Authors would like to thank Catherine Solioz for her skillful assistance.

1. BCM Preparazione <ol><li> Ottenere mandibole maiale dal macellaio locale più fresco possibile. Mettere le mandibole su una superficie stabile e rilasciare un lembo a spessore completo con particolare attenzione a non lasciare alcuna tessuti molli o periostio attaccato all&#39;osso. Lavorare in un ambiente pulito senza la necessità di lavorare sotto cappa a flusso. </li><li> Una volta che un lembo a spessore completo viene rilasciato, utilizzare un raschietto osso per raccogliere i frammenti ossei dal lato vestibolare. Si prega di notare che il raschietto osso deve essere forte. Maneggiare con forza il raschietto osso e con lunghi movimenti raccogliere l&#39;osso. Eliminare frammenti ossei più piccoli che 1 mm. <ol><li> Per mantenere frammenti ossei nativi, inserire direttamente i frammenti ossei in piatti di plastica di 10cm di diametro medio Modified Eagle Dulbecco (DMEM) supplementato con 1% antibiotici e antimicotici, non consentendo loro di asciugarsi. </li><li> Per valutare l&#39;impatto di trattamento termico, frammenti ossei soggette alla pastorizzazione per 30 minuti a 80 ° C oautoclave per 20 minuti a 121 ° C. </li><li> Per valutare l&#39;impatto di demineralizzazione, agitare frammenti ossei in 1 M HCl per 4-6 ore a 4 ° C e lavare ripetutamente con terreno di coltura fino a pH neutro. </li></ol></li><li> Inserire un totale di 5 g di schegge ossee per 10 ml DMEM fresco supplementato con 1% di antibiotici e antimicotici in un nuovo piatto di plastica. </li><li> Porre le capsule in plastica in atmosfera umidificata a 37 ° C per 24 ore. Poi, vendemmia BCM. Centrifugare il BCM a 200 g per 10 minuti per rimuovere i detriti, filtrarlo sterile (0,2 nm), e mantenere aliquote congelate a -80 ° C. </li><li> Scongelare il BCM azione immediatamente prima dell&#39;uso ed evitare ripetuti cicli di congelamento e scongelamento. </li><li> Per gli esperimenti indicati, immergere membrane di collagene con terreno BCM o privo di siero per 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. Lavare vigorosamente le membrane con PBS e metterli in piastre da 96 pozzetti. Le membrane Wet sono seminati con le cellule. </li><li> Processo di preparazione BCM è riassunto in Figura 1. </li&gt; </ol> 2. Bioassays Sulla base di cellule mesenchimali <ol><li> Cellule mesenchimali umane seme (per esempio cellule ossee, gengivale e fibroblasti legamento periodontale) in un 12-pozzetti con una concentrazione di 30.000 cellule / cm 2. Per seminare le cellule utilizzano terreno di coltura costituito da DMEM, siero fetale bovino al 10% e antibiotici. Lasciate che le cellule si attaccano alla piastra O / N. </li><li> Eliminare il terreno di coltura e lavare le cellule con PBS pre-riscaldato a 37 ° C. Stimolare le cellule aggiungendo pre-riscaldato terreno privo di siero coltura con e senza il 20% BCM. Collocare le celle in atmosfera umidificata a 37 ° C per 24 ore. </li><li> Eliminare il terreno di coltura, lavare le cellule con PBS preriscaldata ed estrarre l&#39;RNA secondo il vostro protocollo preferito. </li><li> Regolare la concentrazione di RNA in modo da avere la stessa quantità di RNA in ciascun campione. Preparare cDNA ed eseguire una qRT-PCR per analizzare i geni selezionati utilizzando i primers riportati in Tabella 1. NOTA: Queste sono le diluizioni di ogni componente: 2x SYBR verdi, 20x primer forward, 20x primer reverse, 5x acqua DD sterile, 5x cDNA. Il qRT-PCR viene eseguita in 40 cicli di 95 ° C 15 sec e 60 ° C 1 min. </li><li> Calcolare i livelli di espressione relativi normalizzando al gene housekeeping GAPDH utilizzando il metodo Δ (ΔCt) dove ΔCT è bersaglio CT - CT GAPDH e Δ (ΔCT) è ΔCT stimolata - ΔCT controllo. </li><li> Dopo questo controllo di qualità, aggiungere BCM al terreno di coltura per stimolare tutti i tipi di cellule, incluse le cellule mesenchimali, cellule ematopoietiche o cellule endoteliali. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Buser, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+Stability+of+Early+Implant+Placement+with+Contour+Augmentation.">Long-term Stability of Early Implant Placement with Contour Augmentation.</a> Journal of dental research. , (2013).</li><li>Chiapasco, M., Casentini, P., Bone Zaniboni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=augmentation+procedures+in+implant+dentistry.">augmentation procedures in implant dentistry.</a> The International journal of oral &amp; maxillofacial implants. 24 Suppl. , 237-259 (2009).</li><li>Giannoudis, P. V., Dinopoulos, H., Bone Tsiridis, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=substitutes:+an+update.+Injury.">substitutes: an update. Injury.</a> 36, Suppl 3. S20-S27. , (2005).</li><li>Jensen, S. S., Broggini, N., Hjorting-Hansen, E., Schenk, R., Bone Buser, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=healing+and+graft+resorption+of+autograft,+anorganic+bovine+bone+and+beta-tricalcium+phosphate.+A+histologic+and+histomorphometric+study+in+the+mandibles+of+minipigs.">healing and graft resorption of autograft, anorganic bovine bone and beta-tricalcium phosphate. A histologic and histomorphometric study in the mandibles of minipigs.</a> Clinical oral implants research. 17, 237-243 (2006).</li><li>Jensen, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+novel+biphasic+calcium+phosphate+in+standardized+bone+defects:+a+histologic+and+histomorphometric+study+in+the+mandibles+of+minipigs.">Evaluation of a novel biphasic calcium phosphate in standardized bone defects: a histologic and histomorphometric study in the mandibles of minipigs.</a> Clinical oral implants research. 18, 752-760 (2007).</li><li>Grabowski, G., Bone Cornett, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=graft+and+bone+graft+substitutes+in+spine+surgery:+current+concepts+and+controversies.">graft and bone graft substitutes in spine surgery: current concepts and controversies.</a> The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 21, 51-60 (2013).</li><li>Khan, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology+of+bone+grafting.">The biology of bone grafting.</a> The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 13, 77-86 (2005).</li><li>Bohr, H., Ravn, H. O., Werner, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+osteogenic+effect+of+bone+transplants+in+rabbits.+The+Journal+of+bone+and+joint+surgery.">The osteogenic effect of bone transplants in rabbits. The Journal of bone and joint surgery.</a> British. 50, 866-873 (1968).</li><li>Bone Urist, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=formation+by+autoinduction.">formation by autoinduction.</a> Science. 150, 893-899 (1965).</li><li>Caball&#233;-Serrano, J. D., Buser, D., Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+porcine+bone+conditioned+medium.">Proteomic analysis of porcine bone conditioned medium.</a> The International journal of oral &amp; maxillofacial implants. , (2014).</li><li>Peng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone-Conditioned+Medium+Inhibits+Osteogenic+and+Adipogenic+Differentiation+of+Mesenchymal+Cells+In+Vitro.">Bone-Conditioned Medium Inhibits Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Cells In Vitro.