We thank Rachelle Kanippayoor for her help in identifying the new wild-type strain as being of the melanogaster species. R.W.F, O.F. and A.F.S were responsible for research design; R.W.F, M.N. and O.F. performed the experiments. R.W.F, M.N., O.F. and A.F.S. analyzed the data; R.W.F., I.S.M. and A.F.S. wrote the manuscript. 
This work was supported by PSC-CUNY research awards, jointly funded by The Professional Staff Congress and The City University of New York to A.F.S.; by internal funding from Western University to A.F.S. and I.S.M.; by a training support from the National Alliance for Hispanic Health&#8217;s Alliance/Merck Ciencia (Science) Hispanic Scholars Program and a University Fellowship from the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to R.W.F.

1. Geräte und Reagenzien Erstellt Inhouse (Siehe Liste der Materialien für andere) <ol><li> Bereiten Sie eine Drosophila kalten Narkosegerät zu fly Arbeit zu verrichten. <ol><li> Schneiden Sie einen porösen Polyethylenfolie, eine kleine Plastikdose (12,7 cm lang, 10,2 cm breit), in der Regel die obere Abdeckung des Pipettenspitzen-Box (12,7 cm lang, 10,2 cm breit, 3,8 cm tief) zu decken. </li><li> Füllen Sie das Feld mit Crushed Ice, decken mit der porösen Polyethylenfolie. </li></ol></li><li> Bereiten Sie einen T-Labyrinth Apparate; Anpassung der zuvor im Detail 28-31 beschriebenen Vorrichtung. </li><li> Bereiten Sie eine Fliege Aspirator wie beschrieben 32. </li><li> Bereiten Sie eine Phototaxis Antwortgerät um Fliegen in und aus dem Teströhrchen ohne Stress zu versetzen: <ol><li> Verwenden Sie einen Gegenstromapparat, wie von 29,33 beschrieben. </li></ol></li></ol> HINWEIS: Der T-Labyrinth kann auch für andere Zwecke verwendet werden, wie von 28 beschrieben. <ol start="5"><li> Stellen Sie sicher, homogeneous Lichtbedingungen: führen Sie das Experiment auf einer Bank mit einer weißen Bank Deckel abgedeckt und vor einem weißen Brett. HINWEIS: Für diese Experimente waren die Fliegenstämme verwendet Drosophila melanogaster Wildarten: Canton-S, Oregon und Samarkand fliegt von unserem Labor-Aktien 34; Elwood Fliegen wurden im Herbst 2011 in der Nähe von Elwood Huntington auf Long Island, New York, USA gesammelt. </li></ol> 2. Vorbereitung der Fliegen vor dem Experiment 1-2 Tage vor der Durchführung des Experiments: <ol><li> Pflegen Fliegen auf Standard-Maismehl-Agar-Melasse-Hefe-Medium bei 25 ° C auf einem 12 Stunden Licht / Dunkel-Zyklus. </li><li> Sammeln Sie die Antwort Fliegen unter kaltem Anästhesie 1-2 Tage vor der Durchführung des Experiments <ol><li> Übertragen die entfernt von den Flaschen, in denen sie in 50 ml-Falcon-Röhrchen aufgewachsen, mit einem Trichter. </li><li> Legen Sie die Falcon-Röhrchen mit den Fliegen unter Eis Ebene, in einisolierten Eiskübel. </li><li> Setzen Sie den kalten Narkosegerät mit zerstoßenem Eis bei -4 ° C zu kühlen. </li><li> Warten Sie 5 Minuten für die Fliegen eine Chill Koma zu gelangen. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Fliegen auf den porösen Polyethylenfolie des kalten Narkosegerät. </li><li> Sammeln Sie die Responder-Fliegen auf dem kalten Narkosegerät. Bei RT unter einem Stereomikroskop, trennen 3-7 Tage alten männlichen von den weiblichen Fliegen und pflegen diese Fliegen in Gruppen von 40. </li></ol></li><li> Sammle die Emitter entfernt 1-2 Tage vor der Durchführung des Experiments. <ol><li> Vorsichtig sammeln Canton-S gemischtgeschlechtlichen fliegt aus ihren Flaschen, mit einem Mund Sauger, Controlling für ihre Zahl. </li><li> Halten Sie diese Fliegen in Gruppe von 60 bis 100, da sie die Emitter sein. </li><li> Als Datenpunkte benötigt Bereiten so viele Proben von Emittern. </li></ol></li><li> Lassen Sie mindestens eine Nacht der Erholung nach Sammlung der Responder und Strahler, um jede Verwechslung Wirkung der kalten Anästhesie minimierenund Mund Sauger Sammlung auf das Verhalten. </li><li> Öffnen Sie den Beutel von Test-Fläschchen, um die veraltete Plastik riechende Luft in der Tasche zu ermöglichen, durch die frische Luft mindestens 1 Tag vor dem Experiment ersetzt werden. </li></ol> 2 Stunden vor der Durchführung des Experiments: <ol start="6"><li> Sicherzustellen, dass die Temperatur in dem Raum, in dem der Versuch durchgeführt wird, liegt bei etwa 23-25 ​​° C, mit noch Licht und Luftfeuchtigkeit über 30%. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Responder und Emittern Fruchtfliegen in die frische Lebensmittel Fläschchen um sicherzustellen, dass diese Fliegen nicht verhungert. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Fruchtfliegen der Anpassung an die Umgebung für 2 Stunden, auf die Bank, auf der das Experiment durchgeführt werden. </li></ol> 3. Die Durchführung der Sozial Vermeidung Experiment <ol><li> Führen Sie jeden Versuch zur gleichen Zeit des Tages, in einem Bereich von 3-4 Stunden am Nachmittag zwischen den Zeitgeber Zeit ZT5 und ZT9. </li><li> Legen Sie das T-Labyrinth auf dem Pochen-Pad, und ziehen Sie die Schraube Clip so tEr Aufzug ist stabil. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Responder-Fliegen in ein frisches Probenröhrchen. Snap dieses Fläschchen mit der Responder Fliegen auf den oberen Teil des T-Labyrinth. </li><li> Neigen die T-Labyrinth Gerät und tippen Sie auf die Matte hämmerte so dass die Fruchtfliegen in den Aufzug zu fallen. </li><li> Bewegen Sie den oberen Teil der Aufzug nach unten, so dass die Fliegen sind zwischen dem oberen und unteren Teil des T-Labyrinth, aber achten Sie auf den Aufzug über der Wahl Punkt halten - um die Fliegen an der Flucht zu verhindern. </li><li> Erhalten Fläschchen mit DSO (siehe Abschnitt 5, um DSO freien Phiolen, die zuvor von Fliegen besetzt waren zu generieren). <ol><li> Während die Responder-Fliegen sind an dieses neue Umfeld Anpassen, legen Sie die Sender Fliegen in einem Testfläschchen. </li><li> Legen Sie ein Stück Baumwolle, das Fläschchen zu schließen, damit die Fruchtfliegen nicht entkommen. </li><li> Mechanisch agitieren diese Phiole auf einer Mini-Wirbel wie folgt: Vortex für 15 Sekunden, entfernen Sie das Röhrchen aus dem Vortex für 5 Sekunden. Wiederholen 3 mal für insgesamt 55 sec. </li><li> Remove die Emitter-Fliegen aus der frischen Flasche - durch die Übertragung in einem Lebensmittel Flasche - und schnell platzieren dieses DSO gefüllten Fläschchen in einer der beiden Seiten des T-Labyrinth Gerät. </li><li> Wechseln auf die Seite der Platzierung für die DSO-gefüllten Flasche in jedem neuen Durchlauf. </li></ol></li><li> Legen Sie einen neuen Testfläschchen auf der anderen Seite des T-Labyrinth. </li><li> Bringen Sie mit dem Aufzug ganz nach unten, so dass die Fruchtfliegen können zwischen der neuen Testfläschchen und der Testflasche mit DSO gewählt haben, und starten Sie den Timer. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Fliegen zwischen der frischen Ampulle und dem DSO Fläschchen wählen, für 1 min, sofern nicht anders angegeben. </li><li> Nach 1 min, bewegen Sie den Aufzug nach oben, um die Fliegen an der frischen Ampulle, DSO Fläschchen, und die im Aufzug stecken zu trennen. </li><li> Zähle die Anzahl der Fliegen in jedem Fläschchen und in den Aufzug. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie diesen Vorgang für jeden Genotyp / Zustand. </li></ol> 4. Analyse der Social Vermeidung Daten <ol><li> Die Anzahl der Fruchtfliegen in jedem Fläschchen für jeden genotyp, und die Daten in eine Tabellenkalkulation. </li><li> Mit einem Tabellenkalkulationsprogramm, berechnen Sie die Performance Index (PI) für jeden Genotyp durch Subtraktion der Anzahl der Fliegen in der DSO-Fläschchen aus der Anzahl der Fliegen in der DSO-freie Fläschchen und dann dividiert durch die Gesamtzahl von Fliegen. </li><li> Vergleichen Sie die PiS &quot;bedeutet unter Verwendung statistischer Analysesoftware für die Analyse der Ergebnisse. <ol><li> Im Idealfall vorbereiten 2-3 internen Wiederholungen für jedes Experiment, und 3 unabhängige Wiederholungen, durchgeführt an verschiedenen Tagen mit verschiedenen Flaschen oder überschreitet 30. </li><li> Verwenden Gauß-Verteilung statistische Tests, da die Daten einer Normalverteilung folgen. </li><li> Bei der Prüfung von einem Effekt (dh Dichte - Abbildung 2), mit einem Einweg-ANOVA mit Post-Test für Mehrfachvergleich (spaltenweise) oder einem einfachen t-Test, um jedes Ergebnis einer Kontrolle zu vergleichen. </li><li> Als Gruppe Experimente durchgeführt werden, beide Bedingungen zu testen und Geschlechter (leer Fläschchen, betonte eind unbelasteten Fliegen; und Gender-Effekt - Abbildung 1), mit einem Zwei-Wege-ANOVA. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Generieren Vials Zuvor von Unbetonte Fliegen besetzt - Führen statt 3,5-3,6 <ol><li> Verwenden Sie Phototaxis zu Fläschchen von Fliegen, die nicht hervorgehoben wurden, belegt vorzubereiten, als Kontrolle. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Fliegen in einem Probenröhrchen, und lassen Sie sie in die Gegenstromapparatur, mit frischen leeren Ampullen in die entgegengesetzte Position. </li><li> Legen Sie das Gerät waagerecht mit dem distalen Fläschchen unmittelbar vor einer 15 W Leuchtstoff kühl-weißes Licht, und mit einem schwarzen Tuch. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Fliegen leicht an der frischen Röhrchen zu bewegen. Dies kann einige Minuten dauern. Nachdem die meisten der Fliegen in Richtung auf das Licht in dem distalen Fläschchen Fuß, den Zeitmesser für 1 min. </li><li> Entfernen Sie vorsichtig die schwarzen Tuch, schalten Sie den Ort des Licht, gewinnen mit der schwarzen Tuch, und lassen Sie die Fliegen um den Test Fläschchen zu verlassen. </li><li> Zu diesem Zeitpunkt initiate die Wahl Experiment wie in 3.2 bis 3.5. Zum 3.6 und 3.7. </li><li> Schieben Sie den Regler des Geräts, um die Fliegen, die den Test Fläschchen von der anderen Seite verlassen zu trennen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die frei gewordenen Testfläschchen in der T-Labyrinth sofort für die Wahl Experiment, wie in 3.7. </li></ol>

