This work was funded by Genome BC, Genome Canada, and Coastal Genomics. The authors thank Kirby Cronin and Michael Chan for their help in sample collection and processing. We also would like to acknowledge Thea Van Rossum and Dr. Fiona Brinkman for bioinformatics assistance.

1. Wassersammlung und Filtration <ol><li> Sammeln Süßwasserproben von verschiedenen Standorten (Abbildung 1). Geben Proben durch eine Reihe von Filtern: 1 &amp; mgr; m-Filter, 0,2 &amp; mgr; m-Filter und 30 kDa cutoff Tangentialstromfilter systematisch separaten eukaryotische, bakterielle und virale große Partikel auf. Hinweis: Nur der Reinigung und Analyse des Materials an der 0,2 &amp; mgr; m-Filter (frei lebenden Bakterien) gewonnen wird in diesem Bericht beschrieben, jedoch ähnlichen Ansätzen kann für die anderen Partikel vom Filter gewonnen werden. </li></ol> 2. Bakterien Konzentration, DNA-Extraktion und Reinigung <ol><li> Entfernen Sie die 0,2 um-Membranfilter (s) von der Wasser-Filtersystem (schematische Darstellung, Figur 2). Falten Sie die 0,2 um Scheibenfilter in der Mitte und legen Sie es in einen 50-ml-Röhrchen mit der offenen Seite nach oben. 5 ml 1x phosphatgepufferter Lösung (PBS) und 0,01% Tween, pH 7,4, indas Rohr. Wenn mehr als ein Filter während des Verfahrens verwendet verwenden eine andere Röhre pro Filter. Öffnungsrohr (e) mit Filter bei 4 ° C bis zur Verarbeitung. Andernfalls fahren Sie mit Schritt 2.2. </li><li> Entfernen Sie den 0,2 um-Membranfilter aus dem 50-ml-Röhrchen mit einer sterilen Pinzette. Platz-Filter (n) auf eine Petrischale (lassen Sie die PBS-Puffer in der Röhre). <ol><li> Mit einer sterilen Pinzette und einer sterilen Schere, schneiden Sie den Filter in kleine Streifen (1 cm x 1 cm). Desinfizieren Pinzette und Schere durch Einweichen in 70% Isopropanol, Abwischen mit einem DNA-Dekontaminations Oberfläche und Spülen mit Reinstwasser vom Typ 1 zwischen verschiedenen Proben. </li></ol></li><li> Setzen Sie den Filter in Streifen geschnitten wieder in den gleichen 50-ml-Tube. 10 ml 1x PBS und 0,01% Tween, pH 7,4 zu den Filtern gibt es insgesamt 15 ml Puffer in 50-ml-Röhrchen. </li><li> In 6 Reinwolframkügelchen (Durchmesser 3 mm) in jede 50 ml Tube, decken Sie die Röhrchen mit Parafilm und Vortex kräftig 20 min (zu verwenden 50-ml-Röhrchen Vortex-Adapter). Wenn multiple Filter werden von einer Probe, die Weitergabe und Pool alle Homogenat in ein sauberes 50-ml-Tube verarbeitet. Zentrifugiere die Röhrchen bei 3.300 xg für 15 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Das Pellet und aliquoten Bakterienzellen (~ 1 ml Aliquots) in 1,7 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. Beachten Sie, dass es 5 Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen pro Probe. </li><li> Spin down die Reaktionsgefäße bei 10.000 × g für 10 Minuten, und entfernen Sie die meisten der Überstand bis auf ~ 200 &amp; mgr; l-Marke. </li><li> Lagern Sie die Proben bei -80 ° C, oder fahren bakterielle DNA unter Verwendung eines kommerziell erhältlichen DNA-Isolierungskits nach den Angaben des Herstellers extrahiert. Während bakterielle DNA-Extraktion verwenden entweder PBS oder Wasser als negative Extraktionskontrolle und E. coli als positive Extraktionskontrolle. </li><li> Da DNA aus mehreren Rohren extrahiert werden, bündeln parallel Unterteilmengen aus der gleichen Probe in ein 2-ml-Tube. Diese führen eine O / N Niederschlag unter Verwendung einer Lösung von 0,1 umfassteVolumen von 3 M Natriumacetat, 2 Volumina 100% Ethanol und 5 &amp; mgr; l von 5 &amp; mgr; g / &amp; mgr; l lineares Acrylamid. Gut mischen und Proben bei -80 ° C. </li><li> Zentrifuge bei Höchstgeschwindigkeit (17,000 · g) für 30 min bei 4 ° C. Waschen Pellet mit 1 ml eiskaltem 70% Ethanol, der Luft trocknen in einer Biosicherheitswerkbank für nicht mehr als 5 Minuten und resuspendieren DNA-Pellet in 34 ul 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8,5. Hinweis: Linear Acrylamid wird dazu beitragen, DNA-Pellet nach der O / N Niederschlag zu visualisieren. </li><li> Bestimmen DNA Menge und Qualität mit einer hohen Empfindlichkeit fluoreszierender Nukleinsäure Quantifizierung Assay und eine Mikrovolumen Spektralphotometer jeweils folgenden Anweisungen des Herstellers (siehe Tabelle der Materialien). Hinweis: Wenn mehrere Proben werden zum Zeitpunkt hergestellt wird, kann eine hochempfindliche fluoreszierende Nukleinsäurefärbemittel Assay zur Quantifizierung dsDNA und plattenbasierte Fluorometer / Spektrophotometer stattdessen verwendet werden. </li></ol> 3. DNA-Bibliothek Vorbereitung <ol><li&gt; Normalisieren genomischen von Wasserproben auf eine Konzentration