤치 위에 마취 동물을 놓습니다. 단단히 쥐의 자궁 경부의 왼쪽 손을 배치하여 마우스의 자궁 경부 탈구. 우리오른쪽 마우스의 꼬리를 잡고 빨리 자궁 경부 탈구에 약 위쪽으로 45 °의 각도를 끌어 보내고. </li><li> 25 게이지 피하 주사 바늘을 사용하여 평평한 표면에 동물의 네 발을 각각 관통하여 표면 (종이 타월로 덮여 스티로폼 수준의 조각)에 시체를 고정합니다. </li><li> 오픈 마우스의 중간 부분을 절단하고 신속하게 마우스의 췌장을 제거, 무균 수술 도구를 사용하여. 췌장을 보유하고 봄 가위를 사용하여 비장과 소장에서 잘라 집게를 사용합니다. 마우스에서 제거하는 동안 췌장을 스트레칭하지 않도록주의하십시오. 조직의 혼란은 리보 뉴 클레아 제를 해제 할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 마우스의 췌장을 제거하는 데 걸리는 시간이 중요합니다. 당업자는 약 1 분 이하로 췌장 해부를 할 수 있어야한다. </li><li> 차가운 얼음 용해 시약 8 ㎖를 포함하는 50 ML 튜브로 전체 췌장을 놓습니다. 튜브 캡을 간략하게 TI 젖어 흔들시약에 ssue 지체없이 다음 단계로 진행합니다. 조직에 용균 시약의 비율이 중요하다. 용해 시약의 다른 볼륨을 사용하여 격리 RNA 무결성의 비교 결과 섹션을 참조하십시오. </li><li> 5 초 동안 균질화한다. 그것은 조직이 효율적 균질화 블레이드로 당겨질 수 있도록 원심 관의 바닥에 균질 블레이드를 눌러야 중요하다. </li></ol> 소화되지 않은 조직의 3. 제거 참고 : 균질화에 따라, 조직의 작은 비트는 용해 시약에 남아 있습니다. 그것은 신속하게 균질화와 RNA의 위험 저하에보다는 소화되지 않은 일부 조직을 떠나는 조직을 용해하는 것이 더 중요합니다. <ol><li> 전송 2 ㎖ 마이크로 원심 튜브에 용해 췌장을 포함하는 세포 용해 시약 2 ㎖. 격리 당 균질의 두 마이크로 원심 튜브를 수집합니다. 미래 연구를위한 -80 ° C에서 나머지 균질 또는 상점을 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 센트4 ° C, 소화되지 않은 조직을 펠렛 5 분간 12,000 × g에서 rifuge. 이 가능성이 리보 뉴 클레아 제 (단계 5.13)로 샘플을 오염시킬 것 RNA의 후속 솔루션으로 소화되지 않은 조직의 이월 등의 중요한 단계입니다. </li><li> 2 ㎖ 마이크로 원심 분리 튜브에 이송 상등액 1 ㎖. 즉시 격리을 진행하고 향후 사용을 위해 -80 ° C에서 복제 튜브를 저장합니다. 다음 단계를 진행하는 동안 얼음물에 균질를 포함하는 모든 튜브를 놓습니다. </li><li> 적절한 화학 폐기물 용기에 남아있는 용해 시약을 폐기하십시오. </li></ol> 균질 블레이드 4. 청소 <ol><li> 다음 분리를 진행하기 전에, 70 % 에탄올 10ml에 넣어서 균질화 블레이드 청소. 블레이드에 잡힐 수 있습니다 조직의 덩어리를 제거하기 위해 20 초 동안 약의 균질화를 활성화합니다. </li><li> 균질 블레이드에 남아있는 조각을 제거하기 위해 200 μL 피펫 팁을 사용합니다. </lI&gt; <li> 물, 일반의 RNase inactivator 및 70 % 에탄올의 단계를 반복합니다 4.1. 깨끗한 김 균질 샤프트 닦아 건조. </li><li> 나머지 동물의 췌장 분리 단계를 반복 2.1, 오히려 RNA를 풀링보다 각 동물 별도의 분리 유지 RNA. </li></ol> 5. RNA 격리 다음 섹션에서는 정제 키트 프로토콜과 동일하다. 정제 키트의 장점은 작은 RNA를 포함하여 전체 RNA를 분리한다는 것이다. <ol><li> 냉동 균질 솔루션을 사용하는 경우, 5 분 동안 실온에서 스탠드를 얼음물에 해동 및하자. </li><li> 클로로포름 200 μl를 추가, 튜브 캡을 15 초 동안 손으로 격렬하게 흔들어. 튜브 2 ~ 3 분 동안 RT에 서 보자. </li><li> 12,000 XG, 4 ℃에서 15 분 동안 원심 분리 </li><li> microcentrifuge 관에 위 수성 레이어를 전송합니다. 이소프로판올 1.5 볼륨을 추가로 pipetting 아래로 여러 번 철저하게 섞는다. </li><li> 70까지 이동2 ML 수집 관에 위치 스핀 컬럼에 샘플의 0 μL. 실온에서 15 초 동안 8,000 XG에 원심 분리기 뚜껑을 닫습니다. </li><li> 흐름을 통해 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 반복 샘플의 나머지 부분을 사용하여, 5.5-5.6 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 스핀 컬럼에 700 μL 버퍼 RWT를 추가합니다. 8,000 X g에서 15 초 동안 원심 분리기. 흐름을 통해 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 스핀 칼럼에 피펫 500 μL 버퍼 RPE. 열을 씻어 8,000 XG에 15 초 동안 원심 분리기. 흐름을 통해 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 스핀 컬럼에 500 μL 버퍼 RPE를 추가합니다. 열을 건조하는 8,000 XG에서 2 분 동안 원심 분리기. </li><li> 1.5 ML의 microcentrifuge 관에 스핀 열을 전송합니다. 직접 스핀 컬럼 막 상 피펫 80 μL의 리보 뉴 클레아없는 물. RNA를 용출 8,000 XG에서 1 분 동안 원심 분리기. </li><li> RNA 용액 1 μL의 RNA 분해 효소 억제제를 추가합니다. -80 ° C에서 저장 또는 5.13로 진행합니다. </li><li> RNA의 무결성을 확인하려면 먼저 RNA의 conce을 계산분광 광도계를 사용하고 ntration 280분의 260 비. </li><li> 분자 생물학 수준의 물에 약 500 NG / μL로 RNA 용액의 일부를 희석. </li><li> 모세관 전기 영동 분석을 사용하여 RNA 무결성 (즉, RIN)를 확인합니다. RNA 용액을 약 5 μL는 분석에 충분하다. </li><li> C. -80 ° RNA 용액 (그림 2 참조) 및 저장소를 나누어지는 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

풍부한 리보 뉴 클레아하는 조직에서 RNA를 분리하는 것은 분자 생물학 실험에 대한 큰 도전을 나타냅니다. 각종 시약 및 키트는 주로 RNA 추출의 페놀 구아니딘 티오 시아 네이트 방법에 시판을 기반으로하는 그. 구아니딘 티오 시아 네이트는 단백질을 변성 따라서 리보 뉴 클레아 제의 활성을 감소시킨다. 그러나 췌장에서 리보 뉴 클레아 제의 깎아 지른듯한 크기는 RNA 분리의 표준 프로토콜을 추...

높은 무결성 RNA의 분리는 같은 북부 블로 팅 9, QRT-PCR 1 또는 5 프로파일 유전자 발현 같은 일상적인 분자 생물학 실험이 필요합니다. RNA 분리 대부분의 현대적인 방법을 구아니딘 티오 시아 네이트 프로토콜 (2)의 변형에 기초한다 3. 구아니딘 티오 시아 네이트는 강한 단백질 변성제이고 효과적으로 대부분의 조건에서 리보 뉴 클레아 제의 활성을 방해 할 것이다. Chomczynski 및 사키 3의 인기있는 방법은 약 4 시간에 분리 시간을 줄이고, 구아니딘 티오 시아 네이트 용해 용액에 페놀을 배합. 대부분의 시판되는 RNA 추출 시약은 Chomczynski와 사키 방법 3를 기반으로하고 있습니다. 같은 인간이나 마우스의 췌장 등의 리보 뉴 클레아 풍부한 조직은 RNA를 분리하는 추가 문제를 제공합니다. 마우스의 췌장은 그 중 일부는 운영 시간에만 출시 될 예정 리보 뉴 클레아 제 6의 최대 75 밀리그램을 포함 할 수있다G 조직의자가 분해의 결과로 췌장 조직의 파괴. 구아니딘 티오 시아 네이트 프로토콜의 수정은 성공적으로 높은 무결성 2, 4, 7, 10 높은 무결성 4, 7, 10와 RNA의 마우스 췌장 용이 분리로 RNA 안정화 시약. 주입 그러나 주입으로 췌장으로부터 RNA를 분리하는 데 사용되어왔다 췌장에 솔루션은 좋은 기술을 필요로 같은 해부 현미경 및 절차를 수행하는 동안 조직 구조를 방해하는 세포 용해 될 수 있습니다와 같은 전문 장비가 필요할 수 있습니다. RNA 안정화 시약과 조직을 관류하는 단백질 분리 및 조직 학적 염색 등의 다른 응용 프로그램을 방해 할 수 있습니다. 또한,이 기술은 인간의 췌장에서 RNA를 분리에는 적합하지 않다. 다른 프로토콜은 조사 (2)에 의해 특정 솔루션의 준비가 필요합니다. 우리는 마우스의 췌장에서 높은 무결성과 RNA를 분리하는 프로토콜을보고합니다. 일E 프로토콜은 이전에 발행 된 방법의 요소들을 사용하여 주로 표준 페놀 / 구아니딘 티오 시아 네이트 계 용해 시약 프로토콜에 기초한다. 이것은 특수한 용액의 제조를 필요로하지 않으며 이는 췌장에 시약의 주입을 요구한다. 성공적인 RNA 격리를위한 중요한 단계는 조직의 비율, 그 결과 RNA 용액에 분리 리보 뉴 클레아 제 억제제의 포함을 단계적으로 이전에 소화되지 않은 조직의 제거에 높은 페놀 / 구아니딘 계 용해 시약 있습니다. 이들 및 다른 변형을 사용하여, 우리는 일반적으로 12보다 큰 루틴 유전자 발현 해석에 사용하는 RIN으로 RNA를 분리.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="788">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Power Gen 500&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-261-03&#160;</td>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">5424R</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Refrigerated microcentifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Trizol reagent</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15596018</td>
			<td>Lysis reagent</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Student Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">91500-09&#160;</td>
			<td>use to cut pancreas from attached tissues</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical scissors, 6 inch</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-951-20</td>
			<td>use to cut scin of mouse</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blunt end forceps</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1381239</td>
			<td>use to hold pancreas while dissecting</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Isoflurane USP</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Abbott Labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4/8/5210</td>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rnase out (40 U/&#181;l)</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10777-019</td>
			<td>Rnase inhbitor</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Rnase Away</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10328-011</td>
			<td>General Rnase inactivator</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HPLC grade water</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">W5-4</td>
			<td>For washing homogenizer blades</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Molecular Biology grade water</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30538.03</td>
			<td>Elution of RNA</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">miRNeasy Mini kit</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">217004</td>
			<td>Purification Kit</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">2 ml microcentrifuge tubes, certified Rnase Dnase free</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">USA Scientific Plastics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1620-2700</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">15 ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352099</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">70% ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100% ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">200 ul pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Rainin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GPL200F</td>
			<td>For cleaning homogenizer blades</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1145-1</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nanodrop</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Thermo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Capillary electrophoresis analyzer to measue RNA integrity</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RNAlater</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>RNA Stabilization Reagent&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RNeasy&#160;spin columns&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;spin columns&#160;as a part of the miRNeasy Mini kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mice</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Chales River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">strain C57BL/6</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Their age ranged from 4 to 12 months.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mice&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Jackson Lab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">strain 129</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Their age ranged from 4 to 12 months.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rna isolation from mouse pancreas: a ribonuclease-rich tissue

Isolation of high-quality RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissue such as mouse pancreas presents a challenge. As a primary function of the pancreas is to aid in digestion, mouse pancreas may contain as much a 75 mg of ribonuclease. We report modifications of standard phenol/guanidine thiocyanate lysis reagent protocols to isolate RNA from mouse pancreas. Guanidine thiocyanate is a strong protein denaturant and will effectively disrupt the activity of ribonuclease under most conditions. However, critical modifications to standard protocols are necessary to successfully isolate RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissues. Key steps include a high lysis reagent to tissue ratio, removal of undigested tissue prior to phase separation and inclusion of a ribonuclease inhibitor to the RNA solution. Using these and other modifications, we routinely isolate RNA with RNA Integrity Number (RIN) greater than 7. The isolated RNA is of suitable quality for routine gene expression analysis. Adaptation of this protocol to isolate RNA from ribonuclease rich tissues besides the pancreas should be readily achievable.

