Die Autoren danken den Mitarbeitern der Morphologie und Imaging-Kern, der Molekulargenetik Kern (Abteilung für Augenheilkunde und Visual Sciences) und der Mausgenetik Kern an der Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine. Die Autoren werden von der kleinen Zuschuss-Programm von der McDonnell Zentrum für Zelluläre und Molekulare Neurobiologie, der Hoffnung Zentrum für Neurologische Störungen unterstützt das National Eye Institute (# R01EY022632 zu DH), ein National Eye Institute zentralen Kern Grant (# P30EY002687) und eine zweckgebundene Zuwendung der Forschung, um Blindheit zu der Augenklinik und Visual Sciences verhindern.

Ethics Statement: Verfahren, die Tierversuchspersonen wurden von der Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Committee (IACUC) an der Washington University in St. Louis genehmigt. 1. Mauszucht und Genotypisierung <ol><li> Breed Tg (CAG-LacZ / EGFP-KASH2) Mäusen, die mit Tg (PCP2-Cre) Mäuse Tg (PCP2Cre CAG-EGFP / KASH2) 19,20 zu erzeugen. Anmerkung: Während der Rest dieses Protokoll konzentriert sich auf die Verwendung der Tg (PCP2-Cre) Mauslinie zu EGFP-KASH2 Ausdruck Purkinje Zellen innerhalb des Kleinhirns zu beschränken, kann ein ähnliches Verfahren mit einer anderen Tg (Cre) Maus verfolgt werden ( Abbildung 2a). </li><li> Führen Genotypisierung um Welpen beherbergen beide EGFP und Cre-Transgene, wie zuvor beschrieben 19 zu identifizieren. </li></ol> 2. Vorbereitung der Materialien für die Präparation und Gewebeentnahme <ol><li> Bereiten Sie 100 ml 30% Saccharose in PBS (30 g Saccharose / 100 ml 1x PBS) und bei -20 ° C. Der Tag der Gewebe hie Ernte, Tauwetter und Last ~ 30-35 ml Saccharose-Lösung in einen 35-ml-Spritze für transkardialer Infusionen. </li><li> Vorbereitung 40 ml von 4% PFA in PBS (10 ml 16% igem Paraformaldehyd und 30 ml PBS). Last ~ 30-35 ml 4% PFA in eine 35 ml-Spritze zur transkardialer Perfusionen. </li><li> Füllen Sie einen 10 cm-Gewebekulturplatte mit 10 ml PBS für Gewebedissektion. </li><li> Bereiten Sie eine Ketamin / Xylazin-Cocktail, bestehend aus 16 mg / ml Ketamin und 3 mg / ml Xylazin. </li><li> Eine Lösung aus 70% Ethanol für die Präparation. </li></ol> 3. Dissection und Gewebeentnahme <ol><li> Unter Verwendung einer 1 ml Spritze injizieren 500 ul des Ketamin / Xylazin Cocktail pro 25 Gramm Körpergewicht, und warten Sie ca. 15 min. Alternativ verwenden Sie einen anderen institutionell genehmigten Sedierung Methode, die für das biologische System von Interesse geeignet ist. </li><li> Nach Sedierung, sanft Prise die Hinterpfote, den Mangel an Schmerzreaktion zu bestätigen, stecken alle Pfoten auf einem Styropor-Fach mit der Rückenseite desMaus nach unten. </li><li> Sprühen Sie den Bauch mit 70% Ethanol und einen Einschnitt von den Unterbauch an die Spitze des Brustkorbs, um Zugang zum Herzen zu gewinnen. </li><li> Machen Sie einen kleinen Schnitt im rechten Vorhof des Herzens und legen Sie die Spritze mit der 30% igen Zuckerlösung in den linken Ventrikel des Herzens. </li><li> Perfusion der Lösung bei einer Rate von ~ 2-5 ml pro min. Wenn leer, entfernen Sie die Spritze und wiederholen Sie mit der 4% PFA-Lösung. </li><li> Unpin die Maus vom Styroporbehälter und zu enthaupten, um das Gehirn zu gelangen. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Haut um den Kopf des Tieres mit einer Pinzette und Schere. Poke ein Loch in den hinteren Teil des Schädels mit einer Nadel und entfernen Sie vorsichtig den Schädel mit Schere und Pinzette. </li><li> Sobald das Gehirn ist eindeutig erreichbar, verwenden Pinzette, um das Kleinhirn zu entfernen und legen Sie sie in PBS. Halbieren das Kleinhirn in der Sagittalebene mit einem Skalpell und übertragen, die 30% Saccharose-Lösung über Nacht bei 4 ° C. Hinweis: Um prepsind Paraffinschnitten, beheben das Kleinhirn über Nacht bei 4 ° C in 4% PFA vor Gewebeeinbettung und Schnitte. </li></ol> 4. Gewebeverarbeitung und Schnitte <ol><li> Bereiten einer Aufschlämmung aus Trockeneis und 2-Methylbutan. Dass die Temperatur des Bades während 5 min sich ausgleichen lassen. </li><li> Füllen Sie eine cryomold mit OCT-Verbindung und legen Sie eine Hälfte des zweigeteilten Kleinhirn in die Form. </li><li> Mit Hilfe eines Binokular und einer Pinzette Position das Kleinhirn, so dass der zweigeteilten Oberfläche (in der Nähe der Mittellinie des Kleinhirns) nach oben zeigt. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die cryomold auf die Trocken Eisbrei für 5 Minuten, bis der OCT-Verbindung hat eine solide weißen Matrix um die Gewebeprobe gebildet. Anmerkung: Die gefrorene Probe kann nun bei -20 ° C, wenn erforderlich, gespeichert. </li><li> Etikett vorbehandelt Polylysin Folien zum Sammeln von Gewebeschnitten und bereiten den Kryostaten gemß den Anweisungen des Herstellers, um 15 um Abschnitte des cere sammelnbellum. Um die Abschnitte zu sammeln, vorsichtig an den Oktober Abschnitt mit dem Poly-Lysin-beschichtete Seite der Folie. Um die Ausrichtung des Abschnitts zu erhalten, müssen Sie die Folie während dieses Schritts nicht drehen. </li><li> Shop Gewebeschnitte bei -20 ° C, bis mit der Färbung und Imaging fortfahren. </li></ol> 5. Die Färbung und Imaging von Kleinhirn Sections <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die folgenden Lösungen vor der Gewebefärbung: ~ 50 ml PBS ~ 5-10 ml von 4% PFA in PBS ~ 10-20 ml 0,5% Triton X-100, 10% Eselserum in PBS </li><li> Thaw Kleinhirnschnitten. Wichtig ist, zu minimieren, ihre Exposition gegenüber einer beliebigen Quelle von kontinuierlichen und intensiven Licht, um Verblassen der EGFP verhindern. </li><li> Verwendung einer hydrophoben Barriere Stift, ein Rechteck um den Gewebeschnitten. </li><li> Post-fix die Abschnitte mit 4% PFA für 5 min. Verwenden Sie ausreichend Flüssigkeit, um den gesamten Bereich von der hydrophobe Barriere (in der Regel ~ 500 ul) abgegrenzt decken. Mit Hilfe eines Vakuum oder Pipette wiederbewegen das Fixiermittel besonders achten, dass die Gewebeschnitte stören. </li><li> Mit einer Pipette vorsichtig anzuwenden PBS auf der Folie, ohne die Gewebeschnitte zu stören. Nach 5 min verwenden das Vakuum oder Pipette vorsichtig die Flüssigkeit. Wiederholen Sie die PBS spülen insgesamt dreimal. </li><li> Verwendung einer Pipette vorsichtig Die geeignete Verdünnung von primären Antikörpern (3 ul Calbindin und / oder Nesprin2 Antikörper pro 900 Mikroliter Lösung) in 0,5% Triton X-100, 10% Eselserum in PBS gelten. Inkubation für eine Stunde bei Raumtemperatur im Dunkeln. Anmerkung: EGFP-KASH2 wird durch direkte Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie auf Gefrierschnitten sichtbar und es ist nicht notwendig, um eine Anti-EGFP-Antikörper zu verwenden. Wenn Paraffinschnitte wurden hergestellt, Imaging von EGFP-KASH2 erfordert jedoch Immunodetektion mit einem Anti-EGFP-Antikörper. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Antikörperlösung und spülen Sie mit PBS dreimal. </li><li> Vorbereitung 1: 1000 Verdünnungen von Alexa-Fluor sekundären Antikörper in 0,5% Triton X-100,10% Eselserum in PBS und lagern in der Dunkelheit. </li><li> Entfernen Sie vorsichtig die endgültige PBS spülen und wenden Sie die Sekundärantikörperverdünnung für eine Stunde im Dunkeln. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die sekundäre Antikörperlösung, spülen und waschen Sie den Abschnitt dreimal. Falls erforderlich, tragen Sie eine Kernfärbung, wie DAPI (~ 300 nM), während der ersten PBS-Anwendung. </li><li> Vollständig zu entfernen, die PBS-Lösung, um von der Gewebe und Ort ~ 5-7 &amp; mgr; l Montagetechnik auf dem Gewebeschnitt. Legen Sie ein Deckglas auf der Oberseite des Gewebeschnitts und beiseite stellen für ~ 15-30 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur in der Dunkelheit eingestellt. </li><li> Verwenden Sie ein Fluoreszenzmikroskop mit den entsprechenden Filtern ausgestattet, um EGFP und alle anderen für die Sekundärantikörper in den Schritten 5.8 / 5.9 verwendet geeigneten Wellenlängen zu visualisieren. In Kleinhirnscheiben, mit einem 20x-Objektiv an EGFP-KASH2 Kern Felgen anzuzeigen. </li></ol>

<ol>
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M., Yeater, D. B., Bengtsson, L., Otto, H., Stahl, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sun2+is+a+novel+mammalian+inner+nuclear+membrane+protein.">Sun2 is a novel mammalian inner nuclear membrane protein.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. 279, 25805-25812 (2004).</li><li>Starr, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KASH+and+SUN+proteins.">KASH and SUN proteins.</a> Current biology : CB. 21, R414-R415 (2011).</li><li>Mellad, J. A., Warren, D. T., Shanahan, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nesprins+LINC+the+nucleus+and+cytoskeleton.">Nesprins LINC the nucleus and cytoskeleton.</a> Current opinion in cell biology. 23, 47-54 (2011).</li><li>Fridolfsson, H. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enaptin,+a+giant+actin-binding+protein,+is+an+element+of+the+nuclear+membrane+and+the+actin+cytoskeleton.">Enaptin, a giant actin-binding protein, is an element of the nuclear membrane and the actin cytoskeleton.</a> Experimental cell research. 295, 330-339 (2004).</li><li>Roux, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nesprin+4+is+an+outer+nuclear+membrane+protein+that+can+induce+kinesin-mediated+cell+polarization.">Nesprin 4 is an outer nuclear membrane protein that can induce kinesin-mediated cell polarization.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 2194-2199 (2009).</li><li>Wilhelmsen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+novel+outer+nuclear+membrane+protein,+associates+with+the+cytoskeletal+linker+protein+plectin.">a novel outer nuclear membrane protein, associates with the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin.</a> The Journal of cell biology. 171, 799-810 (2005).</li><li>Wilson, M. H., Holzbaur, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nesprins+anchor+kinesin-1+motors+to+the+nucleus+to+drive+nuclear+distribution+in+muscle+cells.">Nesprins anchor kinesin-1 motors to the nucleus to drive nuclear distribution in muscle cells.</a> Development. 142, 218-228 (2015).</li><li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KASH+protein+Syne-2/Nesprin-2+and+SUN+proteins+SUN1/2+mediate+nuclear+migration+during+mammalian+retinal+development.">KASH protein Syne-2/Nesprin-2 and SUN proteins SUN1/2 mediate nuclear migration during mammalian retinal development.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 1061-1073 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syne-1+and+Syne-2+play+crucial+roles+in+myonuclear+anchorage+and+motor+neuron+innervation.">Syne-1 and Syne-2 play crucial roles in myonuclear anchorage and motor neuron innervation.</a> Development. 134, 901-908 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nesprin+1+is+critical+for+nuclear+positioning+and+anchorage.">Nesprin 1 is critical for nuclear positioning and anchorage.</a> Human molecular genetics. 19, 329-341 (2010).</li><li>Stewart-Hutchinson, P. J., Hale, C. M., Wirtz, D., Hodzic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+requirements+for+the+assembly+of+LINC+complexes+and+their+function+in+cellular+mechanical+stiffness.">Structural requirements for the assembly of LINC complexes and their function in cellular mechanical stiffness.</a> Experimental cell research. 314, 1892-1905 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUN1/2+and+Syne/Nesprin-1/2+complexes+connect+centrosome+to+the+nucleus+during+neurogenesis+and+neuronal+migration+in+mice.">SUN1/2 and Syne/Nesprin-1/2 complexes connect centrosome to the nucleus during neurogenesis and neuronal migration in mice.</a> Neuron. 64, 173-187 (2009).</li><li>Razafsky, D., Hodzic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+and+tissue-specific+disruption+of+LINC+complexes+in+vivo.">Temporal and tissue-specific disruption of LINC complexes in vivo.</a> Genesis. 52, 359-365 (2014).</li><li>Razafsky, D., Hodzic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+variant+of+Nesprin1+giant+devoid+of+KASH+domain+underlies+the+molecular+etiology+of+autosomal+recessive+cerebellar+ataxia+type+I.">A variant of Nesprin1 giant devoid of KASH domain underlies the molecular etiology of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type I.</a> Neurobiology of disease. 78, 57-67 (2015).</li><li>Razafsky, D., Blecher, N., Markov, A., Stewart-Hutchinson, P. J., Hodzic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LINC+complexes+mediate+the+positioning+of+cone+photoreceptor+nuclei+in+mouse+retina.">LINC complexes mediate the positioning of cone photoreceptor nuclei in mouse retina.</a> PloS one. 7, e47180 (2012).</li><li>Razafsky, D. S., Ward, C. L., Kolb, T., Hodzic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+regulation+of+linkers+of+the+nucleoskeleton+to+the+cytoskeleton+during+mouse+postnatal+retinogenesis.">Developmental regulation of linkers of the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton during mouse postnatal retinogenesis.</a> Nucleus. 4, 399-409 (2013).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Der wichtigste Schritt, um erfolgreich zu studieren die Rolle des LINC-Komplexe in vivo unter Verwendung der Tg (CAG-LacZ / EGFP-KASH2) Modell ist, um eine geeignete Cre Mauslinie (n) zu identifizieren. In der Tat, wenn Cre ist in anderen Zelltypen in ähnlicher Wegen beteiligt aktiv, es kann die Interpretation der Ergebnisse erschweren. Daher ist es wichtig, in der Nähe von Zellen zu untersuchen, wie hier in der molekularen und Körnerzellschicht des Cerebellums (2B) dargestellt. Ebenso ist e...

Die Kernhülle (NE) trennt das Kernplasma aus dem Zytoplasma. Es besteht aus einem inneren und äußeren Kernmembran (INM und ONM, respectively), die an Kernporen verbinden zusammen. Das Lumen von beiden Membranen abgegrenzt wird als perinukleären Raum (PNS). Die ONM ist eine Erweiterung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums (ER) und der INM haftet an der Lamina, um ein Maschenwerk des Typs V-Atom Intermediärfilamente von A- und B-Typ dargestellt Lamine 1,2. Linker der Nucleoskeleton und Zytoskelett (LINC) -Komplexe sind makromolekularer Komplexe, die die gesamte Kernhülle überspannen kann, um das Innere des Kerns physikalisch verbinden Zytoskelettfilamenten und molekularen Motoren (1A). Sie bestehen aus Wechselwirkungen zwischen evolutionär konservierte Motive, die zwei Familien von integralen Transmembranproteine ​​des NE charakterisieren: Sun (SAD1 / Unc84) Proteine ​​und Nesprine (Nuclear Envelope Spek). Bei Säugetieren Sun1 und Sun2 are Transmembranproteine ​​des INM, deren N-terminale nukleoplasmatischen Region interagiert direkt mit A- und B-Typ Lamine 3-5. Auf der anderen Seite des INM, im PNS, Hafen Sun Proteine ​​einen evolutionären konserviert Strecke von ~ 150 C-terminalen Aminosäuren genannt SUN-Domäne. SUN Domänen interagieren direkt mit dem evolutionären konserviert KASH (Klarsicht / Anc-1, Syne Homologie) -Domäne, die molekulare Signatur der Nesprine. KASH Domänen bestehen aus einer Strecke von ca. 30 C-terminalen Aminosäuren, die in die PNS, gefolgt von einer Transmembran-Domäne 6 ragt. Mindestens vier verschiedene Nesprin Gene (Nesprin1-4) kodieren KASH haltige Proteine, die an der NE 7 lokalisieren. Die zytoplasmatischen Regionen Nesprine, deren Größen variieren von ~ 50 kDa (Nesprin4) zu einer erstaunlichen 1.000 kDa (Nesprin1 giant) enthalten mehrere Spektrin wiederholt sowie spezifische Motive, damit ihre Wechselwirkung mit Zytoskelett-Komponenten, wie beispielsweise Actin, plectin und molekularen Motoren 8- 13. &lt;p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Studium in Wirbeltieren und wirbellosen Tieren haben gezeigt, dass Lamin / Sun / Nesprin / molekulare Motoren stellen eine evolutionär konservierte &quot;Achse&quot; Steuerung Kern Migration und Verankerung. Einige Knock-out (KO) Maus-Modellen der LINC komplexe Bauteile wurden beschrieben und waren maßgeblich an der Schaffung eines Rahmens, um die Rolle von Sun und Nesprin Proteine ​​an der NE während der Entwicklung von Säugetieren 9,14,15 zu verstehen. Allerdings sind diese Modelle weisen mehrere signifikante Nachteile auf, insbesondere: 1) Schwierigkeiten bei der Interpretation Phänotypen aufgrund der nicht autonomen Effekte, 2) Schwierigkeiten bei der Unterscheidung der phänotypischen Beitrag von Zell KASH haltigen vs. KASH losen Nesprin Isoformen 16, 3) die funktionelle Redundanz von Sonne und Nesprin Proteine ​​an der NE in zahlreichen Zelltypen erfordert komplexe Zuchtprogramme, alle SUN-KASH Wechselwirkungen bei Mäusen 17 und 4) die perinatale Sterblichkeit von Mäusen mangelhaft für die KASH-Domäne sowohl inaktivierenNesprins1 und 2 schließt die Analyse der Erwachsenen Phänotypen 18. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt ein neues Mausmodell entwickelt, um alle SUN-KASH Wechselwirkungen in vivo stören, in einer Zelle autonom und entwicklungsregulierter Weise umgehen somit viele der oben beschriebenen Nachteile. Diese Cre / lox-basierten Mäusemodell beruht auf zwei wichtige Konzepte: 1) die KASH Domäne von irgendeinem bekannten Nesprin Protein ausreicht, um EGFP auf die NE in Zellkultursystemen Ziel und 2) Sonnendomänen interagieren promiscuously mit KASH Bereichen, wodurch eine Überexpression von beliebige KASH Domäne werden alle endogenen SUN Domänen zu sättigen und zu inaktivieren LINC-Komplexe in einer dominant-negative Art und Weise 17 (1B). Dieses Protokoll beschreibt Gewebe Ernte- und Verarbeitungsschritte verwendet werden, um die Störung aller SUN-KASH Wechselwirkungen im Kleinhirn-Purkinje-Zellen bestätigen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14200-075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde Solution</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Compound</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesion Slides</td>
			<td>StatLab</td>
			<td>M1000W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9663</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImmuEdge Pen</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Calbindin Antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9848</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-EGFP Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab13970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Nesprin2 Antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Previously described in Ref. 21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent Mounting Media</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methyl butane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>O3551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

validation of a mouse model to disrupt linc complexes in a cell-specific manner

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC complexes). These protein scaffolds span the nuclear envelope and connect the interior of the nucleus to components of the surrounding cytoplasmic cytoskeleton. LINC complexes consist of two evolutionary-conserved protein families, Sun proteins and Nesprins that harbor C-terminal molecular signature motifs called the SUN and KASH domains, respectively. Sun proteins are transmembrane proteins of the inner nuclear membrane whose N-terminal nucleoplasmic domain interacts with the nuclear lamina while their C-terminal SUN domains protrudes into the perinuclear space and interacts with the KASH domain of Nesprins. Canonical Nesprin isoforms have a variable sized N-terminus that projects into the cytoplasm and interacts with components of the cytoskeleton. This protocol describes the validation of a dominant-negative transgenic mouse strategy that disrupts endogenous SUN/KASH interactions in a cell-type specific manner. Our approach is based on the Cre/Lox system that bypasses many drawbacks such as perinatal lethality and cell nonautonomous phenotypes that are associated with germline models of LINC complex inactivation. For this reason, this model provides a useful tool to understand the role of LINC complexes during development and homeostasis in a wide array of tissues.

Dieses Protokoll zeigt die Nützlichkeit der Tg (CAG-LacZ / EGFP-KASH2) Mausmodell EGFP-KASH2 Ausdruck cerebellar Purkinje-Zellen unter Verwendung Tg (PCP2-Cre) Mäusen zu beschränken. Tg (PCP2Cre CAG-EGFP / KASH2) Sekundärteilchen, die LacZ / V5 offenen Leserahmen an P6 durch die Rekombinase Cre, wodurch die Expression von EGFP-KASH2 spezifisch an Purkinje-Zellen (2A) gezielt führenden geschnitten. Wie erwartet, ist EGFP-KASH2 zur Kernhülle richtet, wie durch die um den Kern (2B)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner at JoVE.com

Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Nuclear envelope proteins play a central role in many basic biological processes and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. This protocol describes a new Cre/Lox-based mouse model that allows for the spatiotemporal control of LINC complexes disruption.

Validierung eines Maus-Modell zu LINC Komplexe Disrupt in einem zellspezifisch

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the ...

validation-mouse-model-to-disrupt-linc-complexes-cell-specific

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.3K Aufrufe.  Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine. Nuclear envelope proteins play a central role in many basic biological processes and have been implicated in a variety of human diseases. This protocol describes a new Cre/Lox-based mouse model that allows for the spatiotemporal control of LINC complexes disruption.

Serie: Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson's Disease Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations at risk. In the process of attempting to identify novel genetic factors associated with PD, scientists have generated many lists of candidate genes, polymorphisms, and proteins that represent important advances, but these leads remain mechanistically undefined. Our work is aimed toward significantly narrowing such lists by exploiting the advantages of a simple animal model system. While humans have billions of neurons, the microscopic roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans has precisely 302, of which only eight produce dopamine (DA) in hemaphrodites. Expression of a human gene encoding the PD-associated protein, alpha-synuclein, in C. elegans DA neurons results in dosage and age-dependent neurodegeneration.
Worms expressing human alpha-synuclein in DA neurons are isogenic and express both GFP and human alpha-synuclein under the DA transporter promoter (Pdat-1). The presence of GFP serves as a readily visualized marker for following DA neurodegeneration in these animals. We initially demonstrated that alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration could be rescued in these animals by torsinA, a protein with molecular chaperone activity 1. Further, candidate PD-related genes identified in our lab via large-scale RNAi screening efforts using an alpha-synuclein misfolding assay were then over-expressed in C. elegans DA neurons. We determined that five of seven genes tested represented significant candidate modulators of PD as they rescued alpha-synuclein-induced DA neurodegeneration 2. Additionally, the Lindquist Lab (this issue of JoVE) has performed yeast screens whereby alpha-synuclein-dependent toxicity is used as a readout for genes that can enhance or suppress cytotoxicity. We subsequently examined the yeast candidate genes in our C. elegans alpha-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration assay and successfully validated many of these targets 3, 4.
Our methodology involves generation of a C. elegans DA neuron-specific expression vector using recombinational cloning of candidate gene cDNAs under control of the Pdat-1 promoter. These plasmids are then microinjected in wild-type (N2) worms, along with a selectable marker for successful transformation. Multiple stable transgenic lines producing the candidate protein in DA neurons are obtained and then independently crossed into the alpha-synuclein degenerative strain and assessed for neurodegeneration, at both the animal and individual neuron level, over the course of aging.

Application of a C. elegans Dopamine Neuron Degeneration Assay for the Validation of Potential Parkinson&#039;s Disease Genes

This video demonstrates how to use C. elegans to assess dopaminergic neuron neurodegeneration as a model for Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, genetic screens are used to identify factors that either enhance degeneration or are neuroprotective.

Die Anwendung eines C. elegans Dopamin Neuron Degeneration Assay für die Validierung von potenziellen Parkinson Genes

Improvements to the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are dependent upon knowledge about susceptibility factors that render populations ...

Forschung

Biologie

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In-vivo-Imaging und therapeutische Behandlungen in einem orthotopen Mausmodell des Eierstockkrebs

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nephrotoxin Mikroinjektion in Zebrabärbling akuten Nierenschädigung zu Modell

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

Trans-innere Zelle Masse Injektion von embryonalen Stammzellen führt zu höheren Chimerism Raten

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay to Identify Compounds That Disrupt Binding of Fluorescently-labeled CXC Chemokine Ligand 12 to CXC Chemokine Receptor 4

Pharmacological targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is of great importance to human health, as dysfunctional GPCR-mediated signaling contributes to the progression of many diseases. The ligand/receptor pair CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has raised significant clinical interest, for instance as a potential target for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Small molecules as well as therapeutic antibodies that specifically target CXCR4 and inhibit the receptor&#39;s function are therefore considered to be valuable pharmacological tools. Here, a flow cytometry-based cellular assay that allows identification of compounds (e.g., small molecules) that abrogate CXCL12 binding to CXCR4, is described. Essentially, the assay relies on the competition for receptor binding between a fixed amount of fluorescently labeled CXCL12, the natural chemokine agonist for CXCR4, and unlabeled compounds. Hence, the undesirable use of radioactively labeled probes is avoided in this assay. In addition, living cells are used as the source of receptor (CXCR4) instead of cell membrane preparations. This allows easy adaptation of the assay to a plate format, which increases the throughput. This assay has been shown to be a valuable generic drug discovery assay to identify CXCR4-targeting compounds. The protocol can likely be adapted to other GPCRs, at least if fluorescently labeled ligands are available or can be generated. Prior knowledge concerning the intracellular signaling pathways that are induced upon activation of these GPCRs, is not required.

A flow cytometry-based cellular binding assay is described that is primarily used as a screening tool to identify compounds that inhibit the binding of a fluorescently labeled CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) to the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4).

Ein Flow Cytometry-basierte Assay, Verbindungen zu identifizieren, die Bindung von Eindringmittel beschriftet CXC-Chemokin-Liganden 12 an CXC-Chemokin-Rezeptor 4 stören

Pharmacological targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is of great importance to human health, as dysfunctional GPCR-mediated signaling ...

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including tumorous growths. However, the cellular remodeling mechanisms involved in, and caused by, intestinal obstructions are poorly understood. Several animal models of intestinal obstructions have been developed, but the mouse model is the most cost/time effective. The mouse model uses the surgical implantation of an intestinal partial obstruction (PO) that has a high mortality rate if it is not performed correctly. In addition, mice receiving PO surgery fail to develop hypertrophy if an appropriate blockade is not used or not properly placed. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for PO surgery which produces reliable and reproducible intestinal obstructions with a very low mortality rate. This protocol utilizes a surgically placed silicone ring that surrounds the ileum which partially blocks digestive movement in the small intestine. The partial blockage makes the intestine become dilated due to the halt of digestive movement. The dilation of the intestine induces smooth muscle hypertrophy on the oral side of the ring that progressively develops over 2 weeks until it causes death. The surgical PO mouse model offers an in vivo model of hypertrophic intestinal tissue useful for studying pathological changes of intestinal cells including smooth muscle cells (SMC), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), PDGFR&#945;+, and neuronal cells during the development of intestinal obstruction.

Intestinal obstructions are a partial or complete blockage of the intestine that can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and preventing the passage of stool. This procedure for creating intestinal partial obsructions in mice is reliable in studying the mechanisms underlying pathological cell growth and death in the intestine.

Ein Maus-Modell der teilweisen Darmverschluss

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.

Massenspektrometrieanalyse zur Identifizierung der Ubiquitylierung von EIFP-A mit EYFP-Tags (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding the pathological processes and evaluating new drugs. Here, we introduced a surgically induced lumbar spine instability (LSI) mouse model that develops IDD starting from 1 week post operation. In detail, the mouse under anesthesia was operated by low back skin incision, L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes exposure, detachment of paraspinous muscles, resection of processes and ligaments, and skin closure. L4&#8211;L5 IVDs were chosen for the observation. The LSI model develops lumbar IDD by porosity and hypertrophy in endplates at an early stage, decrease in intervertebral disc volume, shrinkage in nucleus pulposus at an intermediate stage, and bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L5) at a later stage. The LSI mouse model has the advantages of strong operability, no requirement of special equipment, reproducibility, inexpensive, and relatively short period of IDD development. However, LSI operation is still a trauma that causes inflammation within the first week post operation. Thus, this animal model is suitable for study of lumbar IDD.

We developed a lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration mouse model by resection of L3&#8211;L5 spinous processes along with supra- and inter-spinous ligaments and detachment of paraspinous muscles.

Ein Mausmodell der Lumbar Spine Instability

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding ...

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance is a reduced effect of insulin on its target cells, usually derived from decreased insulin receptor signaling. Insulin resistance contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other obesity-derived diseases of high prevalence worldwide. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance is of great relevance. Several models have been used to study insulin resistance both in vivo and in vitro; primary adipocytes represent an attractive option to study the mechanisms of insulin resistance and identify molecules that counteract this condition and the molecular targets of insulin-sensitizing drugs. Here, we have established an insulin resistance model using primary adipocytes in culture treated with tumor necrosis factor-&#945; (TNF-&#945;).
Adipocyte precursor cells (APCs), isolated from collagenase-digested mouse subcutaneous adipose tissue by magnetic cell separation technology, are differentiated into primary adipocytes. Insulin resistance is then induced by treatment with TNF-&#945;, a proinflammatory cytokine that reduces the tyrosine phosphorylation/activation of members of the insulin signaling cascade. Decreased phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), and protein kinase B (AKT) are quantified by western blot. This method provides an excellent tool to study the mechanisms mediating insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

This protocol describes the isolation of mouse preadipocytes from subcutaneous fat, their differentiation into mature adipocytes, and the induction of insulin resistance. Insulin action is evaluated by the phosphorylation/activation of members of the insulin signaling pathway through western blot. This method allows direct determination of insulin resistance/sensitivity in primary adipocytes.

Differenzierte Mausadipozyten in Primärkultur: ein Modell der Insulinresistenz

Insulin resistance is a reduced effect of insulin on its target cells, usually derived from decreased insulin receptor signaling. Insulin resistance ...