von ~ 0,2 ng / &amp; mgr; l Bakterien-DNA extrahiert. </li><li> Enzymatisch Fragment ein Nanogramm von bakterieller DNA mit einem Transposon-beruhenden Methode (tagmentation). Fügen Sie Adapter und Indexfolgen auf fragmentierte DNA nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers. Gegenstand tagmented Proben zu 12 PCR-Zyklen, wie in den Anweisungen des Herstellers, an welchem ​​Punkt die Sequenzierungs Indizes eingeschlossen angegeben. </li></ol> 4. Automatisierte Gel Größenauswahl <ol><li> Überspringen Standard Post-PCR-Clean-up-Schritt in den Anweisungen des Herstellers beschrieben (siehe Tabelle der Materialien). Größe wählen Post-PCR-Proben direkt mit Hilfe eines automatisierten Gel-Basis Größenauswahl Plattform. <ol><li> Hinzufügen 3,5 ul Beladungspuffer zu jeder Probe. </li><li> Nach dem Protokoll des Herstellers, laden Sie die Proben auf die Elektrophorese-Workstation, die Angabe eines Größenselektionsziel von 500 bis 800 bp, in einem 300 ul ExtraktIonenvolumen unter Verwendung eines vorgegossenen 1,5% Agarose-Kassette. </li><li> Konzentriere das rohe Ausgangsmaterial (300 ul) auf 25 &amp; mgr; l über Ethanolfällung. Hinweis: Alternativ können Sie die Elektrophorese Workstation an Konzentration für eine größere Anzahl von Proben über Filterplatte und Vakuumkammer zu automatisieren. <ol><li> Ausfällung des rohen Elutionsvolumen unter Verwendung von 0,1 Volumina 3 M Natriumacetat, 2 Volumina 100% Ethanol und 5 &amp; mgr; l von 5 &amp; mgr; g / &amp; mgr; l linear Acrylamid. Gut mischen, Ort Proben bei -80 ° CO / N. Zentrifuge Proben bei 17.000 xg für 30 min. </li><li> Verwerfen Überständen und fahren Sie mit DNA-Pellet mit 1 ml eiskaltem 70% Ethanol waschen. </li><li> Zentrifuge Proben wieder bei 17.000 × g für 30 min, die Überstände verworfen, an der Luft trocknen, und schließlich zu resuspendieren DNA Pellet in 25 ul 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8,5. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> (Optional) Verwenden Sie 1 ul DNA-Bibliotheken Größe mit dem automatisierten Gelgröße Auswahl Plattform ausgewählt, um einen fünf machenfache Verdünnung mit Tris-EDTA-Pufferlösung, pH-Wert 8,0. Analysieren Bibliotheken unter Verwendung einer Chip-basierte Kapillarelektrophorese Instrument dsDNA Qualität entsprechend den Anweisungen des Herstellers analysiert. </li></ol> 5. Bibliothek Normalisierung und Sequencing <ol><li> Fahren Sie mit Proben mit Bibliothek Normalisierung Perlen (in der Transposon-basierte Bibliothek Vorbereitung Kit im Lieferumfang enthalten), wie in den Hersteller Vorbereitung Guide beschrieben zu normalisieren. <ol><li> Alternativ Maßnahme dsDNA-Bibliotheken mit einer hohen Empfindlichkeit fluoreszierender Nukleinsäurequantifizierungsassay, gefolgt durch die Bündelung in äquimolaren Verhältnissen, um eine endgültige dsDNA Konzentration von 2 nM erreichen. Fahren Sie mit Bibliotheken mit 10 ul der gepoolten Bibliotheken und 10 ul 0,2 N NaOH denaturiert, Inkubation für 5 min bei RT. Denaturierter Bibliotheken unter Verwendung von Hybridisierungspuffer (mit der Transposon-basierte Zubereitung Satz enthalten) in einem Endvolumen von 1 ml und die Konzentration von 23.05. </li></ol></li><li> Lastprobes in einer der nächsten Generation Sequenzierungsplattform durch folgende Standardsequenzierungsprotokolle des Herstellers. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Siuda, W., Chrost, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concentration+and+susceptibility+of+dissolved+DNA+for+enzyme+degradation+in+lake+water+-+some+methodological+remarks.">Concentration and susceptibility of dissolved DNA for enzyme degradation in lake water - some methodological remarks.</a> Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 21, 195-201 (2000).</li><li>Ficetola, G. F., Miaud, C., Pompanon, F., Taberlet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Species+detection+using+environmental+DNA+from+water+samples.">Species detection using environmental DNA from water samples.</a> Biology letters. 4, 423-425 (2008).</li><li>Liles, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery,+purification,+and+cloning+of+high-molecular-weight+DNA+from+soil+microorganisms.">Recovery, purification, and cloning of high-molecular-weight DNA from soil microorganisms.</a> Applied and environmental microbiology. 74, 3302-3305 (2008).</li><li>Bey, B. S., Fichot, E. B., Dayama, G., Decho, A. W., Norman, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extraction+of+high+molecular+weight+DNA+from+microbial+mats.">Extraction of high molecular weight DNA from microbial mats.</a> BioTechniques. 