The authors thank the Central Animal facility of the University Hospital Aachen for technical support. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG Ta434/2-1, DFG SFB/TRR 57) and by the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Aachen. This work was further supported by the Core Facility &#8221;Two-Photon Imaging&#8221;, a Core Facility of the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Aachen within the Faculty of Medicine at RWTH Aachen University.

HINWEIS: Die Experimente wurden in Übereinstimmung mit den deutschen Rechtsvorschriften über Tierversuche nach dem &quot;Leitfaden für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labortieren&quot; (NIH Veröffentlichung, 8. Auflage, 2011) durchgeführt und der Richtlinie 2010/63 / EU über den Schutz von Tieren für wissenschaftliche Zwecke (Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union, 2010) verwendet. Offizielle Genehmigung wurde von der staatlichen Tierpflege und Verwendung Büro (LANUV Nordrhein-Westfalen, Recklinghausen, Deutschland) gewährt. HINWEIS: Die Schritte, die für kurzfristige Bildgebungs weggelassen werden können (zB Schnappschüsse, 3-D-Stapel oder auch kurzen Dauer Zeitraffer-Mikroskopie) sind mit einem Stern (*), um die Vorbereitungszeit zu reduzieren und vereinfachen das chirurgische Protokoll markiert. Bildgebung kann auch ohne umfangreiche Überwachung und Umlaufsteuerung ausgeführt wird, wenn jedoch notwendig, die Überlebenszeit merklich verringert werden. 1. Mikroskop-Setup und Pre-Chirurgie Vorbereitung (5-10 kmn) <ol><li> Switch-System auf (Mikroskop, Netz Lab, Laser, Heizkissen, Klimakammer, Webcam, Spritzenpumpe Gerät, Atemschutzmaske). </li><li> Schließen O 2 Versorgung Isofluran Vapor und stellen Isofluran Ebene bis 1,5 Vol% (V / V), eine Verbindung zu einem kleinen Tierbeatmungsgerät. <ol><li> Für kurzfristige Bildgebung, halten die Anästhesie mit Isofluran nur nach der ersten IP-Narkose (siehe Schritt 2.2). Dann nutzen Sie 2 Vol% (v / v) Isofluran, und halten Sie die Aufnahmezeit weniger als 2 Stunden, um eine stabile Lebermikrozirkulation zu gewährleisten. </li></ol></li><li> Stellen Sie die Atmung zu 120-140 Atemzyklen / min mit einem Volumen von 150 bis 200 &amp; mgr; l. </li><li> Einrichten der Maus Agarose Bühne. Bereiten 100 ml 3% (w / v) Agarose, Gießen in eine Schale (ca. 10 cm x 15 cm-Basis) in einem Winkel von 40 °. </li><li> Einrichten chirurgischen Arbeitsbereich sammeln die erforderliche Messtechnik. Um mikrobielle Infektion zu verhindern, Desinfektion Instrumente mit einer 1% igen Lösung von Sekusept Forte S (9,9% w / v) Glutaral 9,8% w / v, Formaldehyd für 5 min vor dem Experiment (Figur 1A). </li><li> Erhalten übrigen Komponenten: Hautdesinfektionsmittel (zB 10% Povidon-Iod-Lösung), Leber-Stufe (Stapeln und Steg) und Agarose-Lösung (3% (w / v) in PBS), Spritzenpumpe mit 5% (w / v) Glucoselösung (G-5), Spritzenpumpe mit Anästhesielösung I (Ketamin 0,1 mg / ml, Xylazin 0,5 mg / ml, Fentanyl 5 ug / ml), Wattestäbchen, n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylat und 1x PBS. Setzen Agarose Bühne Gericht in Inkubationskammer zur Vorwärmung. </li></ol> 2. Tracheotomie (10-15 min) <ol><li> Verwenden C57BL / 6 Mäuse von Haus in Zucht einem Gewicht von 25 bis 28 g. Haus die Mäuse unter spezifischen pathogenfreien Bedingungen in Übereinstimmung mit den Richtlinien FELASA, in einer temperatur- und feuchtigkeitskontrollierten Umgebung mit 12 Stunden Licht / 12 h Dunkel-Zyklus. Lassen Tiere freien Zugang zu Standardmäusen Ernährung (Sniff Standard-Nagerfutter) und Wasser ad libitum. </li><li> Betäuben die Maus von initial intraperitoneale (ip) Injektion von 250 ul Anästhesielösung II (Ketamin 0,1 mg / ml, Xylazin 1 mg / ml, Buprenorphin 10 ug / ml). <ol><li> * Für Halt während intravitalen Bildgebung, kontinuierlich zu verabreichen Anästhesielösung I durch kontinuierliche Injektion ip (Ketamin 0,1 mg / ml, Xylazin 0,5 mg / ml, Fentanyl 5 ug / ml) mit einer Spritze Pumpvorrichtung mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,2 ml / h in Kombination mit inhalativen Isofluran 0,5 Vol% (v / v). </li><li> Überprüfen Reflexe nach 5 min (zB Prise Fuß-Pad mit einer Pinzette), desinfizieren die Haut für Tracheotomie Startvorbereitung, wenn die Maus in der chirurgischen Anästhesie tolerant Zustand. </li><li> Anwenden Augenschutzcreme (zB Dexpanthenol 50 mg / g) auf der Hornhaut vor dem Austrocknen (1B) zu verhindern. </li></ol></li><li> Fixieren Sie die Maus auf Vorbereitungstisch auszusetzen Bauchseite mit Klebeband für den Extremitäten; sanft dehnen Hals, in dieser Position zu fixieren, z. B., indem ein Gummiband eingehakt to der Schneidezähne. <ol><li> Desinfizieren Sie Haut und Fell mit Povidon-Iod-Lösung, durch die Anwendung Desinfektionsmittel mit einem Wattestäbchen. </li></ol></li><li> Mit den ersten Hautschnitt (0,5 bis 1 cm Länge) direkt unter das Kinn (1C) <ol><li> Sorgfältig sezieren Bindegewebe zwischen Speicheldrüsen (1D). </li><li> Vorsichtig aufreißen Muskelschlauch umgebenden Luftröhre (1E, F). </li></ol></li><li> Zeigen chirurgischen Faden unter der Luftröhre zur späteren Belüftungsschlauch Fixierung (1G). <ol><li> Offene Luftröhre mit Mikroscheren zwischen Knorpelringe Führen eines T-förmigen Einschnitt (Figur 1H) </li></ol></li><li> Zeigen Belüftungsschlauch in die Luftröhre durch den Einschnitt (~ 0,5 cm). Um das Rohr nach vorne schieben, greifen Schwanzende mit kleinen anatomischen Pinzette und vorsichtig voran den Schlauch in die Luftröhre (1I) </li><li> Fixieren