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+decline+in+behavioral+performance+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+with+age.">Differential decline in behavioral performance of Drosophila melanogaster with age.</a> Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. , 127-647 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Dieses Protokoll beschreibt ein detailliertes Verfahren für die soziale Vermeidungstest. Canton-S nur ein Fläschchen zu vermeiden, in denen fliegt zuvor mechanisch belastet gewesen, und dass das Geschlecht und Anzahl der Responder hat keinen Einfluss auf die soziale Vermeidung Leistung. Allerdings hat der genetische Hintergrund der Responder einen großen Einfluss. Im Folgenden sind einige wichtige Schritte zur Durchführung dieses Experiment erfolgreich: 1) immer vor dem Experiment über ...

Das Ziel dieser Methode ist es, einfach zu quantifizieren einen neuen Aspekt des einfachen Sozialverhalten in Drosophila melanogaster, von Balz und Aggression unabhängig. Soziale Interaktionen sind entscheidend für die richtige Entwicklung und Gesundheit von Personen innerhalb der Gesellschaft, sowie die Funktionalität einer sozialen Gruppe als Ganzes. Die hohe Komplexität dieser Wechselwirkungen erfordert große Probengrößen und ein System zur Vereinfachung des Verhaltens ermöglicht, da die genetischen und neuronalen Basen des Sozialverhaltens sind noch weitgehend unverstanden. Drosophila melanogaster ist eine leistungsfähige genetischen Modells, das verwendet werden kann, die genetisch zu identifizieren und Neuronale Grundlagen der sozialen Interaktionen. In der Tat, D. melanogaster hat ein Repertoire von komplexen sozialen Verhaltensweisen und einige direkte Messungen der Sozialisation bereits getan 1-7. Allerdings sind die meisten dieser Bemühungen sind auf relativ komplexe soziale Verhaltensweisen wie aggres fokussiertsive Wechselwirkungen 3,6, verschiedene Aspekte der Balz 3,8-12 und wie soziale Erfahrung wirkt sich auf andere Verhaltensweisen wie Lernen oder zirkadianen Rhythmus 13-17. Darüber hinaus sind viele dieser Tests beruhen auf der Analyse komplexer Wechselwirkung Muster Gruppen entfernt, unter Verwendung von Videoverfolgung und Computersoftware, um die resultierende Datenfülle analysieren. Solche Analysen sind von unschätzbarem Wert, und führen zu wichtigen neuen Erkenntnissen, wie die Dynamik der Fly-Fly-Interaktionen in der Gruppe 7. Eine Einschränkung, jedoch ist die Unzugänglichkeit dieser Tests in die Gemeinschaft zu groß, und die begrenzte Kenntnis der Mechanismen Anerkennung der anderen zugrunde liegen. In anderen Worten ist die Basis der Emission eines Signals von einem Individuum und seiner Erkennung durch eine andere noch schlecht verstanden 18. Die D.: Im Gegensatz dazu fliegt auch eine einfache Verhalten, soziale Vermeidung, in denen Menschen weg von einem Signal, das durch betonte Fliegen emittiert zeigen Melanogaster Belastungsriechstoff oder DSO-19. In einem Assay mit hohem Durchsatz, kann dieses Verhalten, wie die Vermeidung eines durch andere entfernt oder soziale Vermeidungs ​​19 emittiert Spannungssignals quantifiziert werden. Fliegen werden in einem T-Labyrinth-Vorrichtung platziert und die Wahl haben, eine Ampulle, die DSO vermeiden. Unter Verwendung dieses Assays, CO 2 wurde gezeigt, dass ein Bestandteil des DSO, und ein Teil der neuronalen Schaltkreise erforderlich, reagieren zu CO 2 wurde 19 zerlegt werden. Die soziale Vermeidung Test hier dargestellten ähnelt vom Konzept her an die einfachen Verhaltenstests in Seymour Benzer Labor entwickelt, die Generationen von Forschern ermöglicht, komplexe Verhaltensweisen 20 sezieren. Analyse sozialer Vermeidung kann kostengünstig unter Verwendung des T-Labyrinth-Test, so dass für mehr verbreitet Studie des Sozialverhaltens durchgeführt werden. Zum Beispiel mit diesem Test haben wir vor kurzem gezeigt, dass verschiedene genetische Risiken für Autismus gegenläufigen Effekten in sozialen behavior Assays. Mutanten für ein Kandidatengen für Autismus - Neurobeachin 21,22 - heute Mängel sowohl im sozialen Raum (an anderer Stelle 23 beschrieben) und soziale Vermeidung 24. Abnormal dopaminergen Signal wird auch vorgeschlagen, eine Rolle bei der Entstehung von Autismus bei Menschen 25,26 zu spielen. Im Gegensatz zu den mit Neurobeachin erzielten Ergebnisse haben wir festgestellt, dass soziale Vermeidung Leistung war unberührt erhöht oder gesenkt Ebenen der Drosophila Vesicular Monoamin-Transporter (VMAT) in dopaminergen Zellen, wenn auch sozialen Raum wurde direkt mit diesen Ebenen VMAT 27 korreliert. Die mit Neurobeachin und VMAT erhalten kontras Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Möglichkeit zur Identifizierung verschiedener Formen von asoziales Verhalten und damit die verschiedenen zugrunde liegenden neuronalen Schaltkreise Modulation der Reaktion auf andere.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Zoom Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Nikon&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>SMZ-645</td>
			<td>Any other standard scope for fly handling would work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small paint brushes&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for pushing flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Porous Polyethylene, 12&#34; x 12&#34; Sheet</td>
			<td>Flystuff - Genesee</td>
			<td>46-100</td>
			<td>http://www.flystuff.com/ProductInfo.php?productID=46-100 
			Porous Plastic sheet for the cold anesthesia box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-Alarm Timer/Stopwatch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Sharpie pens</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini vortex</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-955-151&#160;</td>
			<td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail 
			For mechanical agitation of the flies - any vortex would work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences DL No.:352017, Falcon test tube; round bottom; disposable; no closure, 14mL;&#160; 17 x 100mm</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-959-8 &#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/servlet/itemdetail?storeId=10652&#38;langId=-1&#38;catalogId=29104&#38;productId=2771811&#38;distype=0&#38;highlightProductsItemsFlag=Y&#38;fromSearch=1&#38;searchType=PROD&#38;hasPromo=0 
			These snap in place in the in-house made T-maze and counter-current apparatus (see text)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton balls</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to close the vials after the experiment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trifold board and white bench cover</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to provide a white background, and a homogeneous light.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>white bench cover</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pounding pad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any mouse pad works.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>large black cloth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to cover the counter-current apparatus in phototaxis response.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cool-white light&#160;</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>1000516563</td>
			<td>http://www.homedepot.ca/product/illume-26-fluorescent-plug-in-linear/911423 
			any similar linear light with fluorescent light bulb cool-white at 13-15W would work</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

straightforward assay for quantification of social avoidance in drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Die soziale Vermeidung Assay ist eine robuste Test Quantifizierung der Fähigkeit von Drosophila melanogaster, um eine Belastungssignal zu erkennen (DSO) von anderen Fliegen emittiert und damit die Beurteilung ein Aspekt der sozialen Interaktionen. Der Test wird durchgeführt unter Verwendung einer Vorrichtung üblicherweise in verschiedenen Verhaltenstests, wie einem T-Labyrinth, das die Fliegen mit einer Wahl zwischen zwei verschiedenen Optionen zu präsentieren bekannt verwendet - links oder rechts 19,2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Einfache Assay zur Quantifizierung von Sozialvermeidung in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

straightforward-assay-for-quantification-social-avoidance-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

11.1K Aufrufe.  Yale University. Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Serie: Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We developed a novel nanoinjection/electrophysiology assay that allows the detection of bioactive modulatory effects of compounds on the function of a neuronal circuit that mediates the escape response in Drosophila melanogaster3,4. Our in vivo assay, which uses the Drosophila Giant Fiber System (GFS, Figure 1) allows screening of different types of compounds, such as small molecules or peptides, and requires only minimal quantities to elicit an effect. In addition, the Drosophila GFS offers a large variety of potential molecular targets on neurons or muscles. The Giant Fibers (GFs) synapse electrically (Gap Junctions) as well as chemically (cholinergic) onto a Peripheral Synapsing Interneuron (PSI) and the Tergo Trochanteral Muscle neuron (TTMn)5. The PSI to DLMn (Dorsal Longitudinal Muscle neuron) connection is dependent on D&alpha;7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)6. Finally, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of the TTMn and the DLMn with the jump (TTM) and flight muscles (DLM) are glutamatergic7-12. Here, we demonstrate how to inject nanoliter quantities of a compound, while obtaining electrophysiological intracellular recordings from the Giant Fiber System13 and how to monitor the effects of the compound on the function of this circuit. We show specificity of the assay with methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA), a nAChR antagonist, which disrupts the PSI to DLMn connection but not the GF to TTMn connection or the function of the NMJ at the jump or flight muscles.
Before beginning this video it is critical that you carefully watch and become familiar with the JoVE video titled "Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster " from Augustin et al7, as the video presented here is intended as an expansion to this existing technique. Here we use the electrophysiological recordings method and focus in detail only on the addition of the paired nanoinjections and monitoring technique.

Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

A rapid in vivo assay to test for neuromodulatory compounds using the Giant Fiber System (GFS) of Drosophila melanogaster is described. Nanoinjections in the head of the animal along with electrophysiological recordings of the GFS can reveal bioactivity of compounds on neurons or muscles.

Gepaart Nanoinjection und Elektrophysiologie-Test zum Screening auf Bioaktivität der Verbindungen unter Verwendung des Drosophila melanogaster Riesen-Fiber System

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in Drosophila melanogaster1. Chief among these are optogenetic tools, which enable the activation or silencing of specific neurons in the intact and freely moving animal using bright light. Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) is a light-activated cation channel that, when activated by blue light, causes depolarization of neurons that express it. ChR2 has been effective for identifying neurons critical for specific behaviors, such as CO2 avoidance, proboscis extension and giant-fiber mediated startle response2-4. However, as the intense light sources used to stimulate ChR2 also stimulate photoreceptors, these optogenetic techniques have not previously been used in the visual system. Here, we combine an optogenetic approach with a mutation that impairs phototransduction to demonstrate that activation of a cluster of loom-sensitive neurons in the fly's optic lobe, Foma-1 neurons, can drive an escape behavior used to avoid collision. We used a null allele of a critical component of the phototransduction cascade, phospholipase C-&beta;, encoded by the norpA gene, to render the flies blind and also use the Gal4-UAS transcriptional activator system to drive expression of ChR2 in the Foma-1 neurons. Individual flies are placed on a small platform surrounded by blue LEDs. When the LEDs are illuminated, the flies quickly take-off into flight, in a manner similar to visually driven loom-escape behavior. We believe that this technique can be easily adapted to examine other behaviors in freely moving flies.

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetically encoded optogenetic tools enable noninvasive manipulation of specific neurons in the Drosophila brain. Such tools can identify neurons whose activation is sufficient to elicit or suppress particular behaviors. Here we present a method for activating Channelrhodopsin2 that is expressed in targeted neurons in freely walking flies.

Optogenetische Stimulation von Escape Verhalten in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

A  growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive  manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

Bestimmung der spontanen lokomotorischen Aktivität in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

Bedingungen, die sozialen Raum, in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To complicate matters even further, the odors detected by the insect nervous system usually are not single compounds but mixtures whose composition and concentration ratios vary. This leads to an almost infinite amount of different olfactory stimuli which have to be evaluated by the nervous system.
To understand which aspects of an odor stimulus determine its evaluation by the fly, it is therefore desirable to efficiently examine odor-guided behavior towards many odorants and odor mixtures. To directly correlate behavior to neuronal activity, behavior should be quantified in a comparable time frame and under identical stimulus conditions as in neurophysiological experiments. However, many currently used olfactory bioassays in Drosophila neuroethology are rather specialized either towards efficiency or towards resolution.
Flywalk, an automated odor delivery and tracking system, bridges the gap between efficiency and resolution. It allows the determination of exactly when an odor packet stimulated a freely walking fly, and to determine the animal&#180;s dynamic behavioral reaction.

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

The automated tracking system Flywalk is used for high-resolution quantification of odor-guided behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.

Hochaufgelöste Quantifizierung der Geruchsgelenkten Verhalten in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Verwenden der<em&gt; Flywalk</em&gt; Paradigm

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

Ein Verhaltenstest für Mechanosensation der MARCM-basierte Klonen in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. When selecting sites to deposit their eggs, female flies are capable of ranking the relative attractiveness of their options and choosing the &#34;greater of two goods.&#34; However, most egg-laying preference assays are not practical if one wants to take a systematic genetic screening approach to search for the circuit basis underlying this simple decision-making process, as they are population-based and laborious to set up. To increase the throughput of studying of egg-laying preferences of single females, we developed custom chambers that each can simultaneously assay egg-laying preferences of up to thirty individual flies as well as a protocol that ensures each female has a high egg-laying rate (so that their preference is readily discernable and more convincing). Our approach is simple to execute and produces very consistent results. Additionally, these chambers can be equipped with different attachments to allow video recording the egg-laying animals and to deliver light for optogenetics studies. This article provides the blueprints for fabricating these chambers and the procedure for preparing the flies to be assayed in these chambers.

High Throughput Assay to Examine Egg-Laying Preferences of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

This protocol describes a high throughput assay for testing egg-laying preferences of Drosophila melanogaster at single-animal resolution. This assay provides a simple, efficient, and scalable platform to identify genes and circuit components that control a simple decision-making process.

Assay mit hohem Durchsatz Eiablage Präferenzen der einzelnen zu untersuchen<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Recently, egg-laying preference of Drosophila has emerged as a genetically tractable model to study the neural basis of simple decision-making processes. ...

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral variation. The larval path-length assay was developed to measure individual differences in foraging behavior that were later linked to the foraging gene. Larval path-length is an easily scored trait that facilitates the collection of large sample sizes, at minimal cost, for genetic screens. Here we provide a detailed description of the current protocol for the larval path-length assay first used by Sokolowski. The protocol details how to reproducibly handle test animals, perform the behavioral assay and analyze the data. An example of how the assay can be used to measure behavioral plasticity in response to environmental change, by manipulating feeding environment prior to performing the assay, is also provided. Finally, appropriate test design as well as environmental factors that can modify larval path-length such as food quality, developmental age and day effects are discussed.

Foraging Path-length Protocol for Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

We provide a detailed protocol for a Drosophila melanogaster foraging path-length assay. We discuss the preparation and handling of test animals, how to perform the assay and analyze the data.

Futter suchen Pfad-Länge-Protokoll für<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Larvae

The Drosophila melanogaster larval path-length phenotype is an established measure used to study the genetic and environmental contributions to behavioral ...

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of the right type and quantity of food therefore has a major influence on quality of life. Research on feeding behavior focuses on the underlying processes that ensure actual feeding and unravels the role of factors regulating internal energy homeostasis and the neuronal bases of decision-making. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, with its great variety of genetically traceable tools for labeling and manipulating single neurons, allows mapping of neuronal networks and identification of molecular signaling cascades involved in the regulation of food intake. This report demonstrates the CApillary FEeder assay (CAFE) and shows how to measure food intake in a group of flies for time spans ranging from hours to days. This easy-to-use assay consists of glass capillaries filled with liquid food that flies can freely access and feed on. Food consumption in the assay is accurately determined using simple measurement tools. Herein we describe step-by-step the method from setup to successful execution of the CAFE assay, and provide practical examples to analyze the food intake of a group of flies under controlled conditions. The reader is guided through possible limitations of the assay, and advantages and disadvantages of the method compared to other feeding assays in D. melanogaster are evaluated.

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

The CApillary FEeder (CAFE) assay is a simple, budget-friendly, highly reliable method for investigating mechanisms underlying food intake. Used with the highly versatile genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster, it provides a powerful means of gaining new insights into regulatory mechanisms of food intake.

Die kapillare feeder Assay misst die Nahrungsaufnahme in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of ...

Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The structural instability of SOD1 and the detection of SOD1-positive inclusions in familial-ALS patients supports a potential causal role for misfolded and/or aggregated SOD1 in ALS pathology. In this study, we describe the development of a cell-based assay designed to quantify the dynamics of SOD1 aggregation in living cells by high content screening approaches. Using lentiviral vectors, we generated stable cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant A4V SOD1 tagged with yellow fluorescent protein and found that both proteins were expressed in the cytosol without any sign of aggregation. Interestingly, only SOD1 A4V stably expressed in HEK-293, but not in U2OS or SH-SY5Y cell lines, formed aggregates upon proteasome inhibitor treatment. We show that it is possible to quantify aggregation based on dose-response analysis of various proteasome inhibitors, and to track aggregate-formation kinetics by time-lapse microscopy. Our approach introduces the possibility of quantifying the effect of ALS mutations on the role of SOD1 in aggregate formation as well as screening for small molecules that prevent SOD1 A4V aggregation.

We describe a method to quantify the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Our protocol details lentiviral induced stable cell line generation, automated confocal imaging, and image analysis of protein aggregates. As an illustrative application, we studied the effect of small molecules in promoting SOD1 aggregation in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Assay-Entwicklung für hohe Content Quantifizierung der Sod1 mutierten Proteins Aggregatbildung in lebenden Zellen

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...