49, 631-640 (2010).</li><li>Tebbe, C. C., Vahjen, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interference+of+humic+acids+and+DNA+extracted+directly+from+soil+in+detection+and+transformation+of+recombinant+DNA+from+bacteria+and+a+yeast.">Interference of humic acids and DNA extracted directly from soil in detection and transformation of recombinant DNA from bacteria and a yeast.</a> Applied and environmental microbiology. 59, 2657-2665 (1993).</li><li>Solonenko, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequencing+platform+and+library+preparation+choices+impact+viral+metagenomes.">Sequencing platform and library preparation choices impact viral metagenomes.</a> BMC genomics. 14, 320 (2013).</li><li>Aird, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analyzing+and+minimizing+PCR+amplification+bias+in+Illumina+sequencing+libraries.">Analyzing and minimizing PCR amplification bias in Illumina sequencing libraries.</a> Genome biology. 12, R18 (2011).</li><li>Quail, M. A., Swerdlow, H., Turner, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+protocols+for+the+illumina+genome+analyzer+sequencing+system.">Improved protocols for the illumina genome analyzer sequencing system.</a> Current protocols in human genetics / editorial board, Jonathan L. Haines .. [et al.]. 18, 18 (2009).</li><li>Head, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Library+construction+for+next-generation+sequencing:+overviews+and+challenges.">Library construction for next-generation sequencing: overviews and challenges.</a> BioTechniques. 56, 61-64, 66, 68 (2014).</li><li>Dijk, E. L., Jaszczyszyn, Y., Thermes, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Library+preparation+methods+for+next-generation+sequencing:+tone+down+the+bias.">Library preparation methods for next-generation sequencing: tone down the bias.</a> Experimental cell research. 322, 12-20 (2014).</li><li>Grunenwald, H., Baas, B., Caruccio, N., Syed, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+high-throughput+library+preparation+for+next-generation+sequencing.">Rapid, high-throughput library preparation for next-generation sequencing.</a> Nature Methods. 7, (2010).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Russell, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular cloning : a laboratory manual. , (2001).</li><li>Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., Kim, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose+gel+electrophoresis+for+the+separation+of+DNA+fragments.">Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments.</a> Journal of visualized experiments. , (2012).</li><li>Quail, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+large+genome+center's+improvements+to+the+Illumina+sequencing+system.">A large genome center's improvements to the Illumina sequencing system.</a> Nature methods. 5, 1005-1010 (2008).</li><li>Marine, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+transposase+protocol+for+rapid+generation+of+shotgun+high-throughput+sequencing+libraries+from+nanogram+quantities+of+DNA.">Evaluation of a transposase protocol for rapid generation of shotgun high-throughput sequencing libraries from nanogram quantities of DNA.</a> Applied and environmental microbiology. 77, 8071-8079 (2011).</li><li>Rohland, N., Reich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cost-effective+high-throughput+DNA+sequencing+libraries+for+multiplexed+target+capture.">Cost-effective high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture.</a> Genome research. 22, 939-946 (2012).</li><li>Lamble, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+workflows+for+high+throughput+library+preparation+using+the+transposome-based+nextera+system.">Improved workflows for high throughput library preparation using the transposome-based nextera system.</a> Bmc Biotechnology. 13, (2013).</li><li>Picelli, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tn5+transposase+and+tagmentation+procedures+for+massively+scaled+sequencing+projects.">Tn5 transposase and tagmentation procedures for massively scaled sequencing projects.</a> Genome research. , (2014).</li><li>Rhodes, J., Beale, M. A., Fisher, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Illuminating+Choices+for+Library+Prep:+A+Comparison+of+Library+Preparation+Methods+for+Whole+Genome+Sequencing+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans+Using+Illumina+HiSeq.">Illuminating Choices for Library Prep: A Comparison of Library Preparation Methods for Whole Genome Sequencing of Cryptococcus neoformans Using Illumina HiSeq.</a> PloS One. 9, e113501 (2014).</li></ol>

Jared R. Slobodan und Matthew J. Nesbitt beide halten Aktien der Küsten Genomics, ein in Privatbesitz British Columbia Corporation bietet die Ranger Technologie.

Die Anwesenheit von Adapter Dimere und Clusterbildung von kleinen Plattengrößen bevorzugt in aktuellen Plattformen sequenziert stellen eine Abnahme der nutzbaren Ertrag und Unterauslastung der Kapazität 15 der Geräte. Die Verwendung von Wulst zu schlagen Methoden kombiniert mit einer Transposon-basierten Ansatz, um Bibliotheken vorbereiten kann in mehrere DNA-Scherung führen im Vergleich zu anderen Methoden der Extraktion 4,5. Trotzdem werden alle Methoden der Extraktion und Bibliotheks Herste...

Metagenomics involves the sequencing of all the genetic material in a sample to characterize the microbial communities present. It is a complex and expensive process which involves the conversion of extracted nucleic acids into DNA libraries followed by next-generation sequencing. High quality libraries are essential for maximal data output and accurate metagenomics analysis. Environmental samples, such as water samples, often pose significant challenges to generating high quality libraries, due to low amounts of DNA that may also be degraded1-3 and the presence of inhibitors of PCR4-6. 
High quality libraries ideally consist of longer segments of DNA within a narrow range of lengths. In order to maximize the amount of useful data generated per sequencing run, the length of the DNA in the library should be at least as long as the maximum read length of the sequencing method being used. When using a sequencing-by-synthesis technology such as the Illumina MiSeq, the size of the DNA fragments affects the efficiency at which clusters are generated on the flow cell. For instance, when a library contains both shorter and longer DNA fragments, the shorter ones will be over-represented in the sequencing data7,8. In contrast, a library with similarly sized DNA fragments will be proportionally represented in the sequencing data. Many library preparation kits use ligation-based methods to add adapters to the DNA fragments and size selection is necessary to remove adapter dimers that do not contain an insert9,10. There are numerous methods11,12 to achieve this but the one technique that gives the most consistent results is the electrophoretic separation of DNA followed by the recovery of the desired lengths of DNA13,14. This process can be performed manually for a small number of samples, but when faced with processing hundreds of samples, automated solutions are required. The currently available platforms for automated gel size selection are low throughput and new platforms are needed to process large numbers of samples for sequencing. The Ranger Technology can be integrated with existing liquid handling workstations to enable the use of agarose gel electrophoresis for size selection and analytical purposes on a scale that satisfies today&#8217;s high throughput environment.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump Masterflex P/S 1400 Series</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>1400-1620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 &#181;m Supor Membrane</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA28143-969</td>
			<td>Pall Corporation, Ann Harbor, MI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten carbide beads 3 mm (200)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69997</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol 70%</td>
			<td>Jedmon Products</td>
			<td>825751</td>
			<td>Healthcare Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA away</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>7010</td>
			<td>Molecular BioProducts, Inc. San Diego, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-Q water purification system</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ZMQS6VF0Y</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore. This system has been discontinued.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 X PBS pH 7.5</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>E703-1L</td>
			<td>Amresco, Inc., Solon, OH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP337-100</td>
			<td>Fisher chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex adapter for 2 (50 ml) tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13000-V1-50</td>
			<td>MoBio, Carlsbad, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex-Genie 2, 120V (Model G560)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Raeyco Lab Equipment Systems Management Ltd</td>
			<td>Model J-6B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLyzer Powersoil DNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12855-100</td>
			<td>MoBio, Carlsbad, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex adapter for 24 (1.5-2 ml) tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13000-V1-24</td>
			<td>MoBio, Carlsbad, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfuge 18 centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>367160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nimbus Select workstation with Ranger Technology</td>
			<td>Hamilton Robotics</td>
			<td>92720-01</td>
			<td>Includes the liquid handling workstation and integrated Ranger Tech (electrophoresis hardware)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ranger reagent kit</td>
			<td>Coastal Genomics</td>
			<td>CG-10600-150-12-21</td>
			<td>Includes loading buffer and cassettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Commercial Alcohols</td>
			<td>P016EAAN</td>
			<td>Greenfield Ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2889-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear acrylamide (5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9520</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Raeyco Lab Equipment Systems Management Ltd.</td>
			<td>5417R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer EB (250 ml)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>19086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit fluorometer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Q32857</td>
			<td>Invitrogen. This product has been discontinued.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit dsDNA HS assay kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Q32854</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High sensitivity DNA reagent</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-4626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High sensitivity DNA chips</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-4626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent 2011 Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2938B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nextera XT DNA sample preparation kit</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-131-1024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nextera XT index kit</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-131-1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MiSeq reagent kit v2 (500-cycles)</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>MS-102-2003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miseq system</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>SY-410-1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated gel size selection to improve the quality of next-generation sequencing libraries prepared from environmental water samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. 
In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.

DNA-Konzentration, and Quality Assessment Bakterielle DNA-Konzentrationen reichten von 0,01 bis 0,11 ng ​​/ ml pro Wasserprobe der verschiedenen Einzugsstellen (Tabelle 1). DNA aus Bakterien-Fraktion isoliert hatte eine 260/280 und A-260/230-Verhältnisse von 1,4 bis 1,8 und 0,3 bis 1,6 auf. Während einige der A 260/230 Verhältnisse waren relativ niedrig war, wurde keine offensichtliche Hemmung in der hergestellten Bibl...

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Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries.

Automatisierte Gel Größenauswahl, um die Qualität der nächsten Generation Sequencing Libraries von Umweltwasserproben vorbereitet verbessern

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.4K Aufrufe.  The University of British Columbia. This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries. 

Serie: Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA-Methode 1615 Messung der Enterovirus und Norovirus Vorkommen in Wasser von Kultur und RT-qPCR. I. Sammlung von Virenproben

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

Forschung

Umwelt

Physical Isolation of Endospores from Environmental Samples by Targeted Lysis of Vegetative Cells

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a morpho-physiological resting state that enhances survival under adverse environmental conditions. Even though endospore-forming Firmicutes are one of the most frequently enriched and isolated bacterial groups in culturing studies, they are often absent from diversity studies based on molecular methods. The resistance of the spore core is considered one of the factors limiting the recovery of DNA from endospores. We developed a method that takes advantage of the higher resistance of endospores to separate them from other cells in a complex microbial community using physical, enzymatic and chemical lysis methods. The endospore-only preparation thus obtained can be used for re-culturing or to perform downstream analysis such as tailored DNA extraction optimized for endospores and subsequent DNA sequencing. This method, applied to sediment samples, has allowed the enrichment of endospores and after sequencing, has revealed a large diversity of endospore-formers in freshwater lake sediments. We expect that the application of this method to other samples will yield a similar outcome.

A method to single out bacterial endospores from complex microbial communities was developed to perform tailored culture or molecular studies of this group of bacteria.

