Authors would like to thank Catherine Solioz for her skillful assistance.

1. BCM Vorbereitung <ol><li> Erhalten Schweinekiefer aus dem lokalen Metzger so frisch wie möglich. Legen Sie die Mandibeln auf eine feste Oberfläche und lassen eine vollständige Dicke Klappe besondere Aufmerksamkeit, keine Weichteile lassen oder Periost bis auf die Knochen befestigt. Arbeiten Sie in einer sauberen Umgebung ohne die Notwendigkeit, im Rahmen des Flow-Haube arbeiten. </li><li> Sobald eine volle Dicke Klappe freigegeben wird, verwenden Sie einen Knochenschaber, um die Knochenspäne aus der bukkalen Seite zu ernten. Bitte beachten Sie, dass die Knochenschaber hat scharf sein. Griff fest das Knochenschaber und mit langen Bewegungen sammeln die Knochen. Entsorgen Knochenchips kleiner als 1 mm. <ol><li> Nativen Knochenchips zu erhalten, setzen Sie sich direkt die Knochenspäne in Plastikschalen von 10 cm Durchmesser mit Dulbecco modifiziertem Eagle-Medium (DMEM) mit 1% Antibiotika und Antimykotika lassen sie nicht austrocknen, ergänzt. </li><li> Um die Auswirkungen der thermischen Verarbeitung zu bewerten, unterliegt Knochenspänen für 30 min bei 80 ° C Pasteurisierung oderAutoklav für 20 Minuten bei 121 ° C. </li><li> Zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen der Entmineralisierung, schütteln Knochenspäne in 1 M HCL für 4-6 Stunden bei 4 ° C und immer wieder abwaschen mit Kulturmedium, bis der pH-Wert neutral. </li></ol></li><li> Zeigen insgesamt 5 g Knochenchips pro 10 ml frischem DMEM mit 1% Antibiotika und Antimykotika ergänzt in eine neue Kunststoffschale. </li><li> Setzen Sie die Kunststoffschalen in einer feuchten Atmosphäre bei 37 ° C für 24 Stunden. Dann Ernte BCM. Zentrifugieren Sie die BCM bei 200 × g für 10 min, um Ablagerungen zu entfernen, zu filtern sterile (0,2 nm), und halten Aliquots bei -80 ° C eingefroren. </li><li> Auftauen BCM Lager unmittelbar vor der Verwendung und zur Vermeidung von wiederholten Zyklen von Einfrieren und Auftauen. </li><li> Für Experimente angegeben, tränken Kollagenmembranen mit BCM oder Serum-freien Medium für 1 h bei RT. Waschen Sie kräftig die Membranen mit PBS und legen Sie sie in 96-Well-Platten. Nassen Membranen werden mit Zellen beimpft. </li><li> BCM Herstellverfahren ist in 1 zusammengefasst. </li&gt; </ol> 2. Bioassays Basierend auf mesenchymale Zellen <ol><li> Samen humanen mesenchymalen Zellen (zB Knochenzellen, gingivalen und Parodontalligament Fibroblasten) in eine Platte mit 12 Vertiefungen mit einer Konzentration von 30.000 Zellen / cm 2. Auf Saatgut, die Zellen verwenden, Wachstumsmedium, bestehend aus DMEM, das 10% fötales Kälberserum und Antibiotika. Lassen Sie die Zellen heften sich an die Platte O / N. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie das Kulturmedium und waschen Sie die Zellen mit vorgewärmten PBS bei 37 ° C. Stimulieren die Zellen durch Zugabe von vorgewärmten serumfreien Kulturmedium mit und ohne 20% BCM. Platzieren Sie die Zellen in einer befeuchteten Atmosphäre bei 37 ° C für 24 Std. </li><li> Entsorgen Sie das Kulturmedium, spülen Sie die Zellen mit vorgewärmten PBS und extrahieren Sie die RNA nach Ihren bevorzugten Protokoll. </li><li> Einstellen der Konzentration von RNA, um die gleiche Menge an RNA in jeder Probe zu haben. Bereiten cDNAs und führen Sie eine qRT-PCR, um die ausgewählten Gene unter Verwendung der in Tabelle 1 gezeigten Primer zu analysieren. Hinweis: Dies sind die Verdünnungen der einzelnen Komponenten: 2x SYBR Green, 20x Primer nach vorn, 20x Primer Reverse, 5x sterile DD Wasser, 5x cDNA. Die qRT-PCR wird in 40 Zyklen bei 95 ° C 15 sec und 60 ° C 1 min lang durchgeführt. </li><li> Berechnen der relativen Expressionsniveaus durch Normierung auf die Haushaltsgens GAPDH mit der Δ (ACt) Verfahren, bei dem ACt ist CT Ziel - CT GAPDH und Δ (ACt) ist ACt stimulierten - ACt Kontrolle. </li><li> Nach dieser Qualitätskontrolle, hinzuzufügen BCM zum Kulturmedium, um alle Arten von Zellen, einschließlich mesenchymalen Zellen, hämatopoetischen Zellen oder endotheliale Zellen zu stimulieren. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Buser, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+Stability+of+Early+Implant+Placement+with+Contour+Augmentation.">Long-term Stability of Early Implant Placement with Contour Augmentation.</a> Journal of dental research. , (2013).</li><li>Chiapasco, M., Casentini, P., Bone Zaniboni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=augmentation+procedures+in+implant+dentistry.">augmentation procedures in implant dentistry.</a> The International journal of oral &amp; maxillofacial implants. 24 Suppl. , 237-259 (2009).</li><li>Giannoudis, P. V., Dinopoulos, H., Bone Tsiridis, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=substitutes:+an+update.