Sie Rohr mit chirurgischen Faden (zB </em&gt;, 5-0) mit Gewinde in Schritt 2.5 Binden eines Knotens um das Rohr im Inneren der Luftröhre platziert; zuführen zweiten kraniale Fixierung des Rohres in der Haut, um ein versehentliches Depositioning (Figur 1J, K) zu vermeiden. </li><li> Dichtung geschnitten mit Gewebekleber (beispielsweise n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylat) (Abbildung 1 l). </li><li> Fixieren Sie Rohr an der Spitze mit Klebeband. </li></ol> 3. Laparatomie (15-20 min) <ol><li> Platzieren Sie die Maus auf Heizkissen zu Unterkühlung zu verhindern. Rasur Bauch, entfernen Sie vorsichtig das Haar aus der Haut. Desinfizieren Sie rasierte Haut und Fell, indem Povidoniod Lösung. </li><li> Führen Sie eine kleine Haut unterhalb des Brustbeins mittels chirurgischer Scheren (2A) geschnitten. Erweitern Sie den Schnitt seitlich unterhalb der Rippen für beide Seiten, Kauterisieren alle sichtbaren Blutgefäße, um Blutungen zu verhindern. </li><li> Einen kleinen Schnitt an der Linea alba unterhalb des Brustbeins sorgfältig durchzuführen, das Öffnen der Bauchfell (2B). Erweitere Schnitt auf beiden Seiten mit cauterization Blutungen (2C, D) zu verhindern. </li><li> Zeigen Maus in Agarose Bühne Schale (2E). Platzieren Stapel in geeigneter Höhe auf beiden Seiten der Maus (in der Regel 12-14 Deckgläschen) (2F). </li><li> Zeigen Atemtriggersensor unter Nackenbereich, damit das Mikroskop mit der Atmung zu synchronisieren. Aktivieren Auslöseeinheit (2G). </li><li> Zeigen chirurgischen Faden (5-0) durch das Brustbein zu Rippen (2I) zurückzuziehen. </li><li> Schneiden Sie vorsichtig Bandanschluss Leber und Zwerchfell (Ligamentum falciforme) sowie Leber und Magen-Darmtrakt mit gebogenen chirurgische Scheren. Schneiden Sie das Ligamentum falciforme bis zur Aorta (2J). </li></ol> 4. Sample Setup (10-15 min) <ol><li> Platzieren der Maus auf der rechten Seite mit einem Winkel von 45 ° zum einfachen Zugriff auf große Leberlappen. </li><li> Fügen Inszenierung Brücke unterhalb der Rippen, für den BauchHöhle. Herstellung einer Brücke mit Hilfe eines Standard-Deckglas mit Klebeband Beschichtung auf scharfe Kanten (Abbildung 2 K) zu decken. </li><li> Legen Sie großen Leberlappen auf der Bühne. Vorsichtig rutschen Doppelkugel Stift-Sonde oder eine gepolsterte Spatel unterhalb der Leber und halten Sie die Spitze des Organs mit einem feuchten Wattestäbchen oder Feuchtgewebe. Heben Lappen auf den Objektträger und gelten sanften Widerstand. Lobe gebogen oder gefaltet werden. Geben Sie besonders darauf, nur sanfte Manipulation der Leber (Abbildung 2 l). </li><li> Platzieren seitlichen Stütz Einsätze, beispielsweise Stapel von kleinen Deckplättchen (20 mm x 20 mm), der etwa auf gleicher Höhe der Leberlappen daneben Abdecküberzug zu unterstützen. </li><li> Legen Sie großen Deckglas (24 mm x 50 mm) an der Leberlappen. Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Deckglas wird möglichst horizontal (Abbildung 2 M) ausgerichtet ist. HINWEIS: Das Deckglas sollte in Kontakt mit dem Gewebe, ohne zu quetschen. Überprüfen auf sichtbare Beeinträchtigung des Blutflusses (weiße Gewebe). Wenn MICROCIRCulation gestört ist, fügen Sie weitere Unterstützung Einsätze. </li><li> * Platz zwei unabhängige intraperitoneale Katheter (Abbildung 2 N) für langfristige Anästhesie und G-5-Anwendung. Installieren Katheter seitlich im Unterbauch neben den hinteren Gliedmaßen. HINWEIS: Die intraperitoneale Katheter können self-made durch Anschluss 27 G Nadeln mit flexiblen Silikonschlauch (Abbildung 3). </li><li> * Fixieren Nadel mit einer Schleife von 5-0 chirurgischen Faden auf der Haut, um eine versehentliche Verschiebung zu vermeiden. </li><li> * Bringen Sie Spritzenpumpe mit Anästhesie-Lösung I mit dem Katheter 1, Durchflussmenge von 0,2 ml / h; befestigen Spritzenpumpe mit G-5 zum Katheter 2, eingestellt Flussrate von 0,1 ml / h. </li></ol> 5. Maus-Überwachung <ol><li> * Ort EKG-Elektroden in einen vorderen und hinteren Extremitäten (4A). </li><li> * Bringen Sie Ablaufschlauch bis 2 Niveausensor CO. </li><li> In externen Temperatursensor, um Heizkissen verbunden (4C). </li></ol> 6. Embedding und Gewebefixierung (5-10 min) <ol><li> Bereiten 100 ml 3% (w / v) Agarose in 1x PBS. Einbetten Leber, wenn die Temperatur auf 41 ° C unter Verwendung einer 5 ml-Spritze und einer 18 G-Nadel (5A). </li><li> Strömen restliche Agarose auf Deckglas oder in der Maus (5B, C). Warten Sie, bis Agarose vollständig verkleistert wird. </li><li> Entfernen Sie das überschüssige Agarose mit dem Heidemannspatel, die Vorbereitung einer View groß genug, um die vorbereitet Leberlappen (5D, E) zu scannen. </li></ol> 7. Imaging <ol><li> Übertragen Sie die Maus in Mikroskop Klimakammer. </li><li> Fügen Sie 50-100 ml 1x PBS (vorgewärmt auf 37 ° C). </li><li> Bedecken Sie Probenschale zu verhindern Verdampfung (5F). </li><li> * Reduzieren inhalative Isofluran bis 0,5 Vol% (v / v). </li><li> * Start Monitoring-Software, Aufzeichnung EKG, Herzfrequenz und exspiratorische CO 2. </li><li> Starten Bildgebung: la öffnenser Läden, identifizieren Ansicht Interessengebiete definieren obere und untere Grenze für Z-Stapel, und starten Sie Zeitrafferaufnahmen. Nachstellen Z-Stapel, falls erforderlich, Z-Drift zu korrigieren (z. Aufgrund von Änderungen im Blutdruck oder Temperaturschwankungen, Figur (5G). HINWEIS: Nach Abschluss der Bildperiode oder wenn der Kreislauf oder Betäubung des Tiers wird instabil, opfern Mäuse durch Genickbruch (ohne Erwachen aus der Narkose). </li></ol>

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The authors disclose no con&#64258;ict of interests.

Das Ziel unserer Studie war es, eine hoch standardisierte, stabile und reproduzierbare Methode zur intravital TPLSM Bildgebung der Leber zu entwickeln. Intravital Imaging im Allgemeinen hat wertvolle Einblicke in das Zellverhalten unter realen Bedingungen folgenden Referenzfahrt und der Interaktion verschiedener Leukozyten-Populationen in der Entwicklung, Homöostase und Krankheit gegeben. Die etwas schwierig anatomischen Position der Leber, durch die Atemwege und peristaltische Darmbewegung direkt an die Leber sowie ih...

Die Visualisierung von Zellen und Zellfunktionen in ganzer Organe oder ganze Organismen von großem Interesse für mehr als 50 Jahren, darunter nahezu alle Teile des Körpers 2. Daher sind einige frühe Studien bereits intravital Bildgebung der Leber 3,4 eingesetzt. Es gibt jedoch einige Einschränkungen auf dem neuesten Stand in Bezug auf langzeitstabil hochauflösende Bildgebung von Lebergewebe. Aufgrund der anatomischen Position der Leber in engem Kontakt mit der Membran und dem Gastrointestinaltrakt 5, das häufigste Problem für mikroskopische intravitalen Bildgebung Bewegung aufgrund der Atmung und, in geringerem Maße, Peristaltik des Verdauungstraktes 6. Im Vergleich zu anderen soliden Organen, ist die Leberchirurgie eine besondere Herausforderung. Aufgrund der dichten mikrovaskuläre Struktur kann chirurgische Manipulation zu massiven hämorrhagische Läsionen führen, Mikrozirkulationsstörungen 7 und auch die Aktivierung der ansässigen immune Zellen, wie Kupffer-Zelle 8. Daher mechanische Fixierung des Gewebes wie anderswo veröffentlicht 6,9 ist wahrscheinlich mit dem Intravitalmikroskopie Abbildungs ​​stören. In einer gesunden Leber, 10-15% des Gesamtblutvolumens befindet sich innerhalb der Leber Gefäßsystem und das Organ erhält etwa 25% des Gesamtherzleistung 10, wodurch das Organ sehr anfällig für Veränderungen in der Blutzirkulation (zB Blutdruckschwankungen ). Daher werden Störungen in der Leberdurchblutung aufgrund zB Schubspannung, Vertreibung, Verletzungen, die durch eine übermäßige Gewebebehandlung oder zentrale Zirkulation künstliche Veränderungen der Leukozyten Zugverhalten, eingeschränkter Lebersauerstoffversorgung und damit weitere Leberschäden sowie führen, beeinflussen Leber Immunreaktionen als Organkonservierung und die Gesamtlebenszeit des Tieres. Frühe mikroskopischen Untersuchungen wurden an Intravital Epifluoreszenz mi basiertMikroskopie, aber einige technische Einschränkungen wie Fotobleichung und geringe Eindringtiefe begrenzen den Einsatz dieser Technik für die langfristige Leber-Bildgebung 4,11,12. Mit der Entwicklung der Multiphotonen-Mikroskopie in den 1990er Jahren wurden die Grenzen der Fotobleichung oder Eindringtiefe im Wesentlichen gelöst, wie diese neue Methode technisch in der Lage, um bildgebende Studien in nahezu allen Organen unter realen Situationen 13-15 durchzuführen war. Jedoch sind die Haupt verbleibenden Herausforderungen bezüglich Bildgebung der Leber waren: Atembewegung, Autofluoreszenz von Lebergewebe, die Sicherung unveränderten Durchblutung der Leber-Sinusoiden und besonders stabile Bildgebung für längere Zeiträume von mehreren Stunden 16. Obwohl mehrere Studien behandelt die Funktion und die Wanderung von verschiedenen Leukozyten in der Leber 17, zB NKT-Zellen 18-20, T-Zellen 21,22, Leber Makrophagen oder Neutrophile 23,24 25, langfristige Multi microscopy Abbildungs ​​noch nicht erfolgreich hergestellt wurde, die Aufgabe noch schwieriger bei Tieren mit akuten oder chronischen Lebererkrankung aufgrund der vorhandenen Schäden und damit eine höhere Anfälligkeit für weitere Schäden 26. Allerdings, Überwachungs- Zugverhalten und zelluläre Funktion von Leukozyten in der Leber und in Echtzeit ermöglicht neue Einblicke in ihre jeweilige Rolle bei Leber Homöostase und Krankheits 27. Das Chemokinrezeptor CXCR6 an mehreren Lymphozytensubsets, einschließlich natürlicher Killerzellen (NK), NKT-Zellen und einige T-Zell-Populationen 18,28 ausgedrückt. Frühere Studien an Mäusen haben gezeigt, dass CXCR6 und ihre zugehörigen Liganden CXCL16 kann die Patrouillen der NKT-Zellen auf Lebersinusoide während Homöostase steuern. Folglich ist die Verwendung von CXCR6.gfp Mäusen (Tragen einer Knock-in-der Green Fluorescent Protein [GFP] im CXCR6 Locus) ist beschrieben worden, um die Migration von Lymphozyten in verschiedenen Organen, wie Gehirn 29 zu untersuchenund auch Leber 18,20 und zeigt bei Entzündungen erhöht Infiltration CXCR6.gfp Zellen. Mit dem in dieser Studie zur Verfügung gestellten Verfahren war es möglich, diese Prozesse über einen langen Zeitraum unter stabilisierten Bedingungen zu folgen. Die Intravitalmultiphotonen-basiertes Verfahren erlaubt Bildgebung, die in hohem Maße reproduzierbar mit minimaler Störung des Tieres und der Orgel; optimiert für die langfristige Überleben der Tiere durch umfangreiche Überwachungs gefolgt von genaue Kontrolle der Atmung und Kreislauf; und hoch flexibel und leicht auch auf andere parenchymatösen Organen wie Niere oder Milz erlassen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1184">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Anesthetics</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:293px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Essex Pharma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">997.00.00</td>
			<td>Analgeticum, 0.1 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Fentanyl</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Rotex Medica</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">charge: 30819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Fluovac anesthesia system</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">34-1030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Glucose 5%</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ISOFLO (Isoflurane Vapor) vaporiser</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Eickemeyer</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">4802885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Forene Abbott</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">B 506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Isotonic (0.9%) NaCl solution</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">DeltaSelect GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">PZN 00765145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Ketamin 10%</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">ceva</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Charge: 36217/09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Xylazin 2%</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">medistar</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Charge: 04-03-9338/23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Consumable supplies</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">20ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BD Plastipak</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">250ml Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Schott Duran</td>
			<td>21 226 36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">25mL Beaker 2x</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Schott Duran</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">50-1150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">2ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BD Plastipak</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-0 Vicryl suture</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">V7980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">commercially available</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Bepanthen Eye and Nose ointment</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">6029009.00.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Change-A-Tip Deluxe High-Temp Cautery Kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">18010-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Cotton Gauze swabs</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fuhrmann GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">32014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Cover Slip 24x50mm</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Durapore silk tape</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1538-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Feather disposable scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Feather</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">02.001.30.011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Fine Bore Polythene Tubing 0,58mm ID</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Smiths medical</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">800/100/200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Histoacryl</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1050052</td>
			<td>5x 0,5ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Leukoplast</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BSN Medical Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Microscope Slides</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Poly-Alcohol Haut&#8230;farblos Antisepticum</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Antiseptica GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">72PAH200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Sterican needle 18 G x 1</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">304622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Sterican needle 27 3/4 G x 1</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">4657705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Tissue paper</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">commercially available</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Amalgam burnisher 3PL</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gatz</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">0110?</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blair retractors (4 pronged (blunt)) x2</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Storz&#38;Klein</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">S-01134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont No.7 forceps</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">91197-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Graefe forceps curved x1</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11151-10</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Graefe forceps straight x2</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11050-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heidemann spatula HD2</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Stoma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">2030.00</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Needle holder Mathieu</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">12010-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Scissor</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">14074-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Semken forceps</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11008-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Small surgical scissors curved</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">14029-10</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Small surgical scissors straight</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">14028-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Standard pattern forceps</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11000-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">15000-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;"></td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">ECG Trigger Unit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Rapid Biomedical</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">3000003686</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">MICROCAPSTAR End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">AD Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Minivent Typ 845</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>73-0043</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Multiphoton microscope Trimscope I</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">LaVision</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Perfusor Compact</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">PowerLab 8/30 8 channel recorder</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">AD Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">PL3508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Temperature controlled heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sygonix</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">26857617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Temperature sensor</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">comercially available</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:411px;">Temperature controlled System for Microscopes -Cube&#38;Box</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Life Imaging Services</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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long term intravital multiphoton microscopy imaging of immune cells in healthy and diseased liver using cxcr6.gfp reporter mice

<html> Leberentzündung als Reaktion auf eine Verletzung ist ein hochdynamischer Prozess, der die Infiltration von verschiedenen Subtypen von Leukozyten einschließlich Monozyten, Neutrophile, T-Zellen-Untergruppen, B-Zellen, natürliche Killerzellen (NK) und die NKT-Zellen. Intravitalmikroskopie an der Leber zur Überwachung Immunzellmigration ist besonders herausfordernd aufgrund der hohen Anforderungen an die Probenvorbereitung und die Fixierung, die optische Auflösung und die langfristige Überleben des Tieres. Dennoch könnte die Dynamik von entzündlichen Prozessen sowie zellulären Interaktionsstudien kritische Informationen, um die Initiation, Progression und Regression von entzündlichen Lebererkrankungen besser zu verstehen ist. Daher wurde eine hochempfindliche und zuverlässiges Verfahren eingerichtet, um die Migration und Zell-Zell-Wechselwirkungen von verschiedenen Immunzellen in Mausleber über lange Zeiträume (ca. 6 h), die durch intravitale Zwei-Photonen-Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie (TPLSM) in Kombination mit Intensiv studieren Überwachung. ent &quot;&gt; enthält die vorgesehenen Verfahren eine schonende Zubereitung und stabile Fixierung der Leber mit minimaler Störung des Organs, langfristig intravital Bildgebung mit Mehrfarben-Multiphotonen-Mikroskopie praktisch ohne Bleichen oder phototoxische Effekte über einen Zeitraum von bis zu 6 Stunden, so dass Tracking- spezifischer Leukozytenuntergruppen und stabile Bilderzeugungsbedingungen durch umfangreiche Überwachung Maus Vitalparameter und Stabilisierung der Zirkulation, Temperatur und Gasaustausch. Lymphozytenmigration auf Leberentzündung untersuchen CXCR6.gfp Knock-in-Mäusen wurden intravitalen Bildgebung der Leber unter Ausgangsbedingungen und nach akuter und chronischer Leberschädigung durch intraperitoneale Injektion (en) von Kohlenstofftetrachlorid (CCl 4) verursacht wird, ausgesetzt. CXCR6 ein Chemokin-Rezeptor auf Lymphozyten exprimiert, hauptsächlich auf Natural Killer T (NKT) -, natürliche Killer (NK) - und Untergruppen von T-Lymphozyten, wie CD4-T-Zellen, sondern auch Schleimhaut associATED invariant (MAIT) T-Zellen ein. Im Anschluss an die Migrationsmuster und die Positionierung der CXCR6.gfp + Immunzellen erlaubt einen detaillierten Einblick in ihr verändertes Verhalten auf Leberschäden und damit ihre mögliche Beteiligung im Fortschreiten der Krankheit.

Um unsere Intravital TPLSM Ansatz zu validieren, die wir ausgesetzt CXCR6 gfp / + Mäuse Intravital TPLSM Bildgebung. Die Mäuse wurden entweder unbehandelt als Ausgangskontrollen oder auf eine einzelne intraperitoneale Injektion von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (CCl 4) unterzogen, um akute Leberschäden 20 zu induzieren. Videosequenzen wurden über einen Zeitraum von 2-5 h auf Grund ihrer grünen Fluoreszenz aufgenommen, und die Zellen wurden über die Zeit verfolg...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice at JoVE.com

Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice

Stable intravital high-resolution imaging of immune cells in the liver is challenging. Here we provide a highly sensitive and reliable method to study migration and cell-cell-interactions of immune cells in mouse liver over long periods (about 6 hours) by intravital multiphoton laser scanning microscopy in combination with intensive care monitoring.

Langzeitintravital Multiphotonen Mikroskopie Imaging von Immunzellen in gesunden und kranken Leber Mit CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mäuse

Liver inflammation as a response to injury is a highly dynamic process involving the infiltration of distinct subtypes of leukocytes including monocytes, ...

long-term-intravital-multiphoton-microscopy-imaging-immune-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.8K Aufrufe.  RWTH University-Hospital Aachen. Stable intravital high-resolution imaging of immune cells in the liver is challenging. Here we provide a highly sensitive and reliable method to study migration and cell-cell-interactions of immune cells in mouse liver over long periods (about 6 hours) by intravital multiphoton laser scanning microscopy in combination with intensive care monitoring.

Serie: Long Term Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy Imaging of Immune Cells in Healthy and Diseased Liver Using CXCR6.Gfp Reporter Mice

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Seven Steps to Cells Stellate

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic tools and surgical procedures, TPM becomes a powerful technique to identify "niches" inside organs and to document cellular "behaviors" in live animals. While intravital imaging provides information that best resembles the real cellular behavior inside the organ, it is both more laborious and technically demanding in terms of required equipment/procedures than alternative ex vivo imaging acquisition. Thus, we describe a surgical procedure and novel "stereotactic" organ holder that allows us to follow the movements of Foxp3+ cells within the thymus.
Foxp3 is the master regulator for the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, these cells can be classified according to their origin: ie. thymus-differentiated Tregs are called "naturally-occurring Tregs" (nTregs), as opposed to peripherally-converted Tregs (pTregs). Although significant amount of research has been reported in the literature concerning the phenotype and physiology of these T cells, very little is known about their in vivo interactions with other cells. This deficiency may be due to the absence of techniques that would permit such observations. The protocol described in this paper provides a remedy for this situation.
Our protocol consists of using nude mice that lack an endogenous thymus since they have a punctual mutation in the DNA sequence that compromises the differentiation of some epithelial cells, including thymic epithelial cells. Nude mice were gamma-irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrows (BM) from Foxp3-KIgfp/gfp mice. After BM recovery (6 weeks), each animal received embryonic thymus transplantation inside the kidney capsule. After thymus acceptance (6 weeks), the animals were anesthetized; the kidney containing the transplanted thymus was exposed, fixed in our organ holder, and kept under physiological conditions for in vivo imaging by TPM. We have been using this approach to study the influence of drugs in the generation of regulatory T cells.

We have developed novel laboratory tools and protocols for intravital imaging acquisition of the thymus. Our technique should help in the identification of &#x201C;niches&#x201D; within the thymus where T cell development occurs.

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus mittels 2-Photonen-Mikroskopie

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model itself. Early phases of inflammation and infection have been widely studied by using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar-beads mouse model, while only few reports have focused on the long-term chronic infection in vivo. The main challenge for long term chronic infection remains the low bacterial burden by P. aeruginosa and the low percentage of infected mice weeks after challenge, indicating that bacterial cells are progressively cleared by the host.
This paper presents a method for obtaining efficient long-term chronic infection in mice. This method is based on the embedding of the P. aeruginosa clinical strains in the agar-beads in vitro, followed by intratracheal instillation in C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Bilateral lung infection is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, mortality, chronic infection, and inflammatory response. The P. aeruginosa RP73 clinical strain was preferred over the PAO1 reference laboratory strain since it resulted in a comparatively lower mortality, more severe lesions, and higher chronic infection. P. aeruginosa colonization may persist in the lung for over three months. Murine lung pathology resembles that of CF patients with advanced chronic pulmonary disease.
This murine model most closely mimics the course of the human disease and can be used both for studies on the pathogenesis and for the evaluation of novel therapies.

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

We describe the agar-beads method to establish persistent long-term chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in the mouse model.

Langzeitchronik<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Airway-Infektion bei Mäusen

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Highly Resolved Intravital Striped-illumination Microscopy of Germinal Centers

Monitoring cellular communication by intravital deep-tissue multi-photon microscopy is the key for understanding the fate of immune cells within thick tissue samples and organs in health and disease. By controlling the scanning pattern in multi-photon microscopy and applying appropriate numerical algorithms, we developed a striped-illumination approach, which enabled us to achieve 3-fold better axial resolution and improved signal-to-noise ratio, i.e. contrast, in more than 100 &#181;m tissue depth within highly scattering tissue of lymphoid organs as compared to standard multi-photon microscopy. The acquisition speed as well as photobleaching and photodamage effects were similar to standard photo-multiplier-based technique, whereas the imaging depth was slightly lower due to the use of field detectors. By using the striped-illumination approach, we are able to observe the dynamics of immune complex deposits on secondary follicular dendritic cells &#8211; on the level of a few protein molecules in germinal centers.

High-resolution intravital imaging with enhanced contrast up to 120 &#181;m depth in lymph nodes of adult mice is achieved by spatially modulating the excitation pattern of a multi-focal two-photon microscope. In 100 &#181;m depth we measured resolutions of 487 nm (lateral) and 551 nm (axial), thus circumventing scattering and diffraction limits.

Hochaufgelöste Intravitalmikroskopie Striped-Beleuchtung von Keimzentren

Monitoring cellular communication by intravital deep-tissue multi-photon microscopy is the key for understanding the fate of immune cells within thick ...

Intravital Microscopy Imaging of the Liver following Leishmania Infection: An Assessment of Hepatic Hemodynamics

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful optical imaging technique that has made possible the visualization, monitoring and quantification of various biological events in real time and in live animals. This technology has greatly advanced our understanding of physiological processes and pathogen-mediated phenomena in specific organs.
In this study, IVM is applied to the mouse liver and protocols are designed to image in vivo the circulatory system of the liver and measure red blood cell (RBC) velocity in individual hepatic vessels. To visualize the different vessel subtypes that characterize the hepatic organ and perform blood flow speed measurements, C57Bl/6 mice are intravenously injected with a fluorescent plasma reagent that labels the liver-associated vasculature. IVM enables in vivo, real time, measurement of RBC velocity in a specific vessel of interest. Establishing this methodology will make it possible to investigate liver hemodynamics under physiological and pathological conditions. Ultimately, this imaging-based methodology will be important for studying the influence of L. donovani infection&#160;on hepatic hemodynamics.
This method can be applied to other infectious models and mouse organs and might be further extended to pre-clinical testing of a drug&#8217;s effect on inflammation by quantifying its effect on blood flow.

Intravital Microscopy Imaging of the Liver following Leishmania Infection: An Assessment of Hepatic Hemodynamics

This article reports on a detailed method for the dynamic measurement and quantification of blood flow velocity within individual blood vessels of the mouse liver vasculature using intravital microscopy imaging in combination with a specific methodology for image acquisition and analysis.

Intravitalmikroskopie Imaging der Leber nach<em&gt; Leishmania</em&gt; Infection: Eine Bewertung von Leber Hämodynamik

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful optical imaging technique that has made possible the visualization, monitoring and quantification of various ...

Intravital Microscopy of Leukocyte-endothelial and Platelet-leukocyte Interactions in Mesenterial Veins in Mice

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this protocol, we describe intravital microscopy of mesentery veins. This can be performed in a short period of time with reproducible results showing leukocyte-endothelial interactions in vivo. We describe an inflammatory setting after LPS challenge of the endothelium. But in this model one can apply many different types of inflammatory conditions, like bacterial, chemical or biological and investigate the administration of drugs and their direct effects on the living animal and its impact on leukocyte recruitment. This protocol has been applied successfully to a number of different treatments of mice and their effects on inflammatory response in vessels. Herein, we describe the visualization of leukocytes and platelets by fluorescently labeling these with rhodamine 6G. Additionally, any specific imaging can be performed using targeted fluorescently labeled molecules.

This simplified application of intravital microscopy of mesentery veins in mice can be used in different models of inflammation to observe leukocyte-endothelial and platelet-leukocyte interactions.

Intravitalmikroskopie der Leukozyten-Endothel und Plättchen-Leukozyten-Wechselwirkungen in Mesenterialvenen in Mice

Intravital microscopy is a method that can be used to investigate different processes in different regions and vessels in living animals. In this ...

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target cells. Inside the host cell the effector proteins manipulate cellular functions to the benefit of the bacteria. To better understand the control of type III secretion during host cell interaction, sensitive and accurate assays to measure translocation are required. We here describe the application of an assay based on the fusion of a Yersinia enterocolitica effector protein fragment (Yersinia outer protein; YopE) with TEM-1 beta-lactamase for quantitative analysis of translocation. The assay relies on cleavage of a cell permeant FRET dye (CCF4/AM) by translocated beta-lactamase fusion. After cleavage of the cephalosporin core of CCF4 by the beta-lactamase, FRET from coumarin to fluorescein is disrupted and excitation of the coumarin moiety leads to blue fluorescence emission. Different applications of this method have been described in the literature highlighting its versatility. The method allows for analysis of translocation in vitro and also in in vivo, e.g., in a mouse model. Detection of the fluorescence signals can be performed using plate readers, FACS analysis or fluorescence microscopy. In the setup described here, in vitro translocation of effector fusions into HeLa cells by different Yersinia mutants is monitored by laser scanning microscopy. Recording intracellular conversion of the FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase effector fusion in real-time provides robust quantitative results. We here show exemplary data, demonstrating increased translocation by a Y. enterocolitica YopE mutant compared to the wild type strain.

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Effector translocation into host cells via a type III secretion system is a common virulence strategy among gram-negative bacteria. A beta-lactamase effector fusion based assay for quantitative analysis of translocation was applied. In Yersinia infected cells, conversion of a FRET reporter by the beta-lactamase is monitored using laser scanning microscopy.

Analyse von<em&gt; Yersinia enterocolitica</em&gt; Effektor Translokation in Wirtszellen unter Verwendung Beta-Lactamase-Effektor-Fusionen

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target ...

Imaging Neutrophils and Monocytes in Mesenteric Veins by Intravital Microscopy on Anaesthetized Mice in Real Time

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in vivo is crucial for understanding the molecular basis of leukocyte transendothelial migration and interaction with vascular endothelium. One powerful approach involves intravital microscopy on transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins in cells of interest.
Here we present a protocol for imaging monocytes and neutrophils in the CX3CR1gfp/wt mouse i.v. injected with orange dye-labeled neutrophils with an inverted confocal microscope. Time-lapse movies gathered from 30 min&#160;to several hours of imaging allow the analysis of leukocyte behavior in mesenteric veins under both steady state and inflammatory conditions. We also describe the steps to locally induce blood vessel inflammation with TLR2/TLR1 agonist Pam3SK4 and monitor the subsequent recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes.
The presented technique can also be used to monitor other populations of leukocytes and investigate molecules implicated in leukocyte recruitment or trafficking using other stimuli or transgenic mice.

We detail a protocol to monitor the behavior of neutrophils and monocytes in mesenteric veins under steady state and inflammatory conditions using intravital confocal microscopy on anaesthetized mice.

Abbilden Neutrophilen und Monozyten in Mesenterialvenen von Intravitalmikroskopie an narkotisierten Ratten in Echtzeit

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in ...

Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Priming Using IL-1&#946; Promoter-driven DsRed Reporter Mice

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood circulation and are quickly recruited to inflammatory sites. Priming is a critical event that enhances the phagocytic functionality of neutrophils. Although extensive studies have unveiled the existence and importance of neutrophil priming during infection and injury, means of visualizing this process in vivo have been unavailable. The protocol provided enables monitoring of the dynamic process of neutrophil priming in living animals by combining three methodologies: 1) DsRed reporter signal &#8212; used as a measure of priming 2) in vivo neutrophil labeling &#8212; achieved by injection of fluorescence-conjugated anti-lymphocyte antigen 6G (Ly6G) monoclonal antibody (mAb) and 3) intravital confocal imaging. Several critical steps are involved in this protocol: oxazolone-induced mouse ear skin inflammation, appropriate sedation of animals, repeated injections of anti-Ly6G mAb, and prevention of focus drift during imaging. Although a few limitations have been observed, such as the limit of continuous imaging time (~ 8 hr) in one mouse and the leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran from blood vessels in the inflammatory state, this protocol provides a fundamental framework for intravital imaging of primed neutrophil behavior and function, which can easily be expanded to examination of other immune cells in mouse inflammation models.

Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Priming Using IL-1&amp;#946; Promoter-driven DsRed Reporter Mice

This current protocol employs fluorescent reporters, in vivo labeling, and intravital imaging techniques to enable monitoring of the dynamic process of neutrophil priming in living animals.

Intravital Imaging von Neutrophilen Priming Mit IL-1β Promoter-driven DsRed Reporter Mäuse

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood circulation and are quickly recruited to inflammatory sites. Priming is a critical event that ...

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

We describe the optical imaging of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) using reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF). This protocol facilitates the sensitive and specific detection of M. tuberculosis in pre-clinical animal models for pathogenesis, therapeutics and vaccine research.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Mäusen mit Reporter Enzym Fluoreszenz Imaging

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by ...