용해 균질 1 ㎖에서 총 RNA의 수율은 20 ~ 40 μg이다. OD 280분의 260 비율은 일반적으로 약 2.0이며, RIN은 7.0 지속적으로 크다. RIN은 6 ≤ 경우 분리가 반복 될 필요가있을 것이다. 때때로, 8.0보다 높은 R​​IN은 달성된다. 종래 췌장의 제거에 마우스를 안락사의이 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 방법은 CO 2 질식 또는 이소 플루 란을 흡입한다. 두 기술은 자궁 경부 전위 다음에 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNA Isolation from Mouse Pancreas: A Ribonuclease-rich Tissue at JoVE.com

RNA Isolation from Mouse Pancreas: A Ribonuclease-rich Tissue

We report a procedure to isolate RNA with high integrity from the ribonuclease rich mouse pancreas.

마우스 췌장에서 RNA 격리 : 리보 뉴 클레아 풍부한 조직

Isolation of high-quality RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissue such as mouse pancreas presents a challenge.  As a primary function of the pancreas is to aid ...

rna-isolation-from-mouse-pancreas-a-ribonuclease-rich-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

27.3K 조회수.  The Ohio State University. We report a procedure to isolate RNA with high integrity from the ribonuclease rich mouse pancreas.

비디오: RNA Isolation from Mouse Pancreas: A Ribonuclease-rich Tissue

Neuronal Nuclei Isolation from Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, little is known about changes in neuronal chromatin and nuclear organization during the course of development and aging, or in chronic neuropsychiatric disease. However, to date most chromatin and DNA based assays (other than FISH) lack single cell resolution. To this end, the considerable cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation, because typically various subpopulations of neurons are intermingled with different types of glia and other non-neuronal cells. One possible solution would be to grow cell-type specific cultures, but most CNS cells, including neurons, are ex vivo sustainable, at best, for only a few weeks and thus would provide an incomplete model for epigenetic mechanisms potentially operating across the full lifespan.  Here, we provide a protocol to extract and purify nuclei from frozen (never fixed) human postmortem brain. The method involves extraction of nuclei in hypotonic lysis buffer, followed by ultracentrifugation and immunotagging with anti-NeuN antibody. Labeled neuronal nuclei are then collected separately using fluorescence-activated sorting. This method should be applicable to any brain region in a wide range of species and suitable for chromatin immunoprecipitation studies with site- and modification-specific anti-histone antibodies, and for DNA methylation and other assays. 

The cellular heterogeneity of brain tissue poses a significant limitation for the study of epigenetic markings in chromatin because most assays lack single cell resolution. Neurons typically are intermingled with glia and other non-neuronal cells. We provide a protocol to extract and collect neuronal nuclei from human brain.

인간의 사후 뇌 조직에서 핵의 연결을 격리

Neurons in the human brain become postmitotic largely during prenatal development, and thus maintain their nuclei throughout the full lifespan. However, ...

연구

생물학

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages.

The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation.

마우스와 인간의 대장 조직에서 주요 근육 섬유 모세포의 분리

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...

In Vitro Pancreas Organogenesis from Dispersed Mouse Embryonic Progenitors

The pancreas is an essential organ that regulates glucose homeostasis and secretes digestive enzymes. Research on pancreas embryogenesis has led to the development of protocols to produce pancreatic cells from stem cells 1. The whole embryonic organ can be cultured at multiple stages of development 2-4. These culture methods have been useful to test drugs and to image developmental processes. However the expansion of the organ is very limited and morphogenesis is not faithfully recapitulated since the organ flattens. 
We propose three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions that enable the efficient expansion of dissociated mouse embryonic pancreatic progenitors. By manipulating the composition of the culture medium it is possible to generate either hollow spheres, mainly composed of pancreatic progenitors expanding in their initial state, or, complex organoids which progress to more mature expanding progenitors and differentiate into endocrine, acinar and ductal cells and which spontaneously self-organize to resemble the embryonic pancreas. 
We show here that the in vitro process recapitulates many aspects of natural pancreas development. This culture system is suitable to investigate how cells cooperate to form an organ by reducing its initial complexity to few progenitors. It is a model that reproduces the 3D architecture of the pancreas and that is therefore useful to study morphogenesis, including polarization of epithelial structures and branching. It is also appropriate to assess the response to mechanical cues of the niche such as stiffness and the effects on cell&#180;s tensegrity.

In Vitro Pancreas Organogenesis from Dispersed Mouse Embryonic Progenitors

The three-dimensional culture method described in this protocol recapitulates pancreas development from dispersed embryonic mouse pancreas progenitors, including their substantial expansion, differentiation and morphogenesis into a branched organ. This method is amenable to imaging, functional interference and manipulation of the niche.

분산 된 마우스 배아 전구 세포에서 생체 췌장 기관 형성에

The pancreas is an essential organ that regulates glucose homeostasis and secretes digestive enzymes. Research on pancreas embryogenesis has led to the ...

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

개발 배아 마우스 심장 밸브 지역에서 단백질 분리

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

분리 및 배양 세포 및 마우스 조직에서 미토콘드리아의 기능적 분석

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin defense by forming an intact skin barrier against environmental insults, such as UVB irradiation or pathogens, and also by initiating an inflammatory response upon those insults. Here we describe methods to isolate KCs from neonatal mouse skin and from adult mouse tail skin. We also describe culturing conditions using defined growth supplements (dGS) in comparison to chelexed fetal bovine serum (cFBS). Functionally, we show that both neonatal and adult KCs are highly responsive to high calcium-induced terminal differentiation, tight junction formation and stratification. Additionally, cultured adult KCs are susceptible to UVB-triggered cell death and can release large amounts of TNF upon UVB irradiation. Together, the methods described here will be useful to researchers for the setup of in vitro models to study epidermal biology in the neonatal mouse and/or the adult mouse.

Epidermal keratinocytes form a functional skin barrier and are positioned at the front line of host defense against external environmental insults. Here we describe methods for isolation and primary culture of epidermal keratinocytes from neonatal and adult mouse skin, and induction of terminal differentiation and UVB-triggered inflammatory response from keratinocytes.

신생아 및 성인 마우스 피부의 1 차 마우스 각질 세포의 분리 및 배양

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin ...

Nuclei Isolation from Whole Tissue using a Detergent and Enzyme-Free Method

High-throughput transcriptome and epigenome profiling requires preparation of a single cell or single nuclei suspension. Preparation of the suspension with&#160;intact cell or nuclei involves dissociation and permeabilization, steps that can introduce unwanted noise and undesirable damage. Particularly, certain cell-types such as neurons are challenging to dissociate into individual cells. Additionally, permeabilization of the cellular membrane to release nuclei requires optimization by trial-and-error, which can be time consuming, labor intensive and financially nonviable. To enhance the robustness and reproducibility of sample preparation for high-throughput sequencing, we describe a rapid enzyme and detergent-free column-based nuclei isolation method. The protocol enables efficient isolation of nuclei from the entire zebrafish brain within 20 minutes. The isolated nuclei display intact nuclear morphology and low propensity to aggregate. Further, flow cytometry allows nuclei enrichment and clearance of cellular debris for downstream application. The protocol, which should work on soft tissues and cultured cells, provides a simple and accessible method for sample preparation that can be utilized for high-throughput profiling, simplifying the steps required for successful single-nuclei RNA-seq and ATAC-seq experiments.

Single nuclei isolation relies on dissociation and detergent-based permeabilization of the cell membrane, steps that need optimization and are prone to introducing technical artifacts. We demonstrate a detergent and enzyme-free protocol for rapid isolation of intact nuclei directly from whole tissue, yielding nuclei suitable for single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-Seq) or ATAC-seq.

세제 및 효소 없는 방법을 사용하여 조직 전체에서 핵 분리

High-throughput transcriptome and epigenome profiling requires preparation of a single cell or single nuclei suspension. Preparation of the suspension ...

