Name: human adipose tissue micro-fragmentation for cell phenotyping and secretome characterization
Uploaded: 2019-10-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Human Adipose Tissue Micro-fragmentation for Cell Phenotyping and Secretome Characterization at JoVE.com

The authors wish to thank Claire Cryer and Fiona Rossi at the University of Edinburgh for their expert assistance with flow cytometry. We also wish to thank the personnel of the Murrayfield hospital who contributed by providing tissue specimens.
This work was supported by grants from the British Heart Foundation and Lipogems, which supplied adipose tissue processing kits. Human adult tissue samples were procured with full ethics permission of the South East Scotland Research Ethics Committee (reference: 16/SS/0103).

Ethical approval for the use of human tissues in this research was obtained from the South East Scotland Research Ethics Committee (reference: 16/SS/0103).
1. Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Collection
NOTE: All instruments used in the manual lipo-aspiration procedure are provided by the manufacturer of the micro-fragmentation device.
<ol>
	<li>Maintain sterility for all fluids, containers, instruments, and the operational area throughout th...

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+fat+grafting:+more+than+a+permanent+filler.">Structural fat grafting: more than a permanent filler.</a> Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 118 (3), 108S-120S (2006).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Editorial:+An+update+on+organoid+research.">Editorial: An update on organoid research.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 20 (6), 633 (2018).</li></ol>

This paper describes the physical fractionation, using a closed system device, of human adipose tissue into small clusters displaying normal adipose tissue microanatomy.
Manually aspirated human subcutaneous adipose tissue and saline solution are loaded into a transparent plastic cylinder containing large pinball-style metallic spheres that, upon vigorous manual shaking of the device, rupture the fat into sub-millimeter fragments. Attached filters and outlet allow eliminating debris, blood and...

Adipose tissue, long used as a filler in reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, has recently become more popular in regenerative medicine once recognized as a source for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)1. Lipoaspirates dissociated enzymatically into single-cell suspensions yield an adipocyte-free stromal vascular fraction (SVF) that is used unaltered in the patient or, more commonly, is cultured for several weeks into MSCs2.
However, enzyme dissociation ruptures the tissue microenvironments, secluding neighboring regulatory cells from presumptive regenerative cells that become considerably modified by in vitro culture. To avoid such experimental artifacts and consequent functional alterations, attempts have been made to process adipose tissue for therapeutic use while maintaining its native configuration as intact as possible3,4. Notably, mechanical tissue disruption has started to replace enzymatic dissociation. To this end, the full immersion closed system micro-fragments lipoaspirates into sub-millimeter, blood- and oil-free tissue clusters (e.g., Lipogems) via a sequence of sieve filtration and steel marble induced disruption3. Autologous transplantation of micro-fragmented adipose tissue, using this closed system technology, has been successful in multiple indications, spanning cosmetics, orthopedics, proctology and gynaecology4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13.
Comparison between human micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MAT) obtained with the closed system device and isogenic SVF revealed that with respect to vascular/stromal cell distribution and secretory activity in culture, MAT contains more pericytes, which are presumptive MSCs14, and secretes higher amounts of growth factors and cytokines15.
The present article illustrates the enzyme-free micro-fragmentation of human subcutaneous adipose tissue using a closed system device, and the further processing of such micronized adipose tissue for in vitro culture, immunohistochemistry and FACS analysis, in order to identify the cell types present and the soluble factors secreted (Figure 1). The described method safely generates adipose derived sub-millimeter organoids containing viable adipose tissue cell populations in an intact niche, suitable for further applications and studies.

