Diese Arbeit wurde zum Teil durch die National Institutes of Health Grants R56-HL095498, R01-HL-095498 (AD), R01-HL128406, die Merit Bewertung Auszeichnung I01-BX002336 aus den Vereinigten Staaten Department of Veterans Affairs biomedizinische Laborforschung unterstützt und Development Program (AD), ein Yale Abteilung für Chirurgie Ohse Auszeichnung (AD), eine Sarnoff Kardiovaskuläre Foundation Fellowship (JMS) und durch die Ressourcen und die Nutzung von Einrichtungen des Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (West Haven, CT ). Bovine pericardial Pflaster wurden großzügig von Lemaitre Vascular Inc. (Burlington, MA) zur Verfügung gestellt.

Die Genehmigung durch die entsprechende Institutional Animal Care und Use Committee muss erhalten werden, was darauf hinweist, dass das Protokoll die Richtlinien Ihres Instituts Tierforschung Ethikkommission folgt. 1. Anästhesie und präoperative Verfahren <ol><li> Anästhesieren männlichen Wistar-Ratten mit einem Gewicht von etwa 200 g, mit verdampftem 3% Isofluran und 1 l / min Sauerstoff in eine Acrylinduktionskammer verabreicht. </li><li> Bestätigen ausreichende Anästhesie durch einen Mangel an Reaktion auf eine Zehe und Schwanz kneifen. Legen Salbe auf die Augen Trockenheit zu verhindern, während die Tiere unter Narkose sind. Positionieren Sie die jede Ratte liegt auf dem Rücken der Betätigungsplatte aus Kunststoff und positionieren, um eine Silikonmaske zu liefern verdampfte 2 - 3% Isofluran durch kontinuierliches Einatmen. Verwenden Sie kein Tier unbeaufsichtigt lassen, bis es genügend Bewusstsein zu halten Brustlage wiedergewonnen hat. </li><li> Während sterile Handschuhe tragen, entfernen Sie das ventrale Abdomen Haar einen Haarentferner verwenden. BUPRenorphine, entweder subkutan oder intraperitoneal, wird häufig an dieser Stelle gegeben. </li></ol> 2. Operative Verfahren <ol><li> Patch - venoplasty <ol><li> Vor der Operation, schneiden Sie die bovine Perikardpatch mit einem microscissor zu einem 3 mm x 1,5 mm x 0,6 mm Größe. Einweichen der Patch in 10 ml sterilisierter Kochsalzlösung für 5 min in einer Zellkulturschale. </li><li> Bereiten Sie die Inzisionsstelle mit einem Antiseptikum nach Ihren institutionellen Protokoll und tragen Sie eine Operationstuch. Verwenden Sie sterile Handschuhe und Instrumente zur aseptischen Bedingungen in der gesamten Operation erhalten. Lokalanästhesie kann in die Stelle der geplanten Inzision eingespritzt werden. </li><li> Mit einem Skalpell, machen Sie eine Mittellinie Bauchschnitt die sich von der Ebene der xiphoid oberhalb des Schambeins nur. </li><li> Legen Sie eine Aufroller und ausweiden alle Eingeweide aus der Bauchhöhle auf der rechten Seite. Wickeln Sie die Eingeweide in Gaze, getränkt mit Kochsalzlösung. </li><li> Setzen Sie die infrarenal Hohlvene (IVC). Der Ort der Patch Implantation beträgt etwa 2 mm unter dem Niveau der den Ursprung der Nierenvenen; sezieren die IVC an dieser Stelle frei. Abzubinden und teilen alle Lenden- und Nebenvenen auf dieser Ebene mit 6-0 Nylonnaht. </li><li> Platzieren zwei Mikro Clips über beide proximale und distale infarenal IVC. Durchführen eines Venenschnitt mit einer 25 G Nadel durch die Vorderwand der IVC Punktierung und dann erstrecken sie auf etwa 3 mm mit einer Schere (1A). </li><li> Schließen Sie die Venotomie mit dem Patch mit Laufen oder unterbrochen 10-0 Nylonnähten (1B). </li><li> Füllen Sie das venoplasty Schließung. Entfernen Sie die distale Klammer zuerst den Patch zu entlüften und dann die proximale Klemme entfernen Blutfluss in den IVC wiederherzustellen. </li><li> Bestätigen Sie die Hämostase von 30 s ohne Komprimierung zu beobachten. Bringen Sie die Eingeweide in ihre natürliche Position. Schließen Sie den Bauch mit einem fortlaufenden Naht nach anerkannten Tier Protokolle. </li></ol></li><li> Patch - arterioplasty <ol><li> Vor der Operation, schneiden Sie die bovine Perikardpatch mit einem microscissor zu einem 3 mm x 1,5 mm x 0,6 mm Größe. Genießen Sie es in sterilisierte Kochsalzlösung. </li><li> Bereiten Sie die Inzisionsstelle mit einem Antiseptikum und ein Operationstuch anwenden. Verwenden Sie sterile Handschuhe und Instrumente zur aseptischen Bedingungen in der gesamten Operation erhalten. </li><li> Mit einem Skalpell, machen Sie eine Mittellinie Bauchschnitt die sich von der Ebene der xiphoid oberhalb des Schambeins nur. </li><li> Legen Sie eine Aufroller und ausweiden alle Eingeweide aus der Bauchhöhle auf der rechten Seite. Wickeln Sie die Eingeweide in Gaze, getränkt mit Kochsalzlösung. </li><li> Setzen Sie die Aorta. Der Ort der Patch Implantation beträgt etwa 2 mm unter dem Niveau des Ursprungs der Nierenarterien; die Aorta frei an dieser Stelle sezieren. Abzubinden und teilen alle Lumbalarterien auf dieser Ebene mit 6-0 Nylonnaht. </li><li> Klemmen Sie die infra Aorta. Verwenden Sie eine 25 G-Nadel eine Arteriotomiestelle von puncturi auszuführenng der vorderen Wand der Aorta, und erstrecken sich dann auf etwa 3 mm mit einer Schere (Abbildung 1C). </li><li> Schließen Sie die Arteriotomiestelle mit dem Patch unter fließendem 10-0 Nylonnähten (1D). Füllen Sie das arterioplasty Schließung. Entfernen Sie die distale Klammer zuerst den Patch zu entlüften und dann die proximale Klemme entfernen den Blutfluss in der Aorta wieder herzustellen. </li><li> Bestätigen Sie die Hämostase von 30 s ohne Komprimierung zu beobachten. Bringen Sie die Eingeweide in ihre natürliche Position. Schließen Sie den Bauch mit einem fortlaufenden Naht nach anerkannten Tier Protokolle. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Post-operative Verfahren <ol><li> Nach der Schließung des Bauches, unterbrechen die Anästhesie. Bewerben postoperative Pflege, einschließlich Analgesie und Wundversorgung, in Übereinstimmung mit den Anweisungen von der Institutional Animal Care und Use Committee empfohlen. </li><li> Für Analgesie, verwenden Buprenorphin bei 0,1 mg / kg intramuskulär nicht weniger als alle 12 h für 24 Stunden folgening die chirurgischen Verfahren. Überprüfen Sie den Status des Tieres jeden Tag im Tierraum, richtige Erholung von der perioperativen Periode sowie eine adäquate Behandlung von postoperativen Schmerzen zu gewährleisten. Nicht ein Tier zurück, die Operation an die Firma von anderen Tieren unterzogen wurde, bis sie vollständig erholt hat. </li></ol><style type="text/css">p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica}
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<ol>
	<li>Muto, A., Nishibe, T., Dardik, H., Dardik, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patches+for+carotid+artery+endarterectomy:+current+materials+and+prospects.">Patches for carotid artery endarterectomy: current materials and prospects.</a> J Vasc Surg. 50 (1), 206-213 (2009).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+usage+and+future+directions+for+the+bovine+pericardial+patch.">Current usage and future directions for the bovine pericardial patch.</a> Ann Vasc Surg. 25 (4), 561-568 (2011).</li><li>Biasi, G. M., Sternjakob, S., Mingazzini, P. M., Ferrari, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nine-year+experience+of+bovine+pericardium+patch+angioplasty+during+carotid+endarterectomy.">Nine-year experience of bovine pericardium patch angioplasty during carotid endarterectomy.</a> J Vasc Surg. 36 (2), 271-277 (2002).</li><li>Papakostas, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+vascu-guard+bovine+pericardium+patch+for+arteriotomy+closure+in+carotid+endarterectomy.+Early+and+long-term+results.">Use of the vascu-guard bovine pericardium patch for arteriotomy closure in carotid endarterectomy. Early and long-term results.</a> Ann Vasc Surg. 28 (5), 1213-1218 (2014).</li><li>Ohwada, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutaraldehyde-fixed+heterologous+pericardium+for+vena+cava+grafting+following+hepatectomy.">Glutaraldehyde-fixed heterologous pericardium for vena cava grafting following hepatectomy.</a> Hepatogastroenterology. 46 (26), 855-858 (1999).</li><li>Mori, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standard+hepatic+vein+reconstruction+with+patch+plasty+using+the+native+portal+vein+in+adult+living+donor+liver+transplantation.">Standard hepatic vein reconstruction with patch plasty using the native portal vein in adult living donor liver transplantation.</a> Liver Transpl. 18 (5), 602-607 (2012).</li><li>Bai, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericardial+patch+venoplasty+heals+via+attraction+of+venous+progenitor+cells.">Pericardial patch venoplasty heals via attraction of venous progenitor cells.</a> Physiological Reports. 4 (12), (2016).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericardial+patch+angioplasty+heals+via+an+Ephrin-B2+and+CD34+positive+cell+mediated+mechanism.">Pericardial patch angioplasty heals via an Ephrin-B2 and CD34 positive cell mediated mechanism.</a> PLoS One. 7 (6), 38844 (2012).</li><li>Bai, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretreatment+of+pericardial+patches+with+antibiotics+does+not+alter+patch+healing+in+vivo.">Pretreatment of pericardial patches with antibiotics does not alter patch healing in vivo.</a> J Vasc Surg. 63 (4), 1063-1073 (2016).</li><li>Muto, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eph-B4+prevents+venous+adaptive+remodeling+in+the+adult+arterial+environment.">Eph-B4 prevents venous adaptive remodeling in the adult arterial environment.</a> J Exp Med. 208 (3), 561-575 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Wir beschreiben eine Patch-Angioplastie-Modell in der Ratte, die entweder in Venen oder Arterien verwendet werden können, einen Patch oder ein Patch venoplasty arterioplasty Erstellen, respectively. Unter Verwendung dieses Perikardpatch Modell haben wir gezeigt , aggressive und stabile neointimale Hyperplasie in Ratten - IVC venoplasty Vergleich zu der Aorta arterioplasty (Abbildung 2) 7, 8. Mehrere technische Aspek...

Gefäßchirurgen häufig enge Blutgefäße mit pericardial Patches, entweder Rind oder Schwein, das Risiko einer Restenose 1, 2 zu reduzieren. Bei der arteriellen Chirurgie reduziert Perikardpatch Angioplastie die Rate der Restenose im Vergleich zu einem primären Wundverschluss 3, 4. Patch - venoplasty auch in ähnlicher Weise zu schließen Venen durchgeführt, wenn auch weniger häufig im Vergleich zu den arteriellen Verfahren 5, 6. Patches typischerweise Neointimalhyperplasie auf ihre Lumenoberflächen zu entwickeln; Jedoch bleibt der Mechanismus der neointimalen Bildung unklar, insbesondere im Vergleich der Unterschiede in Neointima-Bildung zwischen den arteriellen und venösen Umfeld. Wir haben bereits gezeigt, dass pericardial Patches Vorläuferzellen sowohl im arteriellen und venösen den Umgebungen und dass venösen Patch Angioplastie ziehen mehr A zeigtggressive Neointima - Bildung im Vergleich zu den arteriellen patches 7, 8. In dieser Studie beschreiben wir die Rattenmodell der Perikardpatch Angioplastie, die Bildung zu studieren neointimalen verwendet werden, um beide Venen und Arterien zu schließen und das kann ist üblich; Diese Methode ist ein Kleintiermodell einer Operationstechnik häufig bei menschlichen Patienten verwendet. Das Rattenmodell hat einen größeren Durchmesser als das Mausmodell, technische Aspekte der Operation zu erleichtern und die Lernkurve für das Modell zu verbessern.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="523">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bovine pericardial patch</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:307px;">LeMaitre Vascular</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vascular clamp</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co.</td>
			<td>RS-5424</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clamp applying forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Co</td>
			<td>RS-5410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10-0 Prolene suture</td>
			<td>Arosurgical Co.</td>
			<td>T05A10N10-13</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

patch angioplasty in the rat aorta or inferior vena cava

Pericardial Patches werden in der Gefäßchirurgie zu schließen Gefäße verwendet. Studien der neointimalen Hyperplasie erleichtern, die auf dem Patch bildet, entwickelten wir ein Rattenmodell der Patch-Angioplastie, die entweder in einer Vene oder einer Arterie verwendet werden können, einen Patch oder ein Patch venoplasty arterioplasty zu schaffen, respectively. Technische Aspekte dieses Modells diskutiert. Die Infrarot-Nieren-IVC oder Aorta seziert und dann geklemmt proximal und distal. A 3 mm Venotomie oder Arteriotomie wird in der infrarenalen Vena cava inferior oder Aorta von 6 bis 8 Wochen alte Wistar-Ratten durchgeführt. Ein Rinder Perikardpatch (3 mm x 1,5 mm x 0,6 mm) wird dann verwendet, um die Seite mit einem 10-0-Nylonnaht zu schließen. Im Vergleich zum arteriellen Patches zeigen venöse Patches neointimale Dicke am ersten postoperativen Tag erhöht 7. Dieses neue Modell von Perikardpatch Angioplastie verwendet werden Neointimalhyperplasie auf vaskuläre Biomaterialien zu untersuchen, sowie die Unterschiede zwischen dem arteriellen und venösen vergleichenUmgebungen.

Nach dem Patch-Angioplastie, gab es keine in Thrombose entweder das venöse (n = 42) oder arterieller (n = 24) Patch-Gruppen. Überleben am Tag 7 war zu 100% in beiden Gruppen entweder mit einer venösen oder arteriellen Patch. Die Pflaster wurden an Tag 7 geerntet und gefärbt mit Hämatoxylin und Eosin und die Neointima - Dicke verglichen wurde , wie zuvor beschrieben 7. Aufgrund der ausgeprägten morphologischen ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patch Angioplasty in the Rat Aorta or Inferior Vena Cava at JoVE.com

Patch Angioplasty in the Rat Aorta or Inferior Vena Cava

We have established a model of pericardial patch angioplasty that can be used in either small-diameter veins or arteries. This model can be used to compare venous and arterial neointimal hyperplasia formation.

Patch-Angioplastie in der Ratte Aorta oder Vena Cava

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, ...

patch-angioplasty-in-the-rat-aorta-or-inferior-vena-cava

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.5K Aufrufe.  Yale University. We have established a model of pericardial patch angioplasty that can be used in either small-diameter veins or arteries. This model can be used to compare venous and arterial neointimal hyperplasia formation.

Serie: Patch Angioplasty in the Rat Aorta or Inferior Vena Cava

Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp in the Conscious Rat

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, T2D results in elevated blood glucose levels. The "gold-standard" in assessing insulin sensitivity is a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp or insulin clamp. In this procedure, insulin is infused at a constant rate resulting in a drop in blood glucose. To maintain blood glucose at a constant level, exogenous glucose (D50) is infused into the venous circulation. The amount of glucose infused to maintain homeostasis is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here, we show the basic clamp procedure in the chronically catheterized, unrestrained, conscious rat. This model allows blood to be collected with minimal stress to the animal. Following the induction of anesthesia, a midline incision is made and the left common carotid artery and right jugular vein are catheterized. Inserted catheters are flushed with heparinized saline, then exteriorized and secured. Animals are allowed to recover for 4-5 days prior to experiments, with weight gain monitored daily. Only those animals who regain weight to pre-surgery levels are used for experiments. On the day of the experiment, rats are fasted and connected to pumps containing insulin and D50. Baseline glucose is assessed from the arterial line and used a benchmark throughout the experiment (euglycemia). Following this, insulin is infused at a constant rate into the venous circulation. To match the drop in blood glucose, D50 is infused. If the rate of D50 infusion is greater than the rate of uptake, a rise in glucose will occur. Similarly, if the rate is insufficient to match whole body glucose uptake, a drop will occur. Titration of glucose continues until stable glucose readings are achieved. Glucose levels and glucose infusion rates during this stable period are recorded and reported. Results provide an index of whole body insulin sensitivity. The technique can be refined to meet specific experimental requirements. It is further enhanced by the use of radioactive tracers that can determine tissue specific insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as well as whole body glucose turnover.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is the "gold standard" for the assessment of insulin action. Insulin is infused at a constant rate stimulating glucose uptake. The amount of exogenous glucose infused to counter this drop is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here the procedure is performed on a conscious, unrestrained rat.

Hyperinsulinämische-euglykämische Clamp in der Conscious Rat

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, ...

Forschung

Medizin

Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model (EIM) of Venous Thrombosis

Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential therapeutic compounds (1). New compounds to be utilized in the treatment and prevention of DVT are currently being developed. The delivery of potential therapeutic antagonist compounds to an affected thrombosed vein has been problematic. In the context of therapeutic applications, a model that uses partial stasis and consistently generates thrombi within a major vein has been recently established. The Electrolytic Inferior vena cava Model (EIM) is mouse model of DVT that permits thrombus formation in the presence of continuous blood flow. This model allows therapeutic agents to be in contact with the thrombus in a dynamic fashion, and is more sensitive than other models of DVT (1). In addition, this thrombosis model closely simulates clinical situations of thrombus formation and is ideal to study venous endothelial cell activation, leukocyte migration, venous thrombogenesis, and to test therapeutic applications (1). The EIM model is technically simple, easily reproducible, creates consistent thrombi sizes and allows for a large sample (i.e. thrombus and vein wall) which is required for analytical purposes.

Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model EIM of Venous Thrombosis

The electrolytic induction of endothelial activation to the internal surface of the Inferior Vena Cava results in venous type thrombus formation due to endothelial activation and partial blood stasis, two components of Virchow's triad.

Elektrolytische Inferior Vena Cava Model (EIM) von Venenthrombosen

Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential ...

Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and mortality rates make VTE a serious health concern 1-2. After heart disease and stroke, VTE is the third most common vascular disease 3. In the U.S. alone, there is an estimated 900,000 people affected each year, with 300,000 deaths occurring annually 3. A reliable in vivo animal model to study the mechanisms of this disease is necessary.
The advantages of using the mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis are several. The mouse model allows for the administration of very small volumes of limited availability test agents, reducing costs dramatically. Most promising is the potential for mice with gene knockouts that allow specific inflammatory and coagulation factor functions to be delineated. Current molecular assays allow for the quantitation of vein wall, thrombus, whole blood, and plasma for assays. However, a major concern involving this model is the operative size constraints and the friability of the vessels. Also, due to the small IVC sample weight (mean 0.005 grams) it is necessary to increase animal numbers for accurate statistical analysis for tissue, thrombus, and blood assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), zymography, vein wall and thrombus cellular analysis, and whole blood and plasma assays 4-8.
The major disadvantage with the stasis model is that the lack of blood flow inhibits the maximal effect of administered systemic therapeutic agents on the thrombus and vein wall.

The mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis yields quantifiable amounts of vein wall tissue and thrombus. It has proven useful for evaluating interactions between the vein wall and the occlusive thrombus and in assessing the progression from acute to chronic inflammation.

Maus Komplette Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombose

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).  In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and ...

Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Rat Lung

The adult lung is perfused by both the systemic bronchial artery and the entire venous return flowing through the pulmonary arteries. In most lung pathologies, it is the smaller systemic vasculature that responds to a need for enhanced lung perfusion and shows robust neovascularization. Pulmonary vascular ischemia induced by pulmonary artery obstruction has been shown to result in rapid systemic arterial angiogenesis in man as well as in several animal models. Although the histologic assessment of the time course of bronchial artery proliferation in rats was carefully described by Weibel 1, mechanisms responsible for this organized growth of new vessels are not clear. We provide surgical details of inducing left pulmonary artery ischemia in the rat that leads to bronchial neovascularization. Quantification of the extent of angiogenesis presents an additional challenge due to the presence of the two vascular beds within the lung. Methods to determine functional angiogenesis based on labeled microsphere injections are provided.

The lung is perfused by both the systemic bronchial artery and pulmonary arteries. In most lung pathologies, it is the smaller systemic vasculature that shows robust neovascularization. Cessation of pulmonary blood flow promotes brisk bronchial angiogenesis. We provide surgical details of inducing left pulmonary artery ischemia that promotes bronchial neovascularization.

Angiogenese im ischämischen Rat Lung

The  adult lung is perfused by both the systemic bronchial artery and the entire  venous return flowing through the pulmonary arteries. In most lung ...

Implantation of Inferior Vena Cava Interposition Graft in Mouse Model

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. The long-term clinical results showed excellent patency rates, however, with significant incidence of stenosis. To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular neotissue formation and prevent stenosis development in tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), we developed a mouse model of the graft with approximately 1 mm internal diameter. First, the TEVGs were assembled from biodegradable tubular scaffolds fabricated from a polyglycolic acid nonwoven felt mesh coated with &#949;-caprolactone and L-lactide copolymer. The scaffolds were then placed in a lyophilizer, vacuumed for 24 hr, and stored in a desiccator until cell seeding. Second, bone marrow was collected from donor mice and mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Third, approximately one million cells were seeded on a scaffold and incubated O/N. Finally, the seeded scaffolds were then implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. The implanted grafts demonstrated excellent patency (&#62;90%) without evidence of thromboembolic complications or aneurysmal formation. This murine model will aid us in understanding and quantifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neotissue formation in the TEVG.

To improve our knowledge of cellular and molecular neotissue formation, a murine model of the TEVG was recently developed. The grafts were implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. This model achieves similar results to those achieved in our clinical investigation, but over a far shortened time-course.

Die Implantation von Vena Cava Interposition Graft in Maus-Modell

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. ...

Scleral Cross-linking Using Riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A Radiation for Prevention of Axial Myopia in a Rabbit Model

Myopic individuals, especially those with severe myopia, are at higher-than-normal risk of cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and chorioretinal abnormalities. In addition, pathological myopia is a common irreversible cause of visual impairment and blindness1-3. Our study demonstrates the effect of scleral crosslinking using riboflavin and ultraviolet-A radiation on the development of axial myopia in a rabbit model. The axial length of the eyeball was measured by A-scan ultrasound in New Zealand white rabbits aged 13 days (male and female). The eye then underwent 360&#176; conjunctival peritomy with scleral crosslinking, followed by tarsorrhaphy. Axial elongation was induced in 13 day-old New Zealand rabbits by suturing their right eye eyelids (tarsorrhaphy). The eyes were divided into quadrants, and every quadrant had two scleral irradiation zones, each with an area of 0.2 cm&#178; and a radius of 4 mm. Crosslinking was performed by dropping 0.1% dextran-free riboflavin-5-phosphate onto the irradiation zones 20 sec before ultraviolet-A irradiation and every 20 sec during the 200 sec irradiation time. UVA radiation (370 nm) was applied perpendicular to the sclera at 57 mW/cm&#178; (total UVA light dose, 57 J/cm&#178;). Tarsorrhaphies were removed on day 55, followed by repeated axial length measurements. This study demonstrates that scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A radiation effectively prevents occlusion-induced axial elongation in a rabbit model.

We demonstrate the effect of scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and UVA on an axial elongation rabbit eye. Axial elongation was induced in 13 day-old New Zealand rabbits (male and female) by suturing their right eye eyelids (tarsorrhaphy).

Sklerale Vernetzungs Mit Riboflavin und UV-A-Strahlung-für Prävention von Axial Myopie in einem Kaninchenmodell

Myopic individuals, especially those with severe myopia, are at higher-than-normal risk of cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and chorioretinal ...

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

Ein Modell der kardialen Remodeling Durch Zusammenziehen der Bauchaorta bei Ratten

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

Ballon-basierte Verletzungen induzieren Myointimal Hyperplasie in der Bauchschlagader Maus

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Using a Novel Magnetic Anastomosis Technique for Suprahepatic Vena Cava Reconstruction

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep learning curve. The introduction of the cuff technique for anastomosis of the portal vein (PV) and infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC) has significantly simplified the transplant procedure in rats. However, due to the short anterior wall of the recipients' suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC), the cuff technique is very difficult to use for the reconstruction of the SHVC. Most researchers in this field still use the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction, which makes it the bottleneck step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. The magnetic anastomosis technique (i.e., magnamosis) is a method of connecting two vessels using the attractive force between two magnets. Our recent study has shown that the magnetic anastomosis technique is superior to the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction in rats. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using the novel magnetic anastomosis technique. In this model, the reconstruction of the PV and IHVC was performed by the standard cuff technique, while the reconstruction of the bile duct (BD) was performed by a stent technique. The hepatic re-arterialization was not performed. The magnetic anastomosis technique made SHVC reconstruction much easier and significantly shortened the anphepatic phase. After a reasonable learning curve, even researchers without advanced microsurgical skills can produce reliable and reproducible results using this rat model of OLT.

The reconstruction of the suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC) remains a difficult step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using a novel magnetic anastomosis technique.

Einem Rattenmodell der orthotopen Lebertransplantation mit einer neuartigen magnetischen Anastomose-Technik für Suprahepatic Vena Cava Wiederaufbau

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

Ultraschall-Bildgebung der thorakalen und abdominalen Aorta bei Mäusen zu Aneurysma Abmessungen bestimmen

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...