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common surgical intervention. Experiments using primary human OA tissues obtained from TKA provide the capability to investigate disease mechanisms ex vivo. While OA was previously thought to impact mainly the cartilage, it is now known to impact multiple tissues in the joint. This protocol describes patient selection, sample processing, tissue homogenization, RNA extraction, and quality control (based on RNA purity, integrity, and yield) from each of seven unique tissues to support disease mechanism investigation in the knee joint. With informed consent, samples were obtained from patients undergoing TKA for OA. Tissues were dissected, washed, and stored within 4 h of surgery by flash freezing for RNA or formalin fixation for histology. Collected tissues included articular cartilage, subchondral bone, meniscus, infrapatellar fat pad, anterior cruciate ligament, synovium, and vastus medialis oblique muscle. RNA extraction protocols were tested for each tissue type. The most significant modification involved the method of disintegration used for low-cell, high-matrix, hard tissues (considered as cartilage, bone, and meniscus) versus relatively high-cell, low-matrix, soft tissues (considered as fat pad, ligament, synovium, and muscle). It was found that pulverization was appropriate for hard tissues, and homogenization was appropriate for soft tissues. A proclivity for some subjects to yield higher RNA integrity number (RIN) values than other subjects consistently across multiple tissues was observed, suggesting that underlying factors such as disease severity may impact RNA quality. The ability to isolate high-quality RNA from primary human OA tissues provides a physiologically relevant model for sophisticated gene expression experiments, including sequencing, that can lead to clinical insights that are more readily translated to patients.

Primary tissues obtained from patients following total knee arthroplasty provide an experimental model for osteoarthritis research with maximal clinical translatability. This protocol describes how to identify, process, and isolate RNA from seven unique knee tissues to support mechanistic investigation in human osteoarthritis.

인간 골관절염 무릎 관절에서 조직 수집 및 RNA 추출

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty ...

Nuclei Isolation from Adult Mouse Kidney for Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are executed by multiple cell types arranged in a complex architecture across the corticomedullary axis of the organ. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have accelerated the understanding of cell type-specific gene expression in renal physiology and disease. However, enzyme-based tissue dissociation protocols, which are frequently utilized for single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), require mostly fresh (non-archived) tissue, introduce transcriptional stress responses, and favor the selection of abundant cell types of the kidney cortex resulting in an underrepresentation of cells of the medulla.
Here, we present a protocol that avoids these problems. The protocol is based on nuclei isolation at 4 &#176;C from frozen kidney tissue. Nuclei are isolated from a central piece of the mouse kidney comprised of the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. This reduces the overrepresentation of cortical cells typical for whole-kidney samples for the benefit of medullary cells such that data will represent the entire corticomedullary axis at sufficient abundance. The protocol is simple, rapid, and adaptable and provides a step towards the standardization of single-nuclei transcriptomics in kidney research.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from frozen mouse kidneys that improve the representation of medullary kidney cell types and avoids the gene expression artifacts from enzymatic tissue dissociation.

Single-Nucleus RNA 시퀀싱을 위한 성인 마우스 신장에서 핵 분리

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are ...

Plastoglobule Lipid Droplet Isolation from Plant Leaf Tissue and Cyanobacteria

Plastoglobule lipid droplets are a dynamic sub-compartment of plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. Found ubiquitously among photosynthetic species, they are believed to serve a central role in the adaptation and remodeling of the thylakoid membrane under rapidly changing environmental conditions. The capacity to isolate plastoglobules of high purity has greatly facilitated their study through proteomic, lipidomic, and other methodologies. With plastoglobules of high purity and yield, it is possible to investigate their lipid and protein composition, enzymatic activity, and protein topology, among other possible molecular characteristics. This article presents a rapid and effective protocol for the isolation of plastoglobules from chloroplasts of plant leaf tissue and presents methodological variations for the isolation of plastoglobules and related lipid droplet structures from maize leaves, the desiccated leaf tissue of the resurrection plant, Eragrostis nindensis, and the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Isolation relies on the low density of these lipid-rich particles, which facilitates their purification by sucrose density flotation. This methodology will prove valuable in the study of plastoglobules from diverse species.

A fast and efficient protocol is presented for the isolation of plastoglobule lipid droplets associated with various photosynthetic organisms. The successful preparation of isolated plastoglobules is a crucial first step that precedes detailed molecular investigations such as proteomic and lipidomic analyses.

Plastoglobule 지질 액적 분리 식물 잎 조직 및 시아노박테리아

Plastoglobule lipid droplets are a dynamic sub-compartment of plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. Found ubiquitously among photosynthetic species, they ...