+Injury.">substitutes: an update. 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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology+of+bone+grafting.">The biology of bone grafting.</a> The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 13, 77-86 (2005).</li><li>Bohr, H., Ravn, H. O., Werner, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+osteogenic+effect+of+bone+transplants+in+rabbits.+The+Journal+of+bone+and+joint+surgery.">The osteogenic effect of bone transplants in rabbits. The Journal of bone and joint surgery.</a> British. 50, 866-873 (1968).</li><li>Bone Urist, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=formation+by+autoinduction.">formation by autoinduction.</a> Science. 150, 893-899 (1965).</li><li>Caball&#233;-Serrano, J. D., Buser, D., Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+porcine+bone+conditioned+medium.">Proteomic analysis of porcine bone conditioned medium.</a> The International journal of oral &amp; maxillofacial implants. , (2014).</li><li>Peng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone-Conditioned+Medium+Inhibits+Osteogenic+and+Adipogenic+Differentiation+of+Mesenchymal+Cells+In+Vitro.">Bone-Conditioned Medium Inhibits Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Cells In Vitro.</a> Clinical implant dentistry and related research. , (2014).</li><li>Brolese, E., Buser, D., Kuchler, U., Schaller, B., Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+bone+chips+release+of+sclerostin+and+FGF-23+into+the+culture+medium:+an+in+vitro+pilot+study.">Human bone chips release of sclerostin and FGF-23 into the culture medium: an in vitro pilot study.</a> Clinical oral implants research. , (2014).</li><li>Caball&#233;-Serrano, J., Bosshardt, D. D., Gargallo-Albiol, J., Buser, D., Bone Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=conditioned+medium+enhances+osteoclastogenesis+in+murine+bone+marrow+cultures.+Clin+Oral+Impl+Res;+in.">conditioned medium enhances osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures. Clin Oral Impl Res; in.</a> Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. , (2015).</li><li>Zimmermann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone-conditioned+medium+changes+gene+expression+in+bone-derived+fibroblasts).">Bone-conditioned medium changes gene expression in bone-derived fibroblasts).</a> IJOMI accepted. , (2014).</li><li>Fulzele, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelopoiesis+is+regulated+by+osteocytes+through+Gsalpha-dependent+signaling.">Myelopoiesis is regulated by osteocytes through Gsalpha-dependent signaling.</a> Blood. 121, 930-939 (2013).</li><li>Becerra, J., Andrades, J. A., Ertl, D. C., Sorgente, N., Nimni, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Demineralized+bone+matrix+mediates+differentiation+of+bone+marrow+stromal+cells+in+vitro:+effect+of+age+of+cell+donor.">Demineralized bone matrix mediates differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro: effect of age of cell donor.</a> Journal of. 11, 1703-1714 (1996).</li><li>Kupcova Skalnikova, ., H, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+techniques+for+characterisation+of+mesenchymal+stem+cell+secretome.">Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome.</a> Biochimie. , (2013).</li><li>Romanello, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoblastic+cell+secretome:+A+novel+role+for+progranulin+during+risedronate+treatment.">Osteoblastic cell secretome: A novel role for progranulin during risedronate treatment.</a> , (2013).</li><li>Schuldt Filho, ., G, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioned+medium+of+demineralized+bone+matrix+activates+TGF-&#946;+signaling+pathways+in+mesenchymal+cells+in+vitro.">Conditioned medium of demineralized bone matrix activates TGF-&#946; signaling pathways in mesenchymal cells in vitro.</a> J Cranio Maxill Surg. , (2015).</li><li>Buser, D., Chen, S. T., Weber, H. P., Belser, U. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+implant+placement+following+single-tooth+extraction+in+the+esthetic+zone:+biologic+rationale+and+surgical+procedures).">Early implant placement following single-tooth extraction in the esthetic zone: biologic rationale and surgical procedures).</a> The International journal of periodontics &amp; restorative dentistry. 28, 441-451 (2008).</li><li>Stoecklin-Wasmer, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absorbable+collagen+membranes+for+periodontal+regeneration:+a+systematic+review.">Absorbable collagen membranes for periodontal regeneration: a systematic review.</a> Journal of dental research. 92, 773-781 (2013).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren. Jordi Caballé-Serrano erhielt ein Stipendium der Stiftung of Dental Research und Education, Basel, Schweiz.

Knochen-konditionierten Medium reflektiert die Freigabe Aktivität von Knochentransplantaten in den frühen Phasen der Knochenregeneration. Das hier beschriebene Protokoll angepasst ist, die Reaktion der verschiedenen Arten von Zellen in der Knochenregeneration zu studieren. Darüber hinaus kann das Protokoll, mit dem konditionierten Medium von verarbeiteten Knochen oder Knochen Füllstoffe verwendet werden. Die Methoden sind einfach durchzuführen und sich auf ein einfaches Konzept: der Faktoren aus verschiedenen einhe...

Autologem Knochen wird häufig eingesetzt, um Mängel, die als Folge der Fehlbildung, resektive Chirurgie, Rekonstruktive Unfallchirurgie, und vor der Implantation 1,2 aufgetreten brücken. Das Verständnis der biologischen Grundlagen, wie Knochentransplantate unterstützen den Prozess der Konsolidierung Transplantat ist nicht nur Schlüssel, um zu verstehen, warum Autotransplantate gelten als der Goldstandard in der rekonstruktiven Chirurgie, ist es auch bionic der verbesserten Gestaltung von Knochenersatz 3. Dennoch ist Transplantat Konsolidierung schneller mit autologem Knochen im Vergleich zu Knochenersatz 4,5. Daher ist es zwingend notwendig, um die molekularen und zellulären Mechanismen, die autologe Knochen so wirksam ist, um die Knochenregeneration zu unterstützen offenbaren. Es gibt drei Lehrbuch Merkmale der Autotransplantate, die berücksichtigt werden, um den Konsolidierungsprozess 6,7 unterstützt. Zunächst wird autologen Knochen ist osteokonduktive, die Beratung für den neu gebildeten Knochen zu wachsenin den Defekt. Zweitens ist die autologe Knochen osteogenen, dh es mesenchymalen Zellen, zu Osteoblasten differenzieren können 8 enthält. Drittens autologem Knochen osteoinduktiven Wachstumsfaktoren wie bone morphogenetic proteins in der Matrix vergraben können den Prozess der enchondralen oder sogar intramembranous Knochenbildung 9 einzuleiten. Es ist ein weiterer Aspekt: ​​frisch hergestellten Knochenchips halten eine parakrine Funktion auf der Grundlage der in vitro-Beobachtungen mit &quot;Knochen-konditioniertes Medium&quot; 10-15. Auch die Auswirkungen der Myelopoese sollte erwähnt 16 werden. Ein ähnlicher Begriff &quot;demineralisierte Knochenmatrix-konditioniertes Medium&quot; wurde bereits 1996 geprägt und unterstützt das Gesamtkonzept einer parakrinen Funktion von Knochen, selbst wenn sie durch Demineralisierung 17 verarbeitet. Für unsere Zwecke können BCM von frischem Schweinefleisch hergestellt werden Mandibeln 10,11. Proteom-Analysen von BCM zeigte die komplexe Zusammensetzung, einschließlich des Wachstums der Tators und Bestandteile der extrazellulären Matrix 10, der sich auch das vorhandene Wissen auf dem Proteasom der ganzen Knochen 18,19. So sollte BCM spiegeln die Freigabe Aktivität verschiedener Modifikationen von Knochentransplantaten in vitro. Was passiert, wenn mesenchymalen Zellen, beispielsweise die aus Knochenspäne oder von oralen Weichgewebe isoliert, ausgesetzt sind BCM? In vitro, BCM verringert osteogene und adipogenen Differenzierung und provoziert eine starke Zunahme der IL11 Ausdruck 11. Genomweite Mikroarray ergab mehr Gene differentiell in mesenchymalen Zellen in Reaktion auf BCM ausgedrückt werden. Unter diesen Genen sind Adrenomedullin (ADM), IL11, IL33, NADPH-Oxidase-4 (NOX4), Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4 oder lubricin) und Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) 15. BCM autoklaviert Knochenspänen erhalten konnte die Expression der jeweiligen Gene 14 ändern. BCM von Knochenchips, die Pasteurisierung unterzogen und das Einfrieren der Lage war,ändern Genexpression 14. Auch konditionierte Medium demineralisierte Knochenmatrix (DBM-CM) verändert die Expression von TGF-β-regulierte Gene 20. Interessanterweise Kollagen Barrieremembranen verwendet, um die Knochenspäne aus dem umgebenden Weichgewebe 21,22 abzuschirmen, adsorbiert die Teile des BCM, das für die Veränderungen in der Genexpression, 23 verantwortlich sind. BCM Forschung kann auf andere in der Knochenregeneration beteiligt wie Knochen-Osteoklasten und Endothelzellen Zelltypen erweitert werden, um einige zu nennen. Insgesamt sind die anfallenden in-vitro-Daten liefern die wissenschaftliche Grundlage für die Gestaltung einer präklinischen Studie. Dieses Protokoll ist zweifach: Erstens zeigt es, wie man BCM vorzubereiten. Zweitens zeigt sie, wie seine biologische Aktivität getestet anhand von mesenchymalen Zellen in vitro.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Pig Mandibles</td>
			<td>Local bucher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone Scraper</td>
			<td>Hu-Friedy</td>
			<td>PPBUSE2/36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotics &#38; Antimicotics</td>
			<td>All life Technologies</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen Membranes (Bio-Gide)</td>
			<td>Geistlich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen Corporation</td>
			<td align="right">16030074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen Corporation</td>
			<td>21885-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> 
			High Pure RNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">11828665001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">4379012001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers</td>
			<td>Microsynth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Green (for Q-RT-PCR)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">4673484001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">11666789001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bone conditioned medium: preparation and bioassay

Autologe Knochentransplantate sind weit verbreitet in der MKG-Chirurgie, Orthopädie, Traumatologie und verwendet. Autologe Knochentransplantate nicht nur fehlenden Knochen zu ersetzen, sie unterstützen auch den komplexen Prozess der Knochenregeneration. Dieses günstige Verhalten des Autografts ist mit den drei Eigenschaften zugeschrieben: Osteokonduktivität, osteogenicity und Osteoinduktivität. Es besteht jedoch ein weiterer Aspekt: ​​Knochentransplantate setzen eine Vielzahl von Molekülen, einschließlich Wachstumsfaktoren, die mesenchymalen Zellen in der Knochenregeneration beteiligten Ziel kann. Die parakrine Eigenschaften von Knochentransplantaten in vitro durch die Verwendung von Knochen-konditionierten Mediums (BCM) untersucht werden. Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll, wie man Knochen-konditioniertes Medium von einheimischen Schweine kortikalen Knochen vorzubereiten und Knochen, die thermische Verarbeitung oder Entsalzung unterzogen. Zellen können direkt an BCM ausgesetzt oder auf Biomaterialien, wie Kollagen Membranen, die zuvor mit BCM getränkt ausgesät werden. Wir geben Beispiele für die in vitro bioassays mit mesenchymalen Zellen auf die Expression von TGF-β reguliert Gene. Die vorgestellten Protokolle sollten ermutigen, die parakrine Wirkung von Knochentransplantaten weiter enthüllen während die Knochenregeneration und öffnen Sie einen Pfad für die translationale Forschung auf dem weiten Feld der rekonstruktiven Chirurgie.

Knochen konditionierte Medium wird aus frischen Schweineknochenspänen hergestellt. Allgemeine Übersicht über den Prozess zu BCM vorzubereiten und Biomaterialien in Verbindung mit BCM Verwendung wird in Abbildung 1 und 2 dargestellt. Während des BCM Vorbereitung, ist es wichtig, große Knochenchips mit langen Bewegungen so kurz Bewegungen oder sehr kleine Knochensplitter zu erhalten können die Qualität des endgültigen BCM beeinflussen. ADM, PTX3, IL11, IL33, NOX4 und PRG4 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay at JoVE.com

Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

Wir beschreiben hier, wie man Knochen-konditionierten Medium (BCM) vorbereiten und testen ihre Aktivität in vitro.

Knochen konditioniertem Medium: Vorbereitung und Bioassay

Autologous bone grafts are widely used in oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedics, and traumatology. Autologous bone grafts not only replace missing ...

bone-conditioned-medium-preparation-and-bioassay

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.0K Aufrufe.  School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern.  Wir beschreiben hier, wie man Knochen-konditionierten Medium (BCM) vorbereiten und testen ihre Aktivität in vitro. 

Serie: Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

Maintaining Wolbachia in Cell-free Medium

In this video protocol, procedures are demonstrated to (1) purify Wolbachia symbionts out of cultured mosquito cells, (2) use a fluorescent assay to ascertain the viability of the purified Wolbachia and (3) maintain the now extracellular Wolbachia in cell-free medium.  Purified Wolbachia remain alive in the extracellular phase but do not replicate until re-inoculated into eukaryotic cells.  Extracellular Wolbachia purified in this manner will remain viable for at least a week at room temperature, and possibly longer.  Purified Wolbachia are suitable for micro-injection, DNA extraction and other applications. 


This video describes a method for purifying Wolbachia pipientis from an Anopheles gambiae cell line and then culturing the endosymbiont in cell-free medium. An assay for viability of the bacterium is demonstrated.

Die Aufrechterhaltung Wolbachia in zellfreien Medium

In this video protocol, procedures are demonstrated to (1) purify Wolbachia symbionts out of cultured mosquito cells, (2) use a fluorescent assay to ...

Forschung

Biologie

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Die Herstellung von primären hämatopoetischen Zellkulturen aus Knochenmark der Maus für die Elektroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Undecalcified Bone Preparation for Histology, Histomorphometry and Fluorochrome Analysis

Undecalcified bone histology demonstrates the micro-architecture of bone. It shows both the mineralised and cellular components of bone, which provides vital information on bone turnover or bone formation and resorption. This has tremendous importance in a variety of clinical and research applications. It yields beautiful images1 and allows for techniques such as fluorochrome assessment and histomorphometry2. Fluorochrome analysis is a technique where fluorescent dyes that bind to calcium are injected at a particular time point, which allows for quantification of the amount of mineralisation at that given time. Histomorphometry is a process of bone quantification at the microscopic level. 
Performing undecalcified bone histology is technically challenging, particularly with large size specimens. It requires variations in technique from those used in standard paraffin embedded histology. This video illustrates the process of producing good quality sections and demonstrates the technical difficulties and methods with which to overcome them. Specimen preparation, fixation and processing are achieved with a manner similar to other soft tissues, however due to the density and lower permeability of bone considerably longer fixation and processing times are required, often taking several weeks. Embedding is achieved using a supporting medium with similar or equal hardness and density to the bone such as methacrylate- based resins, but unlike paraffin infiltration and embedding, this is an irreversible step. Sectioning can be achieved by grinding which produces a thicker section, which is optimal for studies such as fluorochrome analysis. This is best achieved using a diamond blade on a macrotome. Alternatively, thinner sections can be produced for light microscopy and this is achieved using a sledge microtome with a very sharp blade. The sledge microtome provides the additional strength and stability required for large, hard blocks. Resin embedded sections can be stained with a variety of stains, which are demonstrated.

Undecalcified bone histology provides important information for a variety of clinical and research applications. It is technically challenging, particularly with large size specimens. This video illustrates the process of producing good quality sections and demonstrates the technical difficulties and methods with which to overcome them.

Nichtentkalktem Knochen Vorbereitung für Histologie, Histomorphometrisch und Fluorochrom Analysis

Undecalcified bone histology demonstrates the micro-architecture of bone. It shows both the mineralised and cellular components of bone, which provides ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles from Cell-conditioned Media

Flow cytometry (FC) is the method of choice for semi-quantitative measurement of cell-surface antigen markers. Recently, this technique has been used for phenotypic analyses of extracellular vesicles (EV) including exosomes (Exo) in the peripheral blood and other body fluids. The small size of EV mandates the use of dedicated instruments having a detection threshold around 50-100 nm. Alternatively, EV can be bound to latex microbeads that can be detected by FC. Microbeads, conjugated with antibodies that recognize EV-associated markers/Cluster of Differentiation CD63, CD9, and CD81 can be used for EV capture. Exo isolated from CM can be analyzed with or without pre-enrichment by ultracentrifugation. This approach is suitable for EV analyses using conventional FC instruments. Our results demonstrate a linear correlation between Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) values and EV concentration. Disrupting EV through sonication dramatically decreased MFI, indicating that the method does not detect membrane debris. We report an accurate and reliable method for the analysis of EV surface antigens, which can be easily implemented in any laboratory.

The protocol describes a reproducible method designed for use with cell culture supernatants to detect surface epitopes on small extracellular vesicles (EV). It utilizes specific EV immunoprecipitation using beads coupled with antibodies that recognize surface antigen CD9, CD63, and CD81. The method is optimized for downstream flow cytometry analysis.

Fließen Sie durchflusszytometrischen Analyse der extrazellulären Vesikel aus Zelle konditioniertes Medien

Flow cytometry (FC) is the method of choice for semi-quantitative measurement of cell-surface antigen markers. Recently, this technique has been used for ...

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common surgical intervention. Experiments using primary human OA tissues obtained from TKA provide the capability to investigate disease mechanisms ex vivo. While OA was previously thought to impact mainly the cartilage, it is now known to impact multiple tissues in the joint. This protocol describes patient selection, sample processing, tissue homogenization, RNA extraction, and quality control (based on RNA purity, integrity, and yield) from each of seven unique tissues to support disease mechanism investigation in the knee joint. With informed consent, samples were obtained from patients undergoing TKA for OA. Tissues were dissected, washed, and stored within 4 h of surgery by flash freezing for RNA or formalin fixation for histology. Collected tissues included articular cartilage, subchondral bone, meniscus, infrapatellar fat pad, anterior cruciate ligament, synovium, and vastus medialis oblique muscle. RNA extraction protocols were tested for each tissue type. The most significant modification involved the method of disintegration used for low-cell, high-matrix, hard tissues (considered as cartilage, bone, and meniscus) versus relatively high-cell, low-matrix, soft tissues (considered as fat pad, ligament, synovium, and muscle). It was found that pulverization was appropriate for hard tissues, and homogenization was appropriate for soft tissues. A proclivity for some subjects to yield higher RNA integrity number (RIN) values than other subjects consistently across multiple tissues was observed, suggesting that underlying factors such as disease severity may impact RNA quality. The ability to isolate high-quality RNA from primary human OA tissues provides a physiologically relevant model for sophisticated gene expression experiments, including sequencing, that can lead to clinical insights that are more readily translated to patients.

Primary tissues obtained from patients following total knee arthroplasty provide an experimental model for osteoarthritis research with maximal clinical translatability. This protocol describes how to identify, process, and isolate RNA from seven unique knee tissues to support mechanistic investigation in human osteoarthritis.

Gewebeentnahme und RNA-Extraktion aus dem humanen osteoarthritischen Kniegelenk

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty ...

Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics

Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, prevent fracture. In the interest to both optimize peak bone mass and combat various musculoskeletal diseases (i.e., post-menopausal osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus), incredible efforts have been made in the field of bone biology to fully characterize osteoblasts throughout their differentiation process. Given the primary role of mature osteoblasts to secrete matrix proteins and mineralization vesicles, it has been noted that these processes take an incredible amount of cellular energy, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The overall cellular energy status is often referred to as cellular bioenergetics, and it includes a series of metabolic reactions that sense substrate availability to derive ATP to meet cellular needs. Therefore, the current method details the process of isolating primary, murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and monitoring their bioenergetic status using the Real-time cell metabolic flux analyzer at various stages in osteoblast differentiation. Importantly, these data have demonstrated that the metabolic profile changes dramatically throughout osteoblast differentiation. Thus, using this physiologically relevant cell type is required to fully appreciate how a cell's bioenergetic status can regulate the overall function.

Real-time cell metabolic flux assay measures the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate, which corresponds to mitochondrial and glycolytic adenosine triphosphate production, using pH and oxygen sensors. The manuscript explains a method to understand the energy status of osteoblasts and the characterization and interpretation of the cellular bioenergetic status.

Verwendung eines Echtzeit-Zellstoffwechselflussanalysators zur Überwachung der Bioenergetik des Osteoblast

Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, ...

An Improved Chemotaxis Assay for the Rapid Identification of Rhizobacterial Chemoattractants in Root Exudates

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward method to quickly identify the chemoattractants that could induce the chemotactic movement of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria on sterile glass slides via simple steps. Bacteria solution (OD600 = 0.5) and sterile chemoattractant aqueous solution were added dropwise on the glass slide at an interval of 1 cm. An inoculating loop was used to connect the chemoattractant aqueous solution to the bacterial solution. The slide was kept at room temperature for 20 min on the clean bench. Finally, the chemoattractant aqueous solution was collected for bacterial counting and microscopic observation. In this study, through multiple comparisons of experimental results, the method overcame multiple shortcomings of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods. The method reduced the error of plate counting and shortened the experimental cycle. For the identification of chemoattractant substances, this new method can save 2-3 days compared to the traditional method. Additionally, this method allows any researcher to systematically complete a bacterial chemotaxis experiment within 1-2 days. The protocol can be considered a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Here, we present an improved chemotaxis assay protocol. The goal of this protocol is to reduce the steps and costs of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods and to serve as a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Ein verbesserter Chemotaxis-Assay zur schnellen Identifizierung von rhizobakteriellen Chemoattraktantien in Wurzelexsudaten

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward ...

Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies

The continued use of insecticides for public health and agriculture has led to widespread insecticide resistance and hampering of control methods. Insecticide resistance surveillance of mosquito populations is typically done through Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassays or World Health Organization (WHO) tube tests. However, these methods can result in a high degree of variability in mortality data due to variable insecticide contact with&#160;the insect, the relatively small numbers of organisms tested, extensive variation in mass between populations, and constantly changing environmental conditions, leading to variable outcomes. This paper presents the topical application bioassay, adapted as a high-throughput phenotypic bioassay for both mosquitoes and fruit flies, to test large numbers of insects along&#160;a range of insecticide concentrations.
This assay 1) ensures consistent treatment and insecticide contact with every organism, 2) produces highly specific dose-response curves that account for differences in average mass between strains and sexes (which is particularly important for field-collected organisms), and 3) allows for the calculation of statistically rigorous median lethal doses (LD50), which are necessary for resistance ratio comparisons-an alternative surveillance approach from diagnostic dose mortality, which is also used for larvicide resistance surveillance. This assay will be a complementary tool for accurately phenotyping mosquito populations and, as illustrated using fruit flies, is easily adaptable for use with other insects. We argue that this assay will help fill the gap between genotypic and phenotypic insecticide resistance in multiple insect species.

We describe the methodology and importance of the topical application bioassay to measure insecticide susceptibility in mosquitoes and fruit flies. The presented assay is high-throughput, utilizes insect mass-thus allowing for calculating a mass-relativized lethal dose instead of concentration-and likely has lower variability than other similar methods.

Topische Anwendung Bioassay zur Quantifizierung der Insektizidtoxizität für Moskitos und Fruchtfliegen

The continued use of insecticides for public health and agriculture has led to widespread insecticide resistance and hampering of control methods. ...

The Caco-2 Cell Bioassay for Measurement of Food Iron Bioavailability

Knowledge of Fe bioavailability is critical to the assessment of the nutritional quality of Fe in foods. In vivo measurement of Fe bioavailability is limited by cost, throughput, and the caveats inherent to isotopic labeling of the food Fe. Thus, there exists a critical need for an approach that is high-throughput and cost-effective. The Caco-2 cell bioassay was developed to satisfy this need. The Caco-2 cell bioassay for Fe bioavailability utilizes simulated gastric and intestinal digestion coupled with culture of a human intestinal epithelial cell line known as Caco-2. In Caco-2 cells, Fe uptake stimulates the intracellular formation of ferritin, an Fe storage protein easily measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ferritin forms in proportion to Fe uptake; thus, by measuring Caco-2 cell ferritin production, one can assess intestinal Fe uptake from simulated food digests into the enterocyte. 
Via this approach, the model replicates the key initial step that determines food Fe bioavailability. Since its inception in 1998, this model approach has been rigorously compared to factors known to influence human Fe bioavailability. Moreover, it has been applied in parallel studies, with three human efficacy studies evaluating Fe biofortified crops. In all cases, the bioassay correctly predicted the relative amounts of Fe bioavailability from the factors, crops, and overall diet. This paper provides detailed methods on Caco-2 cell culture coupled with the in vitro digestion process and cell ferritin ELISA necessary to conduct the Caco-2 cell bioassay for Fe bioavailability.

The Caco-2 cell bioassay for iron (Fe) bioavailability represents a cost-effective and versatile approach to assess Fe bioavailability from foods, food products, supplements, meals, and even diet regimens. Thoroughly validated to human studies, it represents the state of the art for studies of Fe bioavailability.

Der Caco-2-Zell-Bioassay zur Messung der Eisenbioverfügbarkeit von Lebensmitteln

Knowledge of Fe bioavailability is critical to the assessment of the nutritional quality of Fe in foods. In vivo measurement of Fe bioavailability is ...

Künstliche Knorpelimplantate für die Knochenregeneration durch endochondrale Ossifikation

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Conventional bone regeneration therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is difficult to apply to bone defects larger than the critical size because it does not have a mechanism to induce angiogenesis. Implanting artificial cartilage tissue fabricated from MSCs induces angiogenesis and bone formation in vivo via endochondral ossification (ECO). Therefore, this ECO-mediated approach may be a promising bone regeneration therapy in the future. An important aspect of the clinical application of this ECO-mediated approach is establishing a protocol for preparing enough cartilage to be implanted to repair the bone defect. It is especially not practical to design a single mass of grafted cartilage of a size that conforms to the shape of the actual bone defect. Therefore, the cartilage to be transplanted must have the property of forming bone integrally when multiple pieces are implanted. Hydrogels may be an attractive tool for scaling up tissue-engineered grafts for endochondral ossification to meet clinical requirements. Although many naturally derived hydrogels support MSC cartilage formation in vitro and ECO in vivo, the optimal scaffold material to meet the needs of clinical applications has yet to be determined. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a crucial component of the cartilage extracellular matrix and is a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide. Here, we show that HA hydrogels have excellent properties to support in vitro differentiation of MSC-based cartilage tissue and promote endochondral bone formation in vivo.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Verbesserung der Knochenregeneration mit vaskularisierter künstlicher Knorpelintegration 

Bone therapy via endochondral ossification by implanting artificial cartilage tissue produced from mesenchymal stem cells has the potential to circumvent the drawbacks of conventional therapies. Hyaluronic acid hydrogels are effective in scaling up uniformly differentiated cartilage grafts as well as creating integrated bone with vascularization between fused grafts in vivo.

Integrierte Knochenbildung durch in vivo ennochondrale Ossifikation mit mesenchymalen Stammzellen

Conventional bone regeneration therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is difficult to apply to bone defects larger than the critical size because it ...