Physische Isolierung von Endospores aus Umweltproben durch gezielte Lyse von vegetativen Zellen

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Eine einfache Methode für die automatisierte Festphasenextraktion von Wasserproben für die immunologische Analyse von kleinen Schadstoffe

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Use of a Filter Cartridge for Filtration of Water Samples and Extraction of Environmental DNA

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies employed disk fiber filters to collect eDNA from water samples, although a number of microbial studies in aquatic environments have employed filter cartridges, because the cartridge has the advantage of accommodating large water volumes and of overall ease of use. Here we provide a protocol for filtration of water samples using the filter cartridge and extraction of eDNA from the filter without having to cut open the housing. The main portions of this protocol consists of 1) filtration of water samples (water volumes &#8804;4 L or &gt;4 L); (2) extraction of DNA on the filter using a roller shaker placed in a preheated incubator; and (3) purification of DNA using a commercial kit. With the use of this and previously-used protocols, we perform metabarcoding analysis of eDNA taken from a huge aquarium tank (7,500 m3) with known species composition, and show the number of detected species per library from the two protocols as the representative results. This protocol has been developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

We describe a protocol for filtration of water samples with a filter cartridge and extraction of environmental DNA (eDNA) without having to cut open the housing to remove the filter. This protocol is developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

Die Verwendung einer Filterpatrone für die Filtration von Wasserproben und Extraktion von Umwelt-DNA

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies ...

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties of the pouch were monitored in containers with or without fruit. The pouch was affixed to the inside of a perforated clamshell containing grape tomatoes, and the effect on microbial population, firmness, and weight loss was evaluated during a 14 day storage period at 20 &#176;C. Within 3 days, the ClO2 concentration in the clamshells reached 3.5 ppm and remained constant until day 10. Thereafter, it decreased to 2 ppm by day 14. The ClO2 pouch exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, reducing Escherichia coli populations by 3.08 log CFU/g and Alternaria alternata populations by 2.85 log CFU/g after 14 days of storage. The ClO2 treatment also reduced softening and weight loss and extended the overall shelf life of the tomatoes. Our results suggest that ClO2 treatment is useful for extending the shelf life and improving the microbial safety of tomatoes during storage without impairing their quality.

Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

Zur kontrollierten Freisetzung von Chlordioxid in einem perforierten Verpackungssystem zu verlängern die Haltbarkeit und Verbesserung der Sicherheit von Tomaten, Trauben

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Extraktion von Organochlor-Pestiziden aus Kunststoff-Pellets und Kunststoff-Typ-Analyse

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

Experimentelle Spalte Setup für das Studium der anaerober biogeochemischer Interaktionen zwischen Eisen (Oxy) Hydroxide, Spurenelemente und Bakterien

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

Kontinuierliche hydrologischen und Qualitätsüberwachung von Vernal Teichen

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), with little effort and high reliability. The phosphonate, e.g., nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP), is brought into contact with the GFH in a rotator in a solution buffered by an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) or Good buffer (e.g., 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) [MES] and N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid [CAPSO]) in a concentration of 10 mM for a specific time in 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Subsequently, after membrane filtration (0.45 &#181;m pore size), the total phosphorus (total P) concentration is measured using a specifically developed determination method (ISOmini). This method is a modification and simplification of the ISO 6878 method: a 4 mL sample is mixed with H2SO4 and K2S2O8 in a screw cap vial, heated to 148-150 &#176;C for 1 h and then mixed with NaOH, ascorbic acid and acidified molybdate with antimony(III) (final volume of 10 mL) to produce a blue complex. The color intensity, which is linearly proportional to the phosphorus concentration, is measured spectrophotometrically (880 nm). It is demonstrated that the buffer concentration used has no significant effect on the adsorption of phosphonate between pH 4 and 12. The buffers, therefore, do not compete with the phosphonate for adsorption sites. Furthermore, the relatively high concentration of the buffer requires a higher dosage concentration of oxidizing agent (K2S2O8) for digestion than that specified in ISO 6878, which, together with the NaOH dosage, is matched to each buffer. Despite the simplification, the ISOmini method does not lose any of its accuracy compared to the standardized method.

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide, with little effort and high reliability. In a buffered solution, the phosphonate is brought into contact with the adsorbent using a rotator and then analyzed via a miniaturized phosphorus determination method.

Optimierte Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Adsorption von Phosphonaten auf Granular Ferric Hydroxid mit einer miniaturisierten Phosphor Entschlossenheit Methode

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

Zusammensetzung und Verteilungsanalyse Bioaerosole unter verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...