</a> Clinical implant dentistry and related research. , (2014).</li><li>Brolese, E., Buser, D., Kuchler, U., Schaller, B., Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+bone+chips+release+of+sclerostin+and+FGF-23+into+the+culture+medium:+an+in+vitro+pilot+study.">Human bone chips release of sclerostin and FGF-23 into the culture medium: an in vitro pilot study.</a> Clinical oral implants research. , (2014).</li><li>Caball&#233;-Serrano, J., Bosshardt, D. D., Gargallo-Albiol, J., Buser, D., Bone Gruber, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=conditioned+medium+enhances+osteoclastogenesis+in+murine+bone+marrow+cultures.+Clin+Oral+Impl+Res;+in.">conditioned medium enhances osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures. Clin Oral Impl Res; in.</a> Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. , (2015).</li><li>Zimmermann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone-conditioned+medium+changes+gene+expression+in+bone-derived+fibroblasts).">Bone-conditioned medium changes gene expression in bone-derived fibroblasts).</a> IJOMI accepted. , (2014).</li><li>Fulzele, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelopoiesis+is+regulated+by+osteocytes+through+Gsalpha-dependent+signaling.">Myelopoiesis is regulated by osteocytes through Gsalpha-dependent signaling.</a> Blood. 121, 930-939 (2013).</li><li>Becerra, J., Andrades, J. A., Ertl, D. C., Sorgente, N., Nimni, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Demineralized+bone+matrix+mediates+differentiation+of+bone+marrow+stromal+cells+in+vitro:+effect+of+age+of+cell+donor.">Demineralized bone matrix mediates differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro: effect of age of cell donor.</a> Journal of. 11, 1703-1714 (1996).</li><li>Kupcova Skalnikova, ., H, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+techniques+for+characterisation+of+mesenchymal+stem+cell+secretome.">Proteomic techniques for characterisation of mesenchymal stem cell secretome.</a> Biochimie. , (2013).</li><li>Romanello, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoblastic+cell+secretome:+A+novel+role+for+progranulin+during+risedronate+treatment.">Osteoblastic cell secretome: A novel role for progranulin during risedronate treatment.</a> , (2013).</li><li>Schuldt Filho, ., G, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioned+medium+of+demineralized+bone+matrix+activates+TGF-&#946;+signaling+pathways+in+mesenchymal+cells+in+vitro.">Conditioned medium of demineralized bone matrix activates TGF-&#946; signaling pathways in mesenchymal cells in vitro.</a> J Cranio Maxill Surg. , (2015).</li><li>Buser, D., Chen, S. T., Weber, H. P., Belser, U. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+implant+placement+following+single-tooth+extraction+in+the+esthetic+zone:+biologic+rationale+and+surgical+procedures).">Early implant placement following single-tooth extraction in the esthetic zone: biologic rationale and surgical procedures).</a> The International journal of periodontics &amp; restorative dentistry. 28, 441-451 (2008).</li><li>Stoecklin-Wasmer, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absorbable+collagen+membranes+for+periodontal+regeneration:+a+systematic+review.">Absorbable collagen membranes for periodontal regeneration: a systematic review.</a> Journal of dental research. 92, 773-781 (2013).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare. Jordi Caballé-Serrano ha ricevuto una borsa di studio dalla Fondazione of Dental Research and Education, Basilea, Svizzera.