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			<td>4% Buffered paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>VWR chemicals</td>
			<td>9317.901</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>0.9% NaCl Solution</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>3KB7127</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>AlexaFluor 555 goat anti-mouse IgG&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A21422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>AlexaFluor 647 goat anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>&#160;A21245</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>fisher chemicals</td>
			<td>1158868</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Antigent Diluent</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>3218</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Anti-Mouse Ig, &#954;/Negative Control (BSA) Compensation Plus</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Avidin/Biotin Blocking Kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD LSR Fortessa 5-laser flow cytometer&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Laser 405nm (violet)/375nm (UV) &#8211; filter V450/50 for DAPI and V450 antibodies; Laser 561nm (Yellow-green) &#8211; filter YG582/15 for PE antibodies; Laser 405nm (violet)/375nm (UV) &#8211; filter V710/50 for BV711 antibodies&#160;</td>
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			<td>Biotinylated Ulex europaeus lectin</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>Vector-B1065</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>BV711 Mouse IgG1, k Isotype Control</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>563044</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>CD146-BV711</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>563186</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>CD31-V450</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561653</td>
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			<td>CD34-PE</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555822</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>CD45-V450</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560367</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>stock concentration: 5mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable liposuction cannula (LGI 13Gx185 mm &#8211; AR 13/18) &#160;</td>
			<td>Lipogems&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>provided in the Lipogems surgical kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diva software 306 (v.6.0)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAX without sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>61965026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGMTM-2 Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 BulletKitTM</td>
			<td>Lonza&#160;</td>
			<td>CC-3156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F2442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo (v.10.0)</td>
			<td>FlowJo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Fluoromount G</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>410870025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipogems Surgical Kit</td>
			<td>Lipogems&#160;</td>
			<td>LG SK 60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Mouse anti human- NG2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>554275</td>
			<td>stock concentration: 0.5 mg/mL</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse IgG1, &#954; Isotype Control</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555749</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystirene round bottom 5 mL tube with cell strainer snap cap&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352235, 25/Pack</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene round bottom 5 mL tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Rabbit anti human - PDGFRb</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>32570</td>
			<td>stock concentration: 0.15 mg/mL</td>
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			<td>Streptavidin conjugated-488</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>&#160;S32354</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>84100-5kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue infiltration cannula (17GX185 mm-VG 17/18)&#160;</td>
			<td>Lipogems&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>provided in the Lipogems surgical kit</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>fisher chemicals</td>
			<td>BP152-500</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Type- II Collagenase</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17101-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V450 Mouse IgG1, &#954; Isotype Control</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560373</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Widefield Zeiss observer</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Objective used: Plan-Apo 20x/0.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss Colibri7 LED light source ( LEDs: 385, 475, 555, 590, 630 nm)</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DAPI: UV, excitation 385nm; 488: Blue, excitation 475nm;&#160; 555: Green, excitation 555nm;&#160; 647:Red, excitation 630nm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
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human adipose tissue micro-fragmentation for cell phenotyping and secretome characterization

In the past decade, adipose tissue transplants have been widely used in plastic surgery and orthopaedics to enhance tissue repletion and/or regeneration. Accordingly, techniques for harvesting and processing human adipose tissue have evolved in order to quickly and efficiently obtain large amounts of tissue. Among these, the closed system technology represents an innovative and easy-to-use system to harvest, process, and re-inject refined fat tissue in a short time and in the same intervention (intra-operatively). Adipose tissue is collected by liposuction, washed, emulsified, rinsed and minced mechanically into cell clusters of 0.3 to 0.8 mm. Autologous transplantation of mechanically fragmented adipose tissue has shown remarkable efficacy in different therapeutic indications such as aesthetic medicine and surgery, orthopedic and general surgery. Characterization of micro-fragmented adipose tissue revealed the presence of intact small vessels within the adipocyte clusters; hence, the perivascular niche is left unperturbed. These clusters are enriched in perivascular cells (i.e., mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) ancestors) and in vitro analysis showed an increased release of growth factors and cytokines involved in tissue repair and regeneration, compared to enzymatically derived MSCs. This suggests that the superior therapeutic potential of microfragmented adipose tissue is explained by a higher frequency of presumptive MSCs and enhanced secretory activity. Whether these added pericytes directly contribute to higher growth factor and cytokine production is not known. This clinically approved procedure allows the transplantation of presumptive MSCs without the need for expansion and/or enzymatic treatment, thus bypassing the requirements of GMP guidelines, and reducing the costs for cell-based therapies.

Mechanical dissociation of manual lipoaspirates resulted in the production of micro-fragmented adipose tissue (MAT), consisting of an aggregate of adipocytes enveloping a microvascular network (Figure 3). Immunofluorescence analysis of gelatin-embedded and cryofixed MAT highlights this structure, showing the vascular network marked by the endothelial cell marker Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) receptor mainly consisting of small, capillary-like vessels (<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Human Adipose Tissue Micro-fragmentation for Cell Phenotyping and Secretome Characterization at JoVE.com

Human Adipose Tissue Micro-fragmentation for Cell Phenotyping and Secretome Characterization

Here, we present human adipose tissue enzyme-free micro-fragmentation using a closed system device. This new method allows the obtainment of sub-millimeter clusters of adipose tissue suitable for in vivo transplantation, in vitro culture, and further cell isolation and characterization.

In the past decade, adipose tissue transplants have been widely used in plastic surgery and orthopaedics to enhance tissue repletion and/or regeneration. ...

Using this system, we can collect the sub-millimeter clusters of human adipose tissue, in which the whole microenvironment of regenerative cells is intact. The whole microvascular system is also intact, and so we can use these sort of micro organs for in-vivo transplantation for in-vitro culture and for cell isolation for further characterization. The main rationale for the use of the system in the research laboratory is that the process is totally enzyme-free, and so it allows the rapid and efficient processing of human adipose tissue while maintaining a micro-architecture and it will be the microvasculature of the tissue totally intact.And so we can directly study a cell therapy product which has proven already very useful in the clinic. This closed system technology is an easy to use technique for harvesting, processing and re-injection refined fat tissue intra-operatively, and can be successfully applied in cosmetics orthopedics, proctology and also gynecology. This method allows further study of the impact of fat in tissue regeneration.The procedure will be demonstrated by Bianca Vezzani, a postdoctoral fellow and by Mario Gomez-Salazar, who is a PhD student. Working under aseptic conditions within 16 hours of harvesting, place the abdominoplasty sample on top of a surgical cloth with the skin facing upwards. Use a disposable tissue infiltration cannula to inject 50 to 100 milliliters of 37 degrees Celsius 0.9%sodium chloride solution into the subcutaneous adipose tissue.Connect a 10 milliliter Luer lock syringe to a disposable liposuction cannula and grasping the sample at the cutaneous region near an edge of the sample, carefully introduce the cannula into the adipose tissue. Once the cannula is inside the tissue, extract the plunger and move the cannula radially within the adipose tissue sample. It is important to handle the adipose tissue firmly during the lipo-aspiration.If not enough fat is collected, consider performing an additional saline injection. When the syringe is full of lipo-aspirate, carefully remove the cannula from the tissue and replace the full syringe with a new empty syringe until a total of 60 milliliters of aspirate has been harvested. For micro-fragmentation of the lipo-aspirate, remove the device from the package and verify that the main unit is connected to the waste bag.Place the waste collection bag on the ground, and make sure that the valves are secured to the process unit caps. Pierce the bag connection port to connect the terminal spike of the input line into the saline bag and position the saline bag higher than the processing unit. Verify that all five of the clamps connected to the tubes of the circuits are open, place the processing unit in a vertical position, allow the saline solution to fill the processing unit, and confirm that the flow reaches the waste bag.Shake the processing unit to remove any air bubbles and place the unit in a vertical position with the blue cap facing upwards. Close the clamp next to the input line and connect a syringe of lipo-aspirate to the self-occluding valve of the blue input cap to begin injecting the lipo-aspirate. Keeping the processing unit vertical, slowly push down on the syringe plunger until all of the lipo-aspirate has been transferred to the unit.When all of the lipo-aspirate has been injected, open the input clamp to restore the saline flow and vigorously shake the processing unit for at least two minutes, regularly checking the saline solution flow into the waste bag. When the saline solution in the processing unit turns transparent, place the unit with the gray cap upwards and close the clamps located on the drain near both the blue and the gray caps. The processed tissue will float at the top.Next, fill a 10 milliliter Luer lock syringe with saline solution, and connect the syringe to the loading valve of the blue cap. Connect an empty 10 milliliter Luer lock syringe with the plunger completely inserted to the valve of the gray cap. Firmly inject the saline into the processing unit from the blue cap, checking that the syringe connected to the gray valve is consequently being filled with the processed tissue.When all of the saline has been injected, carefully remove both syringes and repeat the saline infusion until all of the processed tissue has been collected. At the end of the processing, remove all of the syringes, close all of the clamps, detach the saline bag, and dispose of the device according to local protocols. When all of the processed tissue has been collected, transfer the micro-fragmented adipose tissue into a sterile container, and add an equal volume of digestion medium to the container.Place the sealed container in a 37 degrees Celsius shaking water bath, set to 120 rotations per minute for 45 minutes, stopping the digestion with an equal volume of blocking solution at the end of the incubation. Sequentially filter the sample, first through a 100 micrometer cell strainer followed by filtration through a 70 micrometer cell strainer and centrifuge the filtered suspension for five minutes at 200 times g. We suspend the pellet in approximately 5 milliliters of erythrocyte lysis buffer for 15 minutes at room temperature.Stop the lysis with an equal volume of blocking solution and filter the solution through a 40 micrometer cell strainer. Then collect the micro-fragmented adipose tissue cells by centrifugation and we suspend the pellet in fresh blocking solution with floure-mixing for counting. After dissociation and antibody staining, micro-fragmented fat cells can be taken to the flow cytometer for cell analysis and/or sorting.Mechanical dissociation of manual lipo-aspirates results in the production of micro-fragmented adipose tissue which consists of an aggregate of adipocytes enveloping a microvascular network. Immunofluorescence analysis of gelatin embedded in cryofixed micro-fragmented adipose tissue highlights the structure, showing the vascular network marked by the endothelial cell marker Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin 1 receptor and mainly consisting of small capillary-like vessels. Notