Name: using a whole-mount immunohistochemical method to study the innervation of the biliary tract in suncus murinus
Uploaded: 2017-06-15T12:30:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus at JoVE.com

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Alle experimentellen Verfahren wurden vom Tokyo Metropolitan University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) genehmigt. Die Tiere wurden in Übereinstimmung mit dem Leitfaden für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labortieren und dem Leitfaden für die Pflege und Verwendung von Versuchstieren des Kanadischen Rates für Tierpflege untergebracht und behandelt . Wir benutzten Tiere, die im Functional Morphology Laboratory, Department of Frontier Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan gezüchtet und gepflegt wurden. 1. Tierpflege und Wohnraum <ol><li> Erhalten Sie 7 S. murinus (3 Frauen und 4 Männer mit einem Gewicht von 70-90 g) aus einer geschlossenen Zuchtkolonie. </li><li> Käfig der S. murinus einzeln nach der Entwöhnung (20 d nach der Geburt) in Plastikkäfige ausgestattet mit einem hölzernen Nistkasten mit Papierstreifen. Halten Sie sie in einem konventionell konditionierten Tierraum: 23-27 ° C, keine Feuchtigkeitsregelung und ein 12:12 h Licht: dunkler Zyklus. Versorgung commercPellets und Wasser ad libitum. </li></ol> 2. Gewebevorbereitung <ol><li> Zur Herstellung von 4% (Gew./Vol.) Paraformaldehyd (PFA) werden 40 g PFA in 1000 ml 0,01 M Phosphat-gepufferter Kochsalzlösung (PBS, pH 7,4) gelöst. In einem Abzug, mischen mit einem Wirbel, bis die Lösung klar ist. Die 4% PFA O / N bei 4 ° C aufbewahren. Achtung: Bei der Handhabung von PFA geeignete persönliche Schutzausrüstung (PSA) tragen. </li><li> Um das Tier zu perfundieren und zu fixieren, es mit Äther zu betäuben und dann eine intraperitoneale Injektion von Somnopentyl (Pentobarbital-Natrium, 0,6 ml / kg Körpergewicht) zu geben. </li><li> Nachdem das Tier vollständig narkotisiert ist, öffne die Bauchhöhle mit einem Skalpell und schaffe einen Mittellinien-Bauchschnitt 3 cm lang. Während man die untere Hohlvene zum Exsanguinieren eindringt, führe einen Katheter nachträglich in die Bauchaorta ein, und zwar auf dem Niveau unmittelbar oberhalb der Verzweigung dieser Arterie in die Arteria iliaca-Arterien. </li><li> Injizieren Sie Somnopentyl (Pentobarbital soDium, 1,0 mL / kg Körpergewicht). Nach vollständiger Euthanasie mit 0,01 M PBS (pH 7,4) und dann mit 4% PFA in einem Abzug. </li><li> Nach der Perfusion 2-3 ml weißer Neopren-Latex (verdünnter weißer Neopren-Latex 3: 2 mit destilliertem Wasser (DW)) einspritzen, um die Blutgefäße zu etikettieren. </li><li> Entleeren Sie die Bauchorgane, einschließlich der Leber, Gallenblase, gemeinsame Gallengang, Duodenum und Pankreas en bloc, mit den verwandten Nerven und Gefäßen. </li><li> Injizieren Sie etwa 0,1 ml blauen Neopren-Latex (fügen Sie einen Tropfen blauer Tinte zu 10 ml des verdünnten weißen Neopren-Latex hinzu) an die Gallenblase, um das Gallensystem zu markieren. </li><li> Nach-Fixierung über Nacht mit 4% PFA bei 4 ° C für Vollmontage-Immunfärbung. Achtung: PFA ist giftig. Vermeiden Sie die Handhabung von PFA direkt. PFA sollte in einem Abzug verwendet werden. </li></ol> 3. Vollständige Immunhistochemie Anmerkung: Während des Protokolls, einschließlich während des Waschens, Antikörperinkubation und Färbung, thDie Probe muss auf dem Nutator bleiben, vorsichtig bei RT oder bei 4 ° C schaukeln . <ol><li> Tag 1: Enzymatische Behandlung und Inaktivierung potentieller endogener Peroxidase <ol><li> Die vorbereitete Probe mit DW 4x für jeweils 1 h bei RT in einer entsprechend bemessenen Glasampulle waschen. Führen Sie die Probe sanft auf die Nutator, um die PFA zu entfernen. Vermeiden Sie es, die Probe beim Austausch von Lösungen zu beschädigen. </li><li> Zur Herstellung von 1% (w / v) Orthopiodsäure, löst man 1 g Orthopiodsäure in 100 ml DW auf. </li><li> Inkubieren Sie die Probe in 1% orthoperiodischer Säure für 20 min bei RT, um eine intrinsische Peroxidase-Reaktion zu verhindern. </li><li> 0,004% (w / v) Papain durch Auflösen von 0,004 g Papain in 100 ml 0,025 mol / l Tris-HCl-Puffer (pH 7,6) vorbereiten. </li><li> Die Probe mit DW für 10 min bei RT waschen. </li><li> Inprobieren Sie die Probe in frisch zubereiteten 0,004% Papain für 2 h bei 37 ° C in einem konstanten Temperaturbad mit sanftem Schütteln. </li><li> Waschen Sie das Exemplar mit DW für 50-60 min bei RT. </li><li> Die Probe in 4% PFA bei 4 ° CO / N aufbewahren. </li></ol></li><li> Tag 2: Enzymatische Behandlung <ol><li> Waschen Sie die gespeicherte Probe mit DW 4 mal für jeweils 1 h bei RT. </li><li> Inprobieren Sie die Probe in frisch zubereiteten 0,004% Papain für 2 h bei 37 ° C in einem konstanten Temperaturbad mit sanftem Schütteln. </li><li> Die Probe mit DW für 50-60 min bei RT waschen. Die Probe in 4% PFA bei 4 ° CO / N aufbewahren. </li></ol></li><li> Tag 3: Einfrieren Behandlung <ol><li> Waschen Sie die gespeicherte Probe mit DW 4x für 1 h jeweils bei RT, wie oben. </li><li> 2% (w / v), 5% (w / v) und 10% (w / v) Saccharose durch Auflösen von 2,5 g, 5 g bzw. 10 g Saccharose in 100 ml 0,01 M PBS ( PH 7,4). </li><li> Tauchen Sie die Probe in 2,5% (w / v), 5% (w / v) und 10% (w / v) Saccharose für jeweils 30 min ein. </li><li> Die Probe bei -20 ° C für 30 - 60 min einfrieren und bei RT vollständig auftauen; Wiederholen Sie den Zyklus 3x. </li><li> Oben2% Triton X-100 (v / v) abgeben, 2 ml Triton X-100 zu 100 ml 0,01 M PBS (pH 7,4) zugeben. </li><li> Die Probe in 2% Triton X-100 bei 4 ° CO / N aufbewahren. </li></ol></li><li> Tag 4: Inkubation des primären Antikörpers <ol><li> Die Verdünnungslösung des primären Antikörpers wird durch Auflösen von 0,2 g Rinderserumalbumin (BSA), 0,3 ml Triton X-100 und 0,1 g Natriumazid in 100 ml 0,01 M PBS (pH 7,4) hergestellt. Achtung: Natriumazid ist akut toxisch. Einatmen und Berühren müssen vermieden werden. Tragen Sie geeignete PPE. </li><li> Verdünnen Sie den primären Antikörper (NFP) 1: 600 im obigen Verdünnungspuffer (Schritt 3.4.1). Inkubieren Sie die Probe mit NFP-Antikörper bei 4 ° C für 3-6 Tage, wobei die Probe vorsichtig auf dem Nuss- Größere Exemplare benötigen erhöhte Inkubationszeiten. </li></ol></li><li> Sekundäre Antikörper-Inkubation <ol><li> Waschen Sie die Probe in PBS 4x für 1 h jeweils bei RT, um ungebundenen primären Antikörper zu entfernen. </lI&gt; <li> Die Verdünnungslösung für den sekundären Antikörper durch Auflösen von 0,2 g BSA und 0,3 ml Triton X-100 in 100 ml 0,01 M PBS (pH 7,4) vorbereiten. </li><li> Verdünnen Sie den sekundären Antikörper (Peroxidase-konjugiertes, affinitätsgereinigtes Schaf-anti-Maus-IgG-HRP) 1: 600 im Verdünnungspuffer (Schritt 3.5.2). Inkubieren Sie die Probe mit dem sekundären Antikörper bei 4 ° C für 3 d und halten Sie die Probe vorsichtig auf den Nutator. </li></ol></li><li> Färbung <ol><li> Vorbereitung der DAB-Farblösung durch Zugabe von 0,002 g 3,3&#39;-Diaminobenzidintetrahydrochlorid (DAB) zu 100 ml 0,05 mol / l Tris-HCl-Puffer (pH 7,6) unter einem Abzug, wobei die Lösung im Dunkeln gehalten wird. </li><li> Waschen Sie die Proben bei RT in PBS 4x für jeweils 1 h. </li><li> 10 μl 30% iges H 2 O 2 in frisch hergestellter DAB-Farblösung zugeben und mit der Lösung bei 4 ° CO / N oder für 3 d inkubieren, während sie vorsichtig auf den Nuss- </li><li> Stoppen Sie die Reaktion von plaCing die Probe in PBS mit 0,04% Natriumazid, wenn die optimale Färbeintensität erreicht ist. HINWEIS: Vermeiden Sie die Verwendung von Natriumazid bis zu diesem Schritt, da es die Meerrettichperoxidase hemmt. </li></ol></li><li> Bildgebung des gefärbten Gewebes <ol><li> Sorgfältig die Probe auf eine Petrischale (5 cm hoch, 10 cm im Durchmesser) mit PBS übertragen. Erfassen Sie ganzheitliche Bilder mit einer Kamera, die auf einem Stereomikroskop montiert ist. HINWEIS: Vollständig gefärbtes Gewebe sollte abgebildet werden, während es vollständig in PBS auf einer transparenten Glasschale eingetaucht wird. </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Kuratani, S., Tanaka, S., Ishikawa, Y., Zukeran, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+development+of+the+hypoglossal+nerve+in+the+chick+embryo+as+observed+by+the+whole-mount+nerve+staining+method.">Early development of the hypoglossal nerve in the chick embryo as observed by the whole-mount nerve staining method.</a> Am. J. Anat. 182 (2), 155-168 (1988).</li><li>Kuratani, S., Tanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+development+of+the+avian+vagus+nerve+with+special+reference+to+the+morphological+innervation+of+heart+and+lung.">Peripheral development of the avian vagus nerve with special reference to the morphological innervation of heart and lung.</a> Anat. Embryol. (Berl). 182 (5), 435-445 (1990).</li><li>Kuratani, S., Tanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+development+of+avian+trigeminal+nerves.">Peripheral development of avian trigeminal nerves.</a> Am. J. Anat. 187 (1), 65-80 (1990).</li><li>Yi, S. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=House+musk+shrew,+Suncus+murinus:+a+novel+and+natural+obesity-resistant+animal+model.">House musk shrew, Suncus murinus: a novel and natural obesity-resistant animal model.</a> Obes. Metab. 6, 22-28 (2010).</li><li>Yi, S. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+anatomy+of+innervation+of+the+gallbladder+in+humans+and+Suncus+murinus+with+special+reference+to+morphological+understanding+of+gallstone+formation+after+gastrectomy.">Surgical anatomy of innervation of the gallbladder in humans and Suncus murinus with special reference to morphological understanding of gallstone formation after gastrectomy.</a> World J. Gastroenterol. 13 (14), 2066-2071 (2007).</li><li>Yi, S. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomical+study+of+the+pancreas+in+the+house+musk+shrew,+Suncus+murinus,+with+special+reference+to+the+blood+supply+and+innervation.">Anatomical study of the pancreas in the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus, with special reference to the blood supply and innervation.</a> Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell Evol. Biol. 273 (1), 630-635 (2003).</li><li>Yi, S. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+anatomy+of+the+innervation+of+the+major+duodenal+papilla+in+humans+and+Suncus+murinus,+from+the+perspective+of+preserving+innervation+in+organ-saving+procedures.">Surgical anatomy of the innervation of the major duodenal papilla in humans and Suncus murinus, from the perspective of preserving innervation in organ-saving procedures.</a> Pancreas. 30 (3), 211-217 (2005).</li><li>Yi, S. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+anatomy+of+the+innervation+of+the+pylorus+in+humans+and+Suncus+murinus,+in+relation+to+the+surgical+technique+for+pylorus-preserving+pancreatoduodenectomy.">Surgical anatomy of the innervation of the pylorus in humans and Suncus murinus, in relation to the surgical technique for pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy.</a> World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (14), 2209-2216 (2006).</li><li>Yi, S. Q., Ren, K., Kinoshita, M., Takano, N., Itoh, M., Ozaki, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innervation+of+Extrahepatic+Biliary+Tract,+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Direct+Bidirectional+Neural+Connections+of+the+Gall+Bladder,+Sphincter+of+Oddi+and+Duodenum+in+Suncus+murinus,+in+Whole-Mount+Immunohistochemical+Study.">Innervation of Extrahepatic Biliary Tract, With Special Reference to the Direct Bidirectional Neural Connections of the Gall Bladder, Sphincter of Oddi and Duodenum in Suncus murinus, in Whole-Mount Immunohistochemical Study.</a> Anat. Histol. Embryol. 45 (3), 184-188 (2016).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurofilament+proteins+in+axonal+regeneration+and+neurodegenerative+diseases.">Neurofilament proteins in axonal regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Neural Regen. Res. 7 (8), 620-626 (2012).</li><li>Wyatt, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+of+the+sphincter+of+Oddi+to+the+stomach,+duodenum+and+gall-bladder.">The relationship of the sphincter of Oddi to the stomach, duodenum and gall-bladder.</a> J. Physiol. 193 (2), 225-243 (1967).</li><li>Mawe, G. M., Kennedy, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duodenal+neurons+provide+nicotinic+fast+synaptic+input+to+sphincter+of+Oddi+neurons+in+guinea+pig.">Duodenal neurons provide nicotinic fast synaptic input to sphincter of Oddi neurons in guinea pig.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 277, G226-G234 (1999).</li><li>Seo, J. H., Cho, S. S., Lee, I. S., Lee, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomical+and+neuropeptidergic+properties+of+the+duodenal+neurons+projecting+to+the+gallbladder+in+the+golden+hamster.">Anatomical and neuropeptidergic properties of the duodenal neurons projecting to the gallbladder in the golden hamster.</a> Arch. Histol. Cytol. 65 (4), 317-321 (2002).</li><li>Padbury, R. T., Furness, J. B., Baker, R. A., Toouli, J., Messenger, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Projections+of+nerve+cells+from+the+duodenum+to+the+sphincter+of+Oddi+and+gallbladder+of+the+Australian+possum.">Projections of nerve cells from the duodenum to the sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder of the Australian possum.</a> Gastroenterology. 104 (1), 130-136 (1993).</li><li>White, J. J., Reeber, S. L., Hawkes, R., Sillitoe, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wholemount+immunohistochemistry+for+revealing+complex+brain+topography.">Wholemount immunohistochemistry for revealing complex brain topography.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (62), e4042 (2012).</li></ol>

Die Autoren erklären keine Interessenkonflikte.

Diese Arbeit beschreibt das experimentelle Verfahren zur Visualisierung der Innervation des extrahepatischen Gallenweges unter Verwendung eines Antikörpers gegen Neurofilamentprotein. Dieses Protokoll wurde aus dem von Kuratani und Tanaka 1 , 2 , 3 beschriebenen Protokoll angepasst. Für dieses Experiment planen Sie die Timeline für jedes der Experimente, da der Voll-Mount-Färbe-Ansatz für 2-3 W...

Das Haus Moschusspitzmaus , Suncus murinus , gehört zur Ordnung Insektivora und die Familie Soricidae. Dieses kleine Säugetier ist in Südostasien verteilt und bewohnt Häuser und Rasenflächen, die in der Nähe von menschlichen Wohnräumen oder Viehstiften liegen 4 . Diese Spezies weist allgemeine morphologische Merkmale auf, die den Menschen ähnlicher sind als andere Labortiere wie Maus, Ratte und Kaninchen 5 . Bisher wurde eine Vollmontage-Immunfärbung mit einem peripheren Neuron-Marker für S. murinus- Neurofilament-Protein (NFP) verwendet, um die peripheren Nerven in der Bauchspeicheldrüse 6 , der großen Duodenalpapille 7 , dem Pylorus 8 , der Gallenblase 5 und dem extrahepatischen Gallengang 9 zu markieren. NFP ist ein makromolekularer Komplex, der Teil des reifen neuronalen Zytoskeletts ist. Neurofilament-verwandtes ProteinS Zwischenwechsel zwischen NFP und dem Zygosom. Sowohl die Enzymfunktion als auch die Struktur der Linkerproteine ​​werden durch NFP 10 reguliert. Der NFP-Komplex besteht aus drei Polypeptiden: NF-L (70 kDa), NF-M (150-160 kDa) und NF-H (200 kDa). NFP kann in neuronalen Axonen sowohl im zentralen als auch im peripheren Nervensystem gefunden werden. Anti-Human-NFP-Antikörper wurde gezeigt, um Axone des zentralen und peripheren Nervensystems zu etikettieren. Anatomische und elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass der Sphinkter, die Gallenblase und der proximale Magen-Darm-Trakt 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 verbunden sind. Allerdings sind die morphologischen Merkmale ihrer neuronalen Verbindungen noch nicht definiert. Diese Arbeit zeigt die Verwendung einer ganz-montierten immunhistochemischen Färbemethode, um die Innervation des S. murinus bil zu etikettierenIary Trakt mit einem NFP-Antikörper.

<table><tbody><tr><td>orthoperiodic acid</td><td>Wako</td><td>162-00732</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>papain</td><td>Wako</td><td>164-00172</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Wako</td><td>010-15131</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium azide</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>312-33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>neurofilament protein (NFP) antibody</td><td>Dako</td><td>M0762, lot 089, clone: 2F11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>peroxidase-conjugated affinity-purified sheep anti-mouse IgG-HRP</td><td>MBL</td><td>Code 330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3,3&#039;-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB)</td><td>Wako</td><td>349-00903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>imidazole</td><td>Sigma</td><td>I-0125</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using a whole-mount immunohistochemical method to study the innervation of the biliary tract in suncus murinus

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Vollständige Immunhistochemie Färbung Methode im Detail, mit Neurofilament Protein-Antikörper, um die Innervation der Gallenwege in Suncus murinus ( S. murinus &#160; ). Zuerst wurde das Exemplar von S. murinus seziert und in 4% Paraformaldehyd (PFA) fixiert. Zweitens wurde eine enzymatische Behandlung und potentielle endogene Peroxidase-Inaktivierung durchgeführt. Die Probe wurde dann dem primären Antikörper, Anti-Neurofilament-Protein-Antikörper, für 3-6 Tage ausgesetzt. Es wurde dann mit dem sekundären Antikörper inkubiert, der mit Meerrettichperoxidase konjugiert war. Die Farbreaktion wurde durch Umsetzen der Probe mit einem 3,3&#39;-Diaminobenzidin (DAB) -Substrat aufgedeckt. Diese Methode kann angewendet werden, um die Innervation aller viszeralen Organe zu analysieren. Darüber hinaus kann dieses Protokoll auch angepasst werden, um andere neuronale Antikörper zu testen, aber die Optimierung der antibodiEs sollte zuerst getan werden. Diese Methode wurde ursprünglich von Kuratani und Tanaka 1 , 2 , 3 eingeführt.

Die Abbildungen 1 - 4 zeigen typische Ergebnisse für NFP-positive Nervenfasern im extrahepatischen Gallengang in S. murinus . Der Antikörper gegen NFP markierte reproduzierbar die Innervation im gesamten Bild des extrahepatischen Gallenganges (Abbildung 1 ), Gallenblase (Abbildung 2 ), oberer Gallengang (Abbildung 3 ) und Duodenalpapillen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus at JoVE.com

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

Ein ganzheitlicher immunhistochemischer Ansatz, um die Neurofilament-Protein-Expression im extrahepatischen Gallengang in Suncus murinus zu visualisieren. Wird hier vorgestellt. Dieses Protokoll kann verwendet werden, um die Innervation aller viszeralen Organe in S. murinus oder anderen Spezies zu analysieren.

Mit einer vollständigen immunhistochemischen Methode, um die Innervation der Gallenwege zu studieren<em&gt; Suncus murinus</em

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the ...

using-whole-mount-immunohistochemical-method-to-study-innervation

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

6.7K Aufrufe.  Tokyo Metropolitan University.  Ein ganzheitlicher immunhistochemischer Ansatz, um die Neurofilament-Protein-Expression im extrahepatischen Gallengang in Suncus murinus zu visualisieren. Wird hier vorgestellt. Dieses Protokoll kann verwendet werden, um die Innervation aller viszeralen Organe in S. murinus oder anderen Spezies zu analysieren. 

Serie: Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

Immunostaining to Visualize Murine Enteric Nervous System Development

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must then differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. Cholinergic neurons, a major neurotransmitter phenotype in the enteric nervous system, are identified by staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine. Historical efforts to visualize cholinergic neurons have been hampered by antibodies with differing specificities to central nervous system versus peripheral nervous system ChAT. We and others have overcome this limitation by using an antibody against placental ChAT, which recognizes both central and peripheral ChAT, to successfully visualize embryonic enteric cholinergic neurons. Additionally, we have compared this antibody to genetic reporters for ChAT and shown that the antibody is more reliable during embryogenesis. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Neural crest cells differentiate into neurons with markers specific for their neurotransmitter phenotype. This protocol describes a technique for dissecting, fixing and immunostaining of the murine embryonic gastrointestinal tract to visualize enteric nervous system neurotransmitter expression.

Immunfärbung zu Murine enterische Nervensystem Entwicklung visualisieren

The enteric nervous system is formed by neural crest cells that proliferate, migrate and colonize the gut. Following colonization, neural crest cells must ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization for Assessment of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibody Biodistribution in Cancer Research

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. They are used to unravel the role of proteins in tumorigenesis, can be directed to cancer biomarkers enabling tumor detection and characterization, and can be used for cancer therapy as mAbs or antibody-drug conjugates to activate immune effector cells, to inhibit signaling pathways, or directly kill cells carrying the specific antigen. Despite clinical advancements in the development and production of novel and highly specific mAbs, diagnostic and therapeutic applications can be impaired by the complexity and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, for the development of efficient antibody-based therapies and diagnostics, it is crucial to assess the biodistribution and interaction of the antibody-based conjugate with the living tumor microenvironment. Here, we describe In Vivo Immunofluorescence Localization (IVIL) as a new approach to study interactions of antibody-based therapeutics and diagnostics in the in vivo physiological and pathological conditions. In this technique, a therapeutic or diagnostic antigen-specific antibody is intravenously injected in&#160;vivo and localized ex vivo with a secondary antibody in isolated tumors. IVIL, therefore, reflects the in vivo biodistribution of antibody-based drugs and targeting agents. Two IVIL applications are described assessing the biodistribution and accessibility of antibody-based contrast agents for molecular imaging of breast cancer. This protocol will allow future users to adapt the IVIL method for their own antibody-based research applications.

The in vivo immunofluorescence localization (IVIL) method can be used to examine in vivo biodistribution of antibodies and antibody conjugates for oncological purposes in living organisms using a combination of in vivo tumor targeting and ex vivo immunostaining methods.

In Vivo Immunfluoreszenzlokalisation zur Bewertung der therapeutischen und diagnostischen Antikörperbiodistribution in der Krebsforschung

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important tools in cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment. They are used to unravel the role of proteins in ...

Krebsforschung

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques are used, including serum chemistry, histological analysis, and immunostaining for specific markers. Although these techniques can provide important information about the biliary system, they often do not present a full picture of bile duct (BD) developmental defects across the whole liver. This is in part due to the robust ability of the mouse liver to drain the bile even in animals with significant impairment in biliary development. Here we present a simple method to calculate the average number of BDs associated with each portal vein (PV) in sections covering all lobes of mutant/transgenic mice. In this method, livers are mounted and sectioned in a stereotypic manner to facilitate comparison among various genotypes and experimental conditions. BDs are identified via light microscopy of cytokeratin-stained cholangiocytes, and then counted and divided by the total number of PVs present in liver section. As an example, we show how this method can clearly distinguish between wild-type mice and a mouse model of Alagille syndrome. The method presented here cannot substitute for techniques that visualize the three-dimensional structure of the biliary tree. However, it offers an easy and direct way to quantitatively assess BD development and the degree of ductular reaction formation in mice.

We present a rather simple and sensitive method for accurate quantification of bile duct density in the mouse liver. This method can aid in determining the effects of genetic and environmental modifiers and the effectiveness of potential therapies in mouse models of biliary diseases.

Bestimmung der Gallengangsdichte in der Mausleber

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques ...

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well as to excrete bilirubin and other metabolic products. In the liver, the experimental obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system initiates a complex cascade of pathological events that leads to cholestasis and inflammation resulting in a strong fibrotic reaction originating from the periportal fields. Therefore, surgical ligation of the common bile duct has become the most commonly used model to induce obstructive cholestatic injury in rodents and to study the molecular and cellular events that underlie these pathophysiological mechanisms induced by inappropriate bile flow. In recent years, different surgical techniques have been described that either allow reconnection or reanastomosis after bile duct ligation (BDL), e.g., partial BDL, or other microsurgical methods for specific research questions. However, the most frequently used model is the complete obstruction of the common bile duct that induces a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days. The mortality rate can be high due to infectious complications or technical inaccuracies. Here we provide a detailed surgical procedure for the BDL model in mice that induce a highly reproducible fibrotic response in accordance to the 3R rule for animal welfare postulated by Russel and Burch in 1959.

Disruption of bile flow results in severe inflammatory cholestatic liver injury with a characteristic time-dependent sequence of morphological alterations. Here we present a protocol for the surgical ligation of the common bile duct in mice that allows to induce a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days.

Gallengang-Ligation in Mice: Induktion von Entzündungsleber-Verletzung und Fibrose von obstruktiver Cholestase

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well ...

Medizin

In Situ Ca2+ Imaging of the Enteric Nervous System

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ganglionated plexuses housed in the gut wall. Enteric neurons and enteric glia are the only cell types within the enteric ganglia. The activity of enteric neurons and glia is responsible for coordinating intestinal functions. This protocol describes methods for observing the activity of neurons and glia within the intact ENS by imaging intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients with fluorescent indicator dyes. Our technical discussion focuses on methods for Ca2+ imaging in whole-mount preparations of the myenteric plexus from the rodent bowel. Bulk loading of ENS whole-mounts with a high-affinity Ca2+ indicator such as Fluo-4 permits measurements of Ca2+ responses in individual neurons or glial cells. These responses can be evoked repeatedly and reliably, which permits quantitative studies using pharmacological tools. Ca2+ responses in cells of the ENS are recorded using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Fluorescence measurements obtained using Ca2+ imaging in whole-mount preparations offer a straightforward means of characterizing the mechanisms and potential functional consequences of Ca2+ responses in enteric neurons and glial cells.

In Situ Ca2+ Imaging of the Enteric Nervous System

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network of neurons and glia located in the gut wall that controls intestinal reflexes. This protocol describes methods for recording the activity of enteric neurons and glia in live preparations of ENS using Ca2+ imaging.

In Situ Ca 2+ Imaging des enterischen Nervensystems

Reflex behaviors of the intestine are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is an integrative network of neurons and glia in two ...

Neurowissenschaften

Visualization of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) Network in Mice

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are mesenchymal derived "pacemaker cells" of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that generate spontaneous slow waves required for peristalsis and mediate neuronal input from the enteric nervous system1. Different subtypes of ICC form distinct networks in the muscularis of the GI tract 2,3. Loss or injury to these networks is associated with a number of motility disorders4. ICC cells express the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase on the plasma membrane and KIT immunostaining has been used for the past 15 years to label the ICC network5,6. Importantly, normal KIT activity is required for ICC development5,6. Neoplastic transformation of ICC cells results in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), that frequently harbor gain-of-function KIT mutations7,8. We recently showed that ETV1 is a lineage-specific survival factor expressed in the ICC/GIST lineage and is a master transcriptional regulator required for both normal ICC network formation and for of GIST tumorigenesis9. We further demonstrate that it cooperates with activating KIT mutations in tumorigenesis. Here, we describe methods for visualization of ICC networks in mice, largely based on previously published protocols10,11. More recently, the chloride channel anoctamin 1 (ANO1) has also been characterized as a specific membrane marker of ICC11,12. Because of their plasma membrane localization, immunofluorescence of both proteins can be used to visualize the ICC networks. Here, we describe visualization of the ICC networks by fixed-frozen cyrosections and whole mount preparations.

Visualization of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal ICC Network in Mice

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are the pacemaker cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. They form complex networks between smooth muscle cells and post-ganglionic neuronal fibers to regulate GI contractility. Here, we present immunofluorescence methods cross-sectional and whole-mount visualization of murine ICC networks.

Visualisierung der interstitiellen Zellen von Cajal (ICC) Netzwerk in Mäuse

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are mesenchymal derived "pacemaker cells" of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that generate spontaneous slow waves ...

Biologie

Intravital Imaging of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Murine Small Intestine

Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing &#947;&#948; T cell receptor (&#947;&#948; IEL) play a key role in immune surveillance of the intestinal epithelium. Due in part to the lack of a definitive ligand for the &#947;&#948; T cell receptor, our understanding of the regulation of &#947;&#948; IEL activation and their function in vivo remains limited. This necessitates the development of alternative strategies to interrogate signaling pathways involved in regulating &#947;&#948; IEL function and the responsiveness of these cells to the local microenvironment. Although &#947;&#948; IELs are widely understood to limit pathogen translocation, the use of intravital imaging has been critical to understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of IEL/epithelial interactions at steady-state and in response to invasive pathogens. Herein, we present a protocol for visualizing IEL migratory behavior in the small intestinal mucosa of a GFP &#947;&#948; T cell reporter mouse using inverted spinning disk confocal laser microscopy. Although the maximum imaging depth of this approach is limited relative to the use of two-photon laser-scanning microscopy, spinning disk confocal laser microscopy provides the advantage of high speed image acquisition with reduced photobleaching and photodamage. Using 4D image analysis software, T cell surveillance behavior and their interactions with neighboring cells can be analyzed following experimental manipulation to provide additional insight into IEL activation and function within the intestinal mucosa.

We describe a method to visualize GFP-labeled &#947;&#948; IELs using intravital imaging of murine small intestine by inverted spinning disk confocal microscopy. This technique enables the tracking of live cells within the mucosa for up to 4 h and can be used to investigate a variety of intestinal immune-epithelial interactions. &#160;

Intravitale Bildgebung von intraepitheliale Lymphozyten im murinen Dünndarm

Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing &#947;&#948; T cell receptor (&#947;&#948; IEL) play a key role in immune surveillance of the intestinal ...

Immunologie und Infektion

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of infancy, with an estimated 1 in 15,000 frequency in the southeast United States, but more common in East Asian countries, with a reported frequency of 1 in 5,000 in Taiwan. Although much is known about the management of biliary atresia, its pathogenesis is still elusive. The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) provides a unique opportunity to examine the mechanism and progression of biliary degeneration. Sea lamprey develop through three distinct life stages: larval, parasitic, and adult. During the transition from larvae to parasitic juvenile, sea lamprey undergo metamorphosis with dramatic reorganization and remodeling in external morphology and internal organs. In the liver, the entire biliary system is lost, including the gall bladder and the biliary tree. A newly-developed method called &#8220;CLARITY&#8221; was modified to clarify the entire liver and the junction with the intestine in metamorphic sea lamprey. The process of biliary degeneration was visualized and discerned during sea lamprey metamorphosis by using laser scanning confocal microscopy. This method provides a powerful tool to study biliary atresia in a unique animal model.

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

Sea lamprey lose the gall bladder and bile ducts during metamorphosis, a process similar to human biliary atresia. A new fixation and clarification method (CLARITY) was modified to visualize the entire biliary tree using laser scanning confocal microscopy. This method provides a powerful tool to study biliary degeneration.

Eine neue Methode zur Klärung biliäre Leberdegeneration Visualisieren Während Metamorphosis in Seeneunauge ( Petromyzon marinus)

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of infancy, with an estimated 1 in 15,000 frequency in the southeast United States, but more common in East Asian ...

Murine Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an Ex Vivo Model of Liver Biology

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic liver disease, and liver cancer) requires experimental manipulation of animal models and in vitro cell cultures. Both techniques have limitations, such as the requirement of large numbers of animals for in vivo manipulation. However, in vitro cell cultures do not reproduce the structure and function of the multicellular hepatic environment. The use of precision-cut liver slices is a technique in which uniform slices of viable mouse liver are maintained in laboratory tissue culture for experimental manipulation. This technique occupies an experimental niche that exists between animal studies and in vitro cell culture methods. The presented protocol describes a straightforward and reliable method to isolate and culture precision-cut liver slices from mice. As an application of this technique, ex vivo liver slices are treated with bile acids to simulate cholestatic liver injury and ultimately assess the mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis.

This protocol provides a simple and reliable method for the production of viable precision-cut liver slices from mice. The ex vivo tissue samples can be maintained under laboratory tissue culture conditions for multiple days, providing a flexible model to examine liver pathobiology.

Murine Präzisionsgeschnittene Leberscheiben als Ex-Vivo-Modell der Leberbiologie

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic ...

Location, Dissection, and Analysis of the Murine Stellate Ganglion

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter of investigation in the pathophysiology of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Neurons in the stellate ganglia (SG)&#160;&#8211;&#160;bilateral star-shaped structures of the sympathetic chain &#8211;&#160;are an important component of the sympathetic infrastructure. The SG are a recognized target for&#160;treatment via cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with therapy-refractory VA. While neuronal remodeling and glial activation in the SG have been described in patients with VA, the underlying cellular and molecular processes that potentially precede the onset of arrhythmia are only insufficiently understood and should be elucidated to improve autonomic modulation. Mouse models allow us to study sympathetic neuronal remodeling, but identification of the murine SG is challenging for the inexperienced investigator. Thus, in-depth cellular and molecular biological studies of the murine SG are lacking for many common cardiac diseases. Here, we describe a basic repertoire for dissecting and studying the SG in adult mice for analyses at RNA level (RNA isolation for gene expression analyses, in situ hybridization), protein level (immunofluorescent whole mount staining), and cellular level (basic morphology, cell size measurement). We present potential solutions to overcome challenges in the preparation technique, and how to improve staining via quenching of autofluorescence. This allows for the visualization of neurons as well as glial cells via established markers in order to determine cell composition and remodeling processes. The methods presented here allow characterizing the SG to gain further information on autonomic dysfunction in mice prone to VA and can be complemented by additional techniques investigating neuronal and glial components of the autonomic nervous system in the heart.

Pathophysiological changes in the cardiac autonomic nervous system, especially in its sympathetic branch, contribute to the onset and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmias. In the present protocol, we show how to characterize murine stellate ganglia to improve the understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular processes.

Lage, Dissektion und Analyse des Murin-Stellat-Ganglions

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter ...

Mit einer vollständigen immunhistochemischen Methode, um die Innervation der Gallenwege zu studieren

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