Medio-Bone condizionata riflette l&#39;attività rilasciata di innesti ossei durante le prime fasi di rigenerazione ossea. Il protocollo qui descritto può essere adattato per studiare la risposta di diversi tipi di cellule coinvolte nella rigenerazione ossea. Inoltre, il protocollo può essere utilizzato per preparare medium condizionato da riempitivi osso o osso trasformati. I metodi sono facili da eseguire e si basano su un concetto semplice: i fattori rilasciati da varie all&#39;osso autologo ed elaborati. Capire co...

Osso autologo è ampiamente utilizzato per colmare difetti che si sono verificati in conseguenza di malformazioni, resezione chirurgica, chirurgia ricostruttiva trauma, e prima dell&#39;impianto posizionamento 1,2. Comprendere i principi biologici di come innesti ossei sostenere il processo di consolidamento del trapianto non è solo la chiave per capire il motivo per cui autologhi sono considerati il gold standard in chirurgia ricostruttiva, è anche bionico per la migliore progettazione di sostituti ossei 3. Eppure, il consolidamento del trapianto è più veloce con osso autologo rispetto alle sostituti ossei 4,5. Pertanto, è imperativo rivelare i meccanismi cellulari e molecolari che rendono osso autologo in modo efficace per sostenere la rigenerazione ossea. Tre sono le caratteristiche da manuale di autoinnesti che sono considerati a sostenere il processo di consolidamento 6,7. In primo luogo, osso autologo è osteoconduttivo, fornendo una guida per l&#39;osso neoformato di crescerenel difetto. In secondo luogo, osso autologo è osteogenico, il che significa che contiene cellule mesenchimali che possono differenziarsi in osteoblasti 8. In terzo luogo, osso autologo è osteoinduttiva come fattori di crescita come le proteine ​​morfogenetiche ossee sepolti nella matrice possono avviare il processo di endocondrale o addirittura la formazione di osso intramembranosa 9. C&#39;è un altro aspetto: frammenti ossei preparati al momento in possesso di una funzione paracrina sulla base delle osservazioni in vitro con &quot;medio-bone condizionata&quot; 10-15. Inoltre l&#39;impatto di mielopoiesi va detto 16. Un termine simile &quot;medio-matrice ossea demineralizzata condizionata&quot; è già coniato nel 1996 e sostiene il concetto generale di una funzione paracrina di osso, anche se elaborati da demineralizzazione 17. Per i nostri scopi, BCM può essere preparato da maiale fresca mandibole 10,11. Analisi proteomica di BCM ha rivelato la composizione complessa, tra cui effetti di crescitaors e componenti della matrice extracellulare 10, estendendo anche la conoscenza esistente sulla proteasoma di osso intero 18,19. Così, BCM dovrebbe riflettere l&#39;attività rilasciata di varie modifiche di innesti ossei in vitro. Cosa accade quando le cellule mesenchimali, per esempio quelli isolati da frammenti ossei o da tessuto molle orale, sono esposti a BCM? In vitro, BCM riduce osteogenico e differenziazione adipogenico, e provoca un forte aumento di espressione IL11 11. Genomica microarray rivelato più geni da esprimere differenziale in cellule mesenchimali in risposta a BCM. Tra questi geni sono adrenomedullin (ADM), IL11, IL33, NADPH ossidasi 4 (NOX4), proteoglicani 4 (PRG4, o lubricin) e pentraxina 3 (PTX3) 15. BCM ottenuto da frammenti ossei autoclave riuscito a cambiare l&#39;espressione dei rispettivi geni 14. BCM da frammenti ossei sottoposti a pastorizzazione e di congelamento è stato in grado dimodificare l&#39;espressione genica 14. Mezzo anche condizionata di matrice ossea demineralizzata (DBM-CM) cambia l&#39;espressione di TGF-β-regolati geni 20. È interessante notare che, membrane barriera di collagene usato per schermare i frammenti ossei dal tessuto molle circostante 21,22, assorbiti dalle parti del BCM che sono responsabili per i cambiamenti nell&#39;espressione genica 23. Ricerca BCM può essere estesa ad altri tipi di cellule coinvolte nella rigenerazione ossea come osteoclasti riassorbono l&#39;osso e le cellule endoteliali, per citarne alcuni. Nel complesso, i dati di accumulo in vitro forniscono la base scientifica per la progettazione di uno studio preclinico. Il presente protocollo è duplice: in primo luogo, si mostra come preparare BCM. In secondo luogo, mostra come testare la sua attività biologica a base di cellule mesenchimali in vitro.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Pig Mandibles</td>
			<td>Local bucher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone Scraper</td>
			<td>Hu-Friedy</td>
			<td>PPBUSE2/36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotics &#38; Antimicotics</td>
			<td>All life Technologies</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen Membranes (Bio-Gide)</td>
			<td>Geistlich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen Corporation</td>
			<td align="right">16030074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen Corporation</td>
			<td>21885-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td> 
			High Pure RNA Isolation Kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">11828665001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">4379012001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers</td>
			<td>Microsynth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Green (for Q-RT-PCR)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">4673484001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">11666789001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bone conditioned medium: preparation and bioassay

Innesti ossei autologhi sono ampiamente utilizzati in chirurgia orale e maxillofacciale, ortopedia, traumatologia e. Innesti ossei autologhi non solo sostituire l&#39;osso mancante, ma anche sostenere il complesso processo di rigenerazione ossea. Questo comportamento favorevole autoinnesti è attribuita a tre caratteristiche: osteoconduttività, osteogenicity e osteoinduttività. Tuttavia, c&#39;è un altro aspetto: Bone Innesti rilasciare una miriade di molecole, tra cui i fattori di crescita, che può indirizzare le cellule mesenchimali coinvolte nella rigenerazione ossea. Le proprietà paracrini di innesti ossei possono essere studiati in vitro con l&#39;uso del mezzo-bone condizionata (BCM). Qui vi presentiamo un protocollo su come preparare medie osso condizionata da nativo corticale maiale osso, e l&#39;osso che ha subito trattamenti termici o demineralizzazione. Le celle possono essere direttamente esposti alla BCM o seminate su biomateriali, come membrane di collagene, precedentemente ammollati con BCM. Noi diamo esempi in vitro bioassays con cellule mesenchimali sull&#39;espressione di TGF-β geni regolati. I protocolli presentati dovrebbero incoraggiare a rivelare ulteriormente gli effetti paracrini di innesti ossei durante la rigenerazione ossea e aprire un percorso per la ricerca traslazionale nel vasto campo della chirurgia ricostruttiva.

Bone media condizionata è preparato da freschi frammenti ossei suina. Panoramica generale del processo per preparare BCM e utilizzare biomateriali in combinazione con BCM è mostrato in Figura 1 e Figura 2 rispettivamente. Durante la preparazione BCM, è importante ottenere grandi frammenti ossei con movimenti lunghi come brevi movimenti o molto piccoli frammenti ossei può influenzare la qualità del BCM finale. Qualità di BCM può essere controllata analizzando l&#39;espressione gen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay at JoVE.com

Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

Descriviamo qui come preparare a medio-bone condizionata (BCM) e testare la sua attività in vitro.

Bone mezzo condizionato: Preparazione e Bioassay

Autologous bone grafts are widely used in oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedics, and traumatology. Autologous bone grafts not only replace missing ...

bone-conditioned-medium-preparation-and-bioassay

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.0K Views.  School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern.  Descriviamo qui come preparare a medio-bone condizionata (BCM) e testare la sua attività in vitro. 

Video: Bone Conditioned Medium: Preparation and Bioassay

Maintaining Wolbachia in Cell-free Medium

In this video protocol, procedures are demonstrated to (1) purify Wolbachia symbionts out of cultured mosquito cells, (2) use a fluorescent assay to ascertain the viability of the purified Wolbachia and (3) maintain the now extracellular Wolbachia in cell-free medium.  Purified Wolbachia remain alive in the extracellular phase but do not replicate until re-inoculated into eukaryotic cells.  Extracellular Wolbachia purified in this manner will remain viable for at least a week at room temperature, and possibly longer.  Purified Wolbachia are suitable for micro-injection, DNA extraction and other applications. 


This video describes a method for purifying Wolbachia pipientis from an Anopheles gambiae cell line and then culturing the endosymbiont in cell-free medium. An assay for viability of the bacterium is demonstrated.

Il mantenimento di Wolbachia in Cell-free medio

In this video protocol, procedures are demonstrated to (1) purify Wolbachia symbionts out of cultured mosquito cells, (2) use a fluorescent assay to ...

Ricerca

Biologia

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

La preparazione di colture primarie di cellule emopoietiche dal midollo osseo murino per elettroporazione

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Human In-Vivo Bioassay for the Tissue-Specific Measurement of Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediators

This in-vivo human bioassay can be used to study human volunteers and patients. Samples are collected from pertinent tissue sites such as the skin via aseptically inserted microdialysis catheters (Dermal Dialysis, Erlangen, Germany). Illustrated in this example is the collection of interstitial fluid from experimentally inflamed skin in human volunteers. Sample collection can be combined with other experimental tests. For example, the simultaneous assessment of locally released biochemicals and subjective sensitivity to painful stimuli in experimentally inflamed skin provides the critical biochemical-behavioral link to identify biomarkers of pain and inflammation. Presented assay in the living human organism allows for mechanistic insight into tissue-specific processes underlying pain and/or inflammation. The method is also well suited to examine the effectiveness of existing or novel interventions - such as new drug candidates - targeting the treatment of painful and/or inflammatory conditions.
This article will provide a detailed description on the use of microdialysis techniques for collecting interstitial fluid from experimentally inflamed skin lesion of human study subjects. Interstitial fluid samples are typically processed with aid of multiplex bead array immunoassays allowing assaying up to 100 analytes in samples as small in volume as 50 microliters.


A technique is presented for the in-vivo collection of interstitial fluid samples from pertinent tissue sites (here, experimentally inflamed skin) for the measurement of biochemicals mediating pain and inflammation.

Umano in vivo Bioassay per il tessuto-specifica misura di mediatori infiammatori e nocicettivo

This in-vivo human bioassay can be used to study human volunteers and patients. Samples are collected from pertinent tissue sites such as the skin via ...

Undecalcified Bone Preparation for Histology, Histomorphometry and Fluorochrome Analysis

Undecalcified bone histology demonstrates the micro-architecture of bone. It shows both the mineralised and cellular components of bone, which provides vital information on bone turnover or bone formation and resorption. This has tremendous importance in a variety of clinical and research applications. It yields beautiful images1 and allows for techniques such as fluorochrome assessment and histomorphometry2. Fluorochrome analysis is a technique where fluorescent dyes that bind to calcium are injected at a particular time point, which allows for quantification of the amount of mineralisation at that given time. Histomorphometry is a process of bone quantification at the microscopic level. 
Performing undecalcified bone histology is technically challenging, particularly with large size specimens. It requires variations in technique from those used in standard paraffin embedded histology. This video illustrates the process of producing good quality sections and demonstrates the technical difficulties and methods with which to overcome them. Specimen preparation, fixation and processing are achieved with a manner similar to other soft tissues, however due to the density and lower permeability of bone considerably longer fixation and processing times are required, often taking several weeks. Embedding is achieved using a supporting medium with similar or equal hardness and density to the bone such as methacrylate- based resins, but unlike paraffin infiltration and embedding, this is an irreversible step. Sectioning can be achieved by grinding which produces a thicker section, which is optimal for studies such as fluorochrome analysis. This is best achieved using a diamond blade on a macrotome. Alternatively, thinner sections can be produced for light microscopy and this is achieved using a sledge microtome with a very sharp blade. The sledge microtome provides the additional strength and stability required for large, hard blocks. Resin embedded sections can be stained with a variety of stains, which are demonstrated.

Undecalcified bone histology provides important information for a variety of clinical and research applications. It is technically challenging, particularly with large size specimens. This video illustrates the process of producing good quality sections and demonstrates the technical difficulties and methods with which to overcome them.

Bone Preparazione Undecalcified per Istologia, Istomorfometria e analisi Fluorocromo

Undecalcified bone histology demonstrates the micro-architecture of bone. It shows both the mineralised and cellular components of bone, which provides ...

Cryopreserving and Recovering of Human iPS Cells using Complete KnockOut Serum Replacement Feeder-Free Medium

The discovery in 2006 that human and mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed to generate iPS cells 1-3 with qualities remarkably similar to embryonic stem cells has created a valuable new source of pluripotent cells for drug discovery, cell therapy, and basic research.
GIBCO media and reagents have been at the forefront of pluripotent stem cell research for years. Knockout DMEM supplemented with Knockout Serum Replacement is the media of choice for embryonic stem cell growth and now iPS cell culture 3-9. This gold standard media system can now be used for feeder-free culture with the addition of Knockout SR Growth Factor Cocktail.
Traditional human ES and iPS cell culture methods require the use of mouse or human fibroblast feeder layers, or feeder-conditioned medium. These culture methods are labor-intensive, hard to scale and it is difficult to maintain hiPS cells undifferentiated due to the undefined conditions. Invitrogen has developed Knockout SR Growth Factor Cocktail to allow you to easily transition your hiPS and hES cell cultures to feeder-free while still maintaining your use of Knockout SR.

This protocol describes the detailed procedure for cryopreserving human iPS cells in KnockOut SR cryopreservation medium and recovering these cells in complete KnockOut SR Feeder Free (KSR-FF) medium or feeder-based KnockOut SR medium.

Cryopreserving e recupero di cellule umane iPS usando KnockOut Completa alimentatore-Free siero sostituzione Media

The discovery in 2006 that human and mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed to generate iPS cells 1-3 with qualities remarkably similar to embryonic stem ...

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of plant leaves or vertebrate lungs further difficulties arise from multiple transitions in refractive index between cellular components, between cells and airspaces and between the biological tissue and the rest of the optical system. Moreover, refractive index mismatches lead to attenuation of fluorophore excitation and signal emission in fluorescence microscopy. We describe here the application of the perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), as an infiltrative imaging medium which optically improves laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) sample imaging at depth, without resorting to damaging increases in laser power and has minimal physiological impact2. We describe the protocol for use of PFD with Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue, which is optically complex as a result of its structure (Figure 1). PFD has a number of attributes that make it suitable for this use3. The refractive index of PFD (1.313) is comparable with that of water (1.333) and is closer to that of cytosol (approx. 1.4) than air (1.000). In addition, PFD is readily available, non-fluorescent and is non-toxic. The low surface tension of PFD (19 dynes cm-1) is lower than that of water (72 dynes cm-1) and also below the limit (25 - 30 dyne cm-1) for stomatal penetration4, which allows it to flood the spongy mesophyll airspaces without the application of a potentially destructive vacuum or surfactant. Finally and crucially, PFD has a great capacity for dissolving CO2 and O2, which allows gas exchange to be maintained in the flooded tissue, thus minimizing the physiological impact on the sample. These properties have been used in various applications which include partial liquid breathing and lung inflation5,6, surgery7, artificial blood8, oxygenation of growth media9, and studies of ice crystal formation in plants10. Currently, it is common to mount tissue in water or aqueous buffer for live confocal imaging. We consider that the use of PFD as a mounting medium represents an improvement on existing practice and allows the simple preparation of live whole leaf samples for imaging.

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

We describe the use of perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative mounting medium. This is a simple method for improving depth of imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with minimal physiological impact.

Un metodo semplice per l&#39;imaging Arabidopsis Foglie Utilizzando Perfluorodecalin come Media Imaging infiltrativa

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of ...

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow

Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of the bone marrow. Their unique ability to resorb both the organic and inorganic matrices of bone means that they play a key role in regulating skeletal remodeling. Together, osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for the dynamic coupling process that involves both bone resorption and bone formation acting together to maintain the normal skeleton during health and disease.
As the principal bone-resorbing cell in the body, changes in osteoclast differentiation or function can result in profound effects in the body. Diseases associated with altered osteoclast function can range in severity from lethal neonatal disease due to failure to form a marrow space for hematopoiesis, to more commonly observed pathologies such as osteoporosis, in which excessive osteoclastic bone resorption predisposes to fracture formation.
An ability to isolate osteoclasts in high numbers in vitro has allowed for significant advances in the understanding of the bone remodeling cycle and has paved the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies that combat these diseases. 
Here, we describe a protocol to isolate and cultivate osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow that will yield large numbers of osteoclasts.

Osteoclasts are the principal bone-resorbing cell in the body. An ability to isolate osteoclasts in large numbers has resulted in significant advances in the understanding of osteoclast biology. In this protocol, we describe a method for isolation, cultivating and quantifying osteoclast activity in vitro.

Osteoclasti derivazione dal midollo osseo di topo

Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of the bone marrow. Their unique ability to resorb both the ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles from Cell-conditioned Media

Flow cytometry (FC) is the method of choice for semi-quantitative measurement of cell-surface antigen markers. Recently, this technique has been used for phenotypic analyses of extracellular vesicles (EV) including exosomes (Exo) in the peripheral blood and other body fluids. The small size of EV mandates the use of dedicated instruments having a detection threshold around 50-100 nm. Alternatively, EV can be bound to latex microbeads that can be detected by FC. Microbeads, conjugated with antibodies that recognize EV-associated markers/Cluster of Differentiation CD63, CD9, and CD81 can be used for EV capture. Exo isolated from CM can be analyzed with or without pre-enrichment by ultracentrifugation. This approach is suitable for EV analyses using conventional FC instruments. Our results demonstrate a linear correlation between Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) values and EV concentration. Disrupting EV through sonication dramatically decreased MFI, indicating that the method does not detect membrane debris. We report an accurate and reliable method for the analysis of EV surface antigens, which can be easily implemented in any laboratory.

The protocol describes a reproducible method designed for use with cell culture supernatants to detect surface epitopes on small extracellular vesicles (EV). It utilizes specific EV immunoprecipitation using beads coupled with antibodies that recognize surface antigen CD9, CD63, and CD81. The method is optimized for downstream flow cytometry analysis.

Analisi citofluorimetrica delle vescicole extracellulari dal supporto di cella-condizionato

Flow cytometry (FC) is the method of choice for semi-quantitative measurement of cell-surface antigen markers. Recently, this technique has been used for ...

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common surgical intervention. Experiments using primary human OA tissues obtained from TKA provide the capability to investigate disease mechanisms ex vivo. While OA was previously thought to impact mainly the cartilage, it is now known to impact multiple tissues in the joint. This protocol describes patient selection, sample processing, tissue homogenization, RNA extraction, and quality control (based on RNA purity, integrity, and yield) from each of seven unique tissues to support disease mechanism investigation in the knee joint. With informed consent, samples were obtained from patients undergoing TKA for OA. Tissues were dissected, washed, and stored within 4 h of surgery by flash freezing for RNA or formalin fixation for histology. Collected tissues included articular cartilage, subchondral bone, meniscus, infrapatellar fat pad, anterior cruciate ligament, synovium, and vastus medialis oblique muscle. RNA extraction protocols were tested for each tissue type. The most significant modification involved the method of disintegration used for low-cell, high-matrix, hard tissues (considered as cartilage, bone, and meniscus) versus relatively high-cell, low-matrix, soft tissues (considered as fat pad, ligament, synovium, and muscle). It was found that pulverization was appropriate for hard tissues, and homogenization was appropriate for soft tissues. A proclivity for some subjects to yield higher RNA integrity number (RIN) values than other subjects consistently across multiple tissues was observed, suggesting that underlying factors such as disease severity may impact RNA quality. The ability to isolate high-quality RNA from primary human OA tissues provides a physiologically relevant model for sophisticated gene expression experiments, including sequencing, that can lead to clinical insights that are more readily translated to patients.

Primary tissues obtained from patients following total knee arthroplasty provide an experimental model for osteoarthritis research with maximal clinical translatability. This protocol describes how to identify, process, and isolate RNA from seven unique knee tissues to support mechanistic investigation in human osteoarthritis.

Raccolta dei tessuti ed estrazione dell'RNA dall'articolazione del ginocchio osteoartritico umano

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease most often affecting the knee. As there is currently no cure, total knee arthroplasty ...

Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics

Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, prevent fracture. In the interest to both optimize peak bone mass and combat various musculoskeletal diseases (i.e., post-menopausal osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus), incredible efforts have been made in the field of bone biology to fully characterize osteoblasts throughout their differentiation process. Given the primary role of mature osteoblasts to secrete matrix proteins and mineralization vesicles, it has been noted that these processes take an incredible amount of cellular energy, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The overall cellular energy status is often referred to as cellular bioenergetics, and it includes a series of metabolic reactions that sense substrate availability to derive ATP to meet cellular needs. Therefore, the current method details the process of isolating primary, murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and monitoring their bioenergetic status using the Real-time cell metabolic flux analyzer at various stages in osteoblast differentiation. Importantly, these data have demonstrated that the metabolic profile changes dramatically throughout osteoblast differentiation. Thus, using this physiologically relevant cell type is required to fully appreciate how a cell's bioenergetic status can regulate the overall function.

Real-time cell metabolic flux assay measures the oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate, which corresponds to mitochondrial and glycolytic adenosine triphosphate production, using pH and oxygen sensors. The manuscript explains a method to understand the energy status of osteoblasts and the characterization and interpretation of the cellular bioenergetic status.

Utilizzo dell'analizzatore di flusso metabolico cellulare in tempo reale per monitorare la bioenergetica degli osteoblasti

Bone formation by osteoblasts is an essential process for proper bone acquisition and bone turnover to maintain skeletal homeostasis, and ultimately, ...