This publication is funded through Cure CMD, an Association Contre Les Myopathies (AFM) grant (project 16297), and by the National Institutes of Health (grant numbers K08 AR059750, L40 AR057721 and 2R01NS047727).

HINWEIS: Protokolle für die Sammlung von menschlichem Gewebe muss überprüft und von der Institutional IRB Ausschuss genehmigt werden. Sammlung von verworfen, de-identifizierte menschliche Gewebe wurde von der Boston-Kinderklinik und Brigham and Womens Hospital IRB Ausschüsse zugelassen. Die nachfolgend beschriebenen Methoden zur Isolierung von myogenen Zellen aus deidentifiziert angewendet wurde, verworfen Gewebe. Die beschriebenen Verfahren sind für Gewebe von Patienten zugestimmt Material gesammelt. 1. Zellisolation <ol><li> Die Dissoziation von Muskelbiopsie und Reinigung von myogenen Zellen <ol><li> Pre-wiegen 10 cm Gewebekulturplatte in einer Gewebekultur Biosicherheit Haube und dann erneut wiegen die Platte, die die Muskelbiopsie, die Menge an Gewebe zu berechnen, getrennt werden. </li><li> Mit einer sterilen Skalpellen, Hackfleisch Muskelgewebe fein und fügen Sie ein paar Tropfen sterile 1x HBSS, um Gewebe vor dem Austrocknen zu verhindern. </li><li> Jeweils Di 3,5 mlspase II und Collagenase D pro Gramm Muskelgewebe verdaut werden. Pipettieren des zerkleinerten Gewebes und Enzymlösung durch ein steriles 25 ml-Pipette ein paar mal. Inkubieren der Platte in einem Gewebekultur-Inkubator bei 37 ° C mit 5% CO 2 für 15 min und zu verdauen Gewebe, bis die Aufschlämmung leicht wenn eine sterile 5 ml-Pipette durchläuft. HINWEIS: Gewebedissoziation wird üblicherweise durch enzymatische Verdauung innerhalb 45-90 min erreicht wird. Bitte lesen Sie den Abschnitt &#39;Repräsentative Ergebnisse &quot;für weitere Informationen. </li><li> Hinzufügen von 2 Volumina sterilem Wachstumsmedium dissoziierten Gewebe, filtriert über ein 100 &amp; mgr; m Zellsieb über eine 50 ml konischen Röhrchen und Pellets Zellen für 10 min bei 329 × g (~ 1100 rpm) bei Raumtemperatur. Bitte beachten Sie die Werkstoff-Tabelle für Medienzusammensetzung beziehen. </li><li> Das Pellet in 1 Volumen sterilen Wachstumsmedium und fügen 7 Volumen der roten Blutkörperchen Lyselösung. Filtern der Lösung durch ein 40 &amp; mgr; m Zellsieb dann pelle ter Zellen für 10 min bei 329 × g, Raumtemperatur. </li><li> Zählen der Zellen in einem Hämozytometer und Resuspendieren der Zellen in HBSS 1x 0,5% BSA in einer Konzentration von 1 x 10 6 Zellen / 100 &amp; mgr; l. Beiseite ~ 250.000 Zellen in einem einzigen Rohr, das als negative (ungefärbten) Steuerung verwendet wird. Beiseite zusätzliche einfarbigen gefärbt Kontrollröhrchen für Propidiumiodid und CD56, die für die ordnungsgemäße Anspritzung von CD56-positiven Zellen durch FACS-Sortierung erforderlich. Bitte beachten Sie die Sortierung Handbücher Zelle oder wenden Sie sich mit FACS-Sortierung Core Facility Experten zu entsprechenden Kontrollen zu gewährleisten enthalten sind. </li><li> Färben sich die Zellen mit 5 &amp; mgr; / 10 6 Zellen von anti CD56 Antikörper sortiert werden. Alle Proben (einschließlich Kontrollen) auf Eis inkubieren für 30 Minuten. </li><li> Waschproben in 10 ml 1x HBSS und Pellet-Zellen für 10 min bei 329 × g (~ 1100 rpm) in einer Kühlzentrifuge bei 4 ° C Temperatur. </li><li> Hinzufügen Propidiumiodid in einer Endkonzentration von 1 ug / ml zu der Probe zu sein sorten für den Ausschluss von toten Zellen. Reinige myogenen CD56-positiven Zellen aus nicht-myogenen Zellen mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenz-aktivierten Zellsortierer. </li></ol></li><li> Die Dissoziation von Hautbiopsie HINWEIS: Die dermale Fibroblasten aus einer Hautstanze von Patienten isoliert werden, wenn Muskelbiopsien sind nicht verfügbar. Hautfibroblasten als Biomaterial für viele Studien, einschließlich der Transduktion mit MyoD zu myogenen Zellen zu erzeugen genutzt werden. Zusätzlich können dermale Fibroblasten verwendet, um iPS-Zellen, die in verschiedenen Zelltypen, für die weitere Untersuchung unterschieden werden können erzeugen. <ol><li> Transportieren Sie die Hautbiopsie an das Labor in Transportmedium. Sobald die Probe empfangen wird, führen die primäre Kultur so schnell wie möglich. Wenn die primäre Kultur nicht am selben Tag ermittelt werden, speichern die Probe bei Raumtemperatur über Nacht. </li><li> Übertragen der Hautprobe auf eine sterile 35 mm Petrischale in der Sterilbank. </li><li> Spülen Sie die Hautbiopsie in einer Petrischale mit steriler 1x PBS, Blut und Trümmer zu entfernen. Entfernen Sie das Fettgewebe mit einem sterilen Skalpell. </li><li> 2 ml Kollagenase-Lösung und zerkleinern das Gewebe mit Skalpell, Inkubation bei 37 ° C für 45 min bis 1 h, je nach der Größe des Gewebes. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die verdaute Gewebe zu einem 15 ml konischen Röhrchen, spülen Sie die Petrischale mit 2 ml Fibroblasten-Kulturmedium zweimal, und sammeln Sie das Medium in der gleichen Röhre. </li><li> Pelle Zellen bei 200 g für 5 min bei Raumtemperatur. </li><li> Überstand verwerfen und waschen das Pellet mit 3 ml Fibroblastenmedium, um die Kollagenase wieder zu entfernen, dann Pellet-Zellen. Bitte beachten Sie die Werkstoff-Tabelle für Medienzusammensetzung beziehen. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie den Schritt 1.2.7 noch einmal. </li><li> Re-suspend das Pellet in 5 ml Medium Fibroblasten und Plattenzellen auf einen T25 sterile Gewebekulturflasche. Der Kolben wird bei 37 ° C mit 5% CO 2 inkubiert. </li><li> Bewerten Sie die Kultur für Fibroblasten-Anhaftung und das Wachstum in den nächsten 1-3 Tagen. &lt;br /&gt; Hinweis: Einige kleine Gewebestücke können auch auf den Teller legen und Fibroblasten Migration von diesen Gewebestücken. </li><li> Aufrechterhaltung der Kultur unter den gleichen Bedingungen bis Fibroblasten auf etwa 80% Konfluenz gezüchtet. </li><li> Sammeln Fibroblasten durch Trypsinisierung und Transfer auf frische Kulturflaschen für weitere Expansion. Führen Trypsinierung entfernt, indem die Kulturen 3-mal in 1x PBS frei von Ca ++ und Mg ++. Hinzufügen Trypsin-EDTA (siehe Materialien Table) zu den Zellen (2 ml / T25-Kolben) für 2 min bei 37 ° C. </li><li> Split abgelösten Zellen in zusätzliche Kolben. Wenn einige Gewebestücke bleiben an der ursprünglichen T25-Kolben angebracht ist, mit 5 ml frischem Kulturmedium, um diesen Kolben und Fibroblasten erfolgt kontinuierlich zu migrieren. HINWEIS: Der expandierte Fibroblastenkultur setzt sich wie P1 eingefroren und in flüssigem Stickstoff für zukünftige Experimente gelagert werden. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Immortalisierung von myogenen Zellen <ol><li&gt; Platte 5 Millionen Phoenix ecotropen Verpackungszellen (PE) über Nacht in einer 10 cm sterile Gewebekulturplatte in DMEM und Medium 199 in einem Verhältnis von 4: 1, mit 10% Kälberserum ergänzt. </li><li> Futterzellen 30 min vor der Transfektion mit 5 ml frischem Medium mit 10 mM Koffein ergänzt. </li><li> Homogenisieren einer Mischung von 2 ug Plasmid-DNA aus einem Midi prep (CDK4 oder hTERT-Plasmid) und Polyjet und Inkubieren bei Raumtemperatur für 15 min, wie vom Hersteller empfohlen. </li><li> Fügen Sie das Plasmid / PolyJet Mischung auf die PE-Zellen über Nacht. </li><li> Feed-Zellen mit frischem Medium (DMEM und Medium 199 in einem Verhältnis von 4: 1, das mit 10% Kälberserum). Zwölf Stunden später sammeln das virushaltige Überstand und filtern sie durch ein 0,45 um Porengrße-Filter. </li><li> Verwenden von 1 ml Überstand gesammelt, über Nacht amphotropen Verpackungszelllinie PA317 5 infizieren und zu einem stabilen Virus-produzierenden Zelllinie nach der Selektion mit entweder 0,5 mg / ml Neomycin (G418) für CDK4 oder 0,5 mg / ml Hygromycin hTERT. </li><li> Bereiten Sie Arbeits viralen Überständen durch Wachstum der stabilen Verpackungszellen in der Nähe der Konfluenz, dann die Ernte der Überstand jeden Morgen, Abend und Morgen für drei Ernten. </li><li> Filtern Sie die Virusüberständen und entweder direkt verwenden oder teilen sie in 1 ml Aliquots und bei -80 ° C für die spätere Verwendung. Beachten Sie, dass Virusüberstand verliert 50% Infektionseffizienz bei jedem Frost-Tau. Denken Sie daran, die Bleichmittel waschen vor dem Wegwerfen alles, was der Viruspartikel berührt hat. HINWEIS: Die stabile PA317 Virus-produzierende Zelllinie kann eingefroren und bei -150 ° C für die dauerhafte Speicherung beibehalten werden (Einfriermedium 10% DMSO, 90% Serum). </li><li> Platte FACS-gereinigte myogenen Zellen in einer Dichte von 5 x 10 4 Zellen / Vertiefung in Platten mit 6 Vertiefungen mit 0,1% Gelatine beschichtet (in Schritten 1.1-1.9 beschrieben). Sicherzustellen, dass die Zellen an der Platte vor der Virusinfektion hend angebracht. </li><li> Fügen Sie 400 ul gefiltert, freshly produzierte Virusüberstand oder gefrorenen Aliquots zu jedem Sechs-Well-Platte über Nacht (halten 2 Brunnen als Kontrollen). </li><li> Ändern Medium durch Zuführen Zellen mit 2,5 ml / Vertiefung frisches Muskelmedien (4: 1 Dulbecco modifiziertem Eagle-Medium (DMEM) und Medium 199 mit 15% fötalem Rinderserum, 0,02 M HEPES-Puffer, 1,4 mg / l Vitamin B12; 0,03 mg / L ZnSO4, 0,055 mg / l Dexamethason, 2,5 ug / l Hepatozytenwachstumsfaktor und 10 ug / l basic fibroblast growth factor). Entsorgen Sie die Medien und Pipetten, die die Viruspartikel in einem Bleichbehälter. Lassen Zellen im gleichen Medium für 3 Tage, um vor Infektionen zu erholen, dann behandeln Sie zur Auswahl entweder mit 400 ug / ml Neomycin (CDK4 Infektion) oder 300 ug / ml Hygromycin (hTERT-Infektion). </li><li> Pflegen Zellen unter Medikamentenauswahl, bis die Zellen in der Kontrollschale Matrize (1-2 Wochen). </li><li> Passage-Zellen bevor sie konfluent werden (60-80% Konfluenz, unter Verwendung von 0,05% Trypsin-EDTA), selbst während der selectinach Zeitraum. Ausstrich Zellen in mehreren 10cm Gerichte mit frischen Myoblasten-Medium (wie in 2.11 beschrieben) mit der Auswahl Medikament ergänzt. Pflegen immortalisierten ausgewählte Zellen als heterogene Population oder klonieren, um eine vollständig homogene genetischen Hintergrund (das gleiche Insertion des Transgens in jeder Zelle) zu erhalten. </li><li> Führen klonalen Selektion mit den folgenden Schritten: <ol><li> Samen der Zellen bei niedriger Dichte (zB 300 bis 500 Zellen in 10 cm-Schalen) und halten sie für etwa zwei Wochen, bis kleine Kolonien werden (10-20 Zellen) gebildet. </li><li> Verringert sich die Medium an dieser Stelle, so dass nur eine dünne Folie, die Zellen nicht austrocknen. </li><li> Legen Sie ein Klonen Ring (mit einem Ende eingetaucht in Silikonvakuumfett) über jeden gewünschten Klon und ein paar Tropfen von Trypsin / EDTA. </li><li> Ernten Sie die Zellen, wenn sie geworden durch vorsichtiges Absaugen der Zellen unter Verwendung einer 1 ml Spitze oder eine Pasteur-Pipette und ihre Übertragung auf dem kleinsten verfügbaren Multiwell-pla abgerundette (96 oder 48, 24 oder 12-Well-Platten). </li><li> Erweitern Klone wie notwendig, um lokale Konfluenz zu verhindern. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Cells als Nützliche Ressource Die Isolierung und Kultivierung von myogene Zellpopulationen ist äußerst nützlich bei der Festlegung Krankheitsphänotypen oder in vitro-Modelle von Erkrankungen. Die hier beschriebene myogenen Zellisolierungsverfahren erlaubt die Isolierung von Myoblasten und Fibroblasten aus der Skelettmuskulatur Proben, die dann weitergegeben werden können, unterschieden, oder sofort analysiert. Myoblasten Struktur und Funktion kann durch mikroskopische Untersuc...

A correction was made to the authors section in: Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
One of the authors names was corrected from:
Stacy C. Cossette
to:
Stacy A. Cossette

A correction was made to the authors section in: Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling

Erratum: Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling

Molecular diagnostics has dramatically evolved in the past 20 years. Genomic DNA is now routinely isolated from sputum or cheek swab, while in the past it required a blood draw. With the current fast turnaround time and ease of gene sequencing, many disease mutations are routinely identified with no need of additional testing. In the case of muscle disease diagnostics, identification of dozens of new genes in the past decade responsible for either muscular dystrophy or myopathy have dramatically changed the ways these diseases are diagnosed 1,2. Currently, there are dozens of genes that have been identified as causes of muscular dystrophy and congenital myopathy, although the mechanisms by which many of these genes produce disease remain unclear. In particular, rare diseases constitute a challenge due to the small size of the patient populations. For these cases, as well as for more common diseases, the generation of stable tools that facilitate studies on the mechanism of pathogenesis and screening of therapeutic drugs is highly desirable. 
Despite dramatic progress in DNA diagnostics, muscle biopsies are still performed to establish the primary diagnosis in many patients in whom primary metabolic or muscle disease is suspected. When a muscle biopsy is necessary, it offers the opportunity for additional diagnostic and research tissue collection with minimal additional morbidity risk for the patient. As there are a number of uses for each tissue specimen, it is highly desirable to establish techniques for primary cell culture using surgical tissue that are straightforward, efficient, and require minimal amounts of tissue. Proper triage of muscle or skin biopsies is required to maximize isolation of primary cells from tissue and long-term storage of live material. Additionally, stem cell research and drug screening holds great promise for developing therapies for many diseases using cell-based assays 3,4.
We herein describe methods for primary cell isolation from human muscle or skin biopsies. Additionally, we include a protocol for immortalization of myogenic cells, which is useful for generating large numbers of cells from an individual. These cells can be used for downstream applications, such as custom drug-screenings, which are otherwise unachievable with the overall low number of cells obtained from primary tissue.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;"><a name="RANGE!A1:D52">Name of Material/ Equipment</a></td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:484px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Tissue&#160;culture biosafety hood</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Baker Company, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Model SterilGuard Hood</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:320px;">Benchtop centrifuge, such as Beckman Model&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Model Allegra 6R</td>
			<td>If cell sorting is performed, a centrifuge with refrigeration is preferred</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Model Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:320px;">Tissue culture incubator, connected to a CO2 source</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Forma Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Series II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Model Aria</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:320px;">Reagents for isolation of primary myoblasts from tissue</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dispase II</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">#04942078001</td>
			<td>Prepare a sock solution of 2.4U/ml in DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase D&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">#088882001</td>
			<td>Prepare a stock solution of 10 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">1x Sterile Hank&#8217;s Balanced Saline Solution (HBSS), calcium and magnesium free</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GIBCO Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">#14185-052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin, fraction V</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">#05470</td>
			<td>Prepare a sterile&#160; solution of 1X HBSS 0.5% BSA for FACS sorting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;">Sterile growth medium for myoblasts: Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM) with high glucose (4.5g) supplemented with 30% fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GIBCO Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">11965-092</td>
			<td>Contains L- glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">RBC lysis solution</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">158904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Propidium Iodide stock 10mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">P4170</td>
			<td>Prepare the stock solution by diluting the powder in sterile distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Anti-human CD56 antibody for flow cytometry</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td>318310</td>
			<td>APC-conjugated antibody, other labels are avaialable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:320px;">Reagents for immortalization of primary myoblasts</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Ecotropic packaging cell line PE</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Cell Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">RV-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Amphotropic packaging cell line PA3174</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Cell Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">RV-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:320px;">Pig skin gelatin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">G1890-500g</td>
			<td style="width:484px;">Prepare a stock solution of 0.1% gelatin in water. Coat the dish with the solution at 37&#176;C for one hour. Remove the solution and add medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">PolyJet&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Signagen</td>
			<td>SL100688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">G418</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">345812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Hygromycin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">EMD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">400051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">pBabe plasmids containing mCDK4 and hTERT</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">not commercially available</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td>Stadler et al, 2013</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Qiagen plasmid midiprep kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>12143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Medium 199</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>Medium 199 (31150022)</td>
			<td style="width:484px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>DMEM (11965-092)</td>
			<td style="width:484px;">Mix 4:1 DMEM:199</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:320px;">Myoblast growth medium: 4:1 Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and Medium 199 supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum; 0.02 M HEPES buffer; 1.4 mg/l vitamin B12; 0.03 mg/l ZnSO4, 0.055 mg/l dexamethasone, 2.5 &#956;g/l hepatocyte growth factor and 10 &#956;g/l beta fibroblast growth factor.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Life technologie (DMEM, F199); Atlanta Biological (FBS); Invitrogen (Hepes); Fisher (ZincSulfate); Sigma (Vit.B12, Dexamethasone); Chemicon international (HGF); Biopioneer (betaFGF)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">#15630-080 (Hepes); #Z68-500 (ZnSO); #V2876.#D4902 (Vit.B12, Dex); GF116 (HGF); HRP-0011 (bFGF).&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:484px;">Prepare media and stock solution Vit. B12 (20mg/ml); ZincSulfate (60&#181;g/ml); Dex (55&#181;g/&#181;l) separately for easier use. HGF stock solution (5&#181;g/ml) and FGF (20&#181;g/ml) should be added freshly every week at the final working concentration.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">TrypLE express</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GIBCO Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">12605-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:320px;">Myosin heavy chain antibody for immunostaining</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Developmental Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">MF20</td>
			<td>Clone MF20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Desmin Antibody for immunostaining</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>MS-376-S0</td>
			<td>Clone D33</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Horse serum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>26050-088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:320px;">Reagents for primary skin fibroblast isolation</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:320px;">Transport medium: RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 0.2% penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">RPMI medium 1640: GIBCO Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:320px;">Human primary fibroblast culture medium: RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fetal bovine serum: Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:320px;">Collagenase solution: Collagenase type 2 (100mg) resuspended in 12.5 ml of fibroblast culture medium and filter-sterilized</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Worthington</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">4176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:320px;">Sterile 1X Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) calcium and magnesium free</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">17-516F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Materials for isolation of primary myoblasts</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">50ml and 15ml sterile conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GeneMate/Bioexpress</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">C-3394-4 (50ml) ; C3394-1 (15ml))</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile scalpels</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Aspen Surgical</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">372610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">1492</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Sterile 5, 10 and 25 ml pipettes</td>
			<td>Bellco glass</td>
			<td>1226-05010 (5ml); 1200-10010 (10ml) ;1228-25050 (25ml)</td>
			<td>Reusable pipettes are washed, cotton plugged and autoclaved before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Sterile tissue culture-treated plastic dishes (10cm)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Sterile nylon cell strainers (100&#181;m and 40&#181;m size)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td colspan="2">352340 (40&#181;m); 352360 (100&#181;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">&#160;Materials for myoblast immortalization</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Sterile 0.45&#181;m filters</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLHV013SL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Cloning rings</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Corning</td>
			<td>#3166-8</td>
			<td>To be cleaned and autoclaved before and after use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Materials for fibroblast cell lines&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Sterile 35mm tissue culture-treated plastic dishes</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>628160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Sterile scalpels</td>
			<td>DeRoyal</td>
			<td>D4510A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Sterile T25 tissue culture flasks</td>
			<td>Techno Plastic Product, TPP</td>
			<td>90026</td>
			<td>sold in the USA by MIDSCI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">TrypLE express</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GIBCO Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">12605-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and immortalization of patient-derived cell lines from muscle biopsy for disease modeling

The generation of patient-specific cell lines represents an invaluable tool for diagnostic or translational research, and these cells can be collected from skin or muscle biopsy tissue available during the patient&#8217;s diagnostic workup. In this protocol, we describe a technique for live cell isolation from small amounts of muscle or skin tissue for primary cell culture. Additionally, we provide a technique for the immortalization of myogenic cell lines and fibroblast cell lines from primary cells. Once cell lines are immortalized, substantial expansion of patient-derived cells can be achieved. Immortalized cells are amenable to many downstream applications, including drug screening and in vitro correction of the genetic mutation. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

1 zeigt einige der Hauptschritte in der Primär Gewebedissoziation beteiligt: ​​die genaue Menge an Gewebe in einem sterilen Gewebekulturpetrischale eingewogen (1A, B). Das Gewebe wird dann fein zerkleinert unter Verwendung von sterilen Skalpellen, bis eine Gewebe Aufschlämmung erhalten (1C, D). Nach der Zugabe der Verdauungsenzyme, primäre Muskelgewebe Dissoziation wird üblicherweise durch enzymatische Verdauung innerhalb 45-90 min erreicht wird. Das Fortschreit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling at JoVE.com

Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling

This protocol describes techniques for live cell isolation and primary culture of myogenic and fibroblast cell lines from muscle or skin tissue. A technique for the immortalization of these cell lines is also described. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

Isolierung und Immortalisierung von Patienten stammende Zelllinien von Muskelbiopsie for Disease Modeling

The generation of patient-specific cell lines represents an invaluable tool for diagnostic or translational research, and these cells can be collected ...

isolation-immortalization-patient-derived-cell-lines-from-muscle

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.4K Aufrufe.  UT Southwestern Medical Center. This protocol describes techniques for live cell isolation and primary culture of myogenic and fibroblast cell lines from muscle or skin tissue. A technique for the immortalization of these cell lines is also described. Altogether, these protocols provide a reliable tool to generate and preserve patient-derived cells for downstream applications.

Serie: Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Zellinvasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Forschung

Medizin

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Gross contraction in skeletal muscle is primarily determined by a relatively small number of contractile proteins, however this tissue is also remarkably adaptable to environmental factors1 such as hypertrophy by resistance exercise and atrophy by disuse. It thereby exhibits remodeling and adaptations to stressors (heat, ischemia, heavy metals, etc.)2,3. Damage can occur to muscle by a muscle exerting force while lengthening, the so-called eccentric contraction4. The contractile proteins can be damaged in such exertions and need to be repaired, degraded and/or resynthesized; these functions are not part of the contractile proteins, but of other much less abundant proteins in the cell. To determine what subset of proteins is involved in the amelioration of this type of damage, a global proteome must be established prior to exercise5 and then followed subsequent to the exercise to determine the differential protein expression and thereby highlight candidate proteins in the adaptations to damage and its repair. Furthermore, most studies of skeletal muscle have been conducted on the male of the species and hence may not be representative of female muscle. 
In this article we present a method for extracting proteins reproducibly from male and female muscles, and separating them by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by high resolution digital imaging6. This provides a protocol for spots (and subsequently identified proteins) that show a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) two-fold increase or decrease, appear or disappear from the control state. These are then excised, digested with trypsin and separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (LC/MS) for protein identification (LC/MS/MS)5. This methodology (Figure 1) can be used on many tissues with little to no modification (liver, brain, heart etc.).

A straight-forward set of methods to isolate and determine the identity of the most abundant proteins expressed in skeletal muscle. About 800 spots are discerned on a two-dimensional gel from 10 mg muscle; this allows for the determination of gender-specific protein expression. These methods will give equivalent results in most tissues.

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphismus von Proteomics

Gross contraction in skeletal muscle is primarily determined by a relatively small number of contractile proteins, however this tissue is also remarkably ...

Isolation of Cardiomyocyte Nuclei from Post-mortem Tissue

Identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei has been challenging in tissue sections as most strategies rely only on cytoplasmic marker proteins1. Rare events in cardiac myocytes such as proliferation and apoptosis require an accurate identification of cardiac myocyte nuclei to analyze cellular renewal in homeostasis and in pathological conditions2. Here, we provide a method to isolate cardiomyocyte nuclei from post mortem tissue by density sedimentation and immunolabeling with antibodies against pericentriolar material 1 (PCM-1) and subsequent flow cytometry sorting. This strategy allows a high throughput analysis and isolation with the advantage of working equally well on fresh tissue and frozen archival material. This makes it possible to study material already collected in biobanks. This technique is applicable and tested in a wide range of species and suitable for multiple downstream applications such as carbon-14 dating3, cell-cycle analysis4, visualization of thymidine analogues (e.g. BrdU and IdU)4, transcriptome and epigenetic analysis.

Cardiac nuclei are isolated via density sedimentation and immunolabeled with antibodies against pericentriolar material 1 (PCM-1) to identify and sort cardiomyocyte nuclei by flow cytometry.

Isolierung von Kardiomyozyten Kerne von Post-mortem Gewebe

Identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei has been challenging in tissue sections as most strategies rely only on cytoplasmic marker proteins1. Rare events ...

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

Isolation, Charakterisierung und vergleichende Differenzierung humaner Dental Pulp Stammzellen aus bleibenden Zähne mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden abgeleitet

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

Patienten abgeleitet Zellkultur und Isolierung von CD133<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Mutmaßliche Cancer Stem Cells von Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&#246;m Technique

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly effective. This video describes the percutaneous biopsy technique using a modified Bergstr&#246;m needle to obtain skeletal muscle tissue samples from the vastus lateralis of human subjects. The Bergstr&#246;m needle consists of an outer cannula with a small opening (&#8216;window&#8217;) at the side of the tip and an inner trocar with a cutting blade at the distal end. Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, the needle is advanced into the skeletal muscle through an incision in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Next, suction is applied to the inner trocar, the outer trocar is pulled back, skeletal muscle tissue is drawn into the window of the outer cannula by the suction, and the inner trocar is rapidly closed, thus cutting or clipping the skeletal muscle tissue sample. The needle is rotated 90&#176;&#160;and another cut is made. This process may be repeated three more times. This multiple cutting technique typically produces a sample of 100-200 mg or more in healthy subjects and can be done immediately before, during, and after a bout of exercise or other intervention. Following post-biopsy dressing of the incision site, subjects typically resume their activities of daily living right away and can fully participate in vigorous physical activity within 48-72 hr. Subjects should avoid heavy resistance exercise for 48 hr to reduce the risk of herniation of the muscle through the incision in the fascia.

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&amp;#246;m Technique

The purpose of this video is to present the modified Bergstr&#246;m skeletal muscle biopsy technique on human subjects.

Menschlichen Skelettmuskelbiopsie Verfahren unter Verwendung der modifizierten Technik Bergström

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly ...

Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, invasive, and chemoresistant tumor cells. Therefore, CSCs are an attractive population of cells to target therapeutically. CSCs are predicted to contribute to a number of types of malignancies including those in the blood, brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and ovary. Isolating and enriching a tumor cell population for CSCs will enable researchers to study the properties, genetics, and therapeutic response of CSCs. We generated a protocol that reproducibly enriches for ovarian cancer CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and OVCA429). Cell lines are treated with 20 &#181;M cisplatin for 3 days. Surviving cells are isolated and cultured in a serum-free stem cell media containing cytokines and growth factors. We demonstrate an enrichment of these purified CSCs by analyzing the isolated cells for known stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, and Prom1 (CD133) and cell surface expression of CD177 and CD133. The CSCs exhibit increased chemoresistance. This method for isolation of CSCs is a useful tool for studying the role of CSCs in chemoresistance and tumor relapse.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are&#160;implicated in tumor relapse due to chemoresistance. We have optimized a protocol for selection and expansion of CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines. By treating cells with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin and culturing&#160;in a stem cell promoting media we enrich for non-adherent CSC cultures.

Bereicherung für chemoresistenten Eierstockkrebs Stammzellen aus menschlichen Zelllinien

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, ...

Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy

Respirometric profiling of isolated mitochondria is commonly used to investigate electron transport chain function. We describe a method for obtaining samples of human Vastus lateralis, isolating mitochondria from minimal amounts of skeletal muscle tissue, and plate based respirometric profiling using an extracellular flux (XF) analyzer. Comparison of respirometric profiles obtained using 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 &#956;g of mitochondria indicate that 1.0 &#956;g is sufficient to measure respiration and that 5.0 &#956;g provides most consistent results based on comparison of standard errors. Western blot analysis of isolated mitochondria for mitochondrial marker COX IV and non-mitochondrial tissue marker GAPDH indicate that there is limited non-mitochondrial contamination using this protocol. The ability to study mitochondrial respirometry in as little as 20 mg of muscle tissue allows users to utilize individual biopsies for multiple study endpoints in clinical research projects.

Methods for biopsy of Vastus lateralis, preparation of purified mitochondria, and respirometric profiling are described. The use of small muscle volume makes this technique suitable for clinical research applications.

Vorbereitung und Respirometrische Bewertung der Mitochondrien isoliert aus dem Skelettmuskelgewebe durch perkutane Nadelbiopsie Erhalten

Respirometric profiling of isolated mitochondria is commonly used to investigate electron transport chain function. We describe a method for obtaining ...

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

Quantitative Magnetresonanztomographie von Skelettmuskelerkrankung

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progeny that progressively migrate and differentiate toward the tip of the villi. These processes, essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis, have been extensively studied using multiple approaches. Ex vivo technologies, especially primary cell cultures have proven to be promising for understanding intestinal epithelial functions. A long-term primary culture system for mouse intestinal crypts has been established to generate 3-dimensional epithelial organoids. These epithelial structures contain crypt- and villus-like domains reminiscent of normal gut epithelium. Commonly, termed &#8220;enteroids&#8221; when derived from small intestine and &#8220;colonoids&#8221; when derived from colon, they are different from organoids that also contain mesenchyme tissue. Additionally, these enteroids/colonoids continuously produce all cell types found normally within the intestinal epithelium. This in vitro organ-like culture system is rapidly becoming the new gold standard for investigation of intestinal stem cell biology and epithelial cell physiology. This technology has been recently transferred to the study of human gut. The establishment of human derived epithelial enteroids and colonoids from small intestine and colon has been possible through the utilization of specific culture media that allow their growth and maintenance over time. Here, we describe a method to establish a small intestinal and colon crypt-derived system from human whole tissue or biopsies. We emphasize the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.

We describe a method to establish human enteroids from small intestinal crypts and colonoids from colon crypts collected from both surgical tissue and biopsies. In this methodological article, we present the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.

Gründung des Menschen Epithelial Enteroids und Colonoids von Whole Gewebe und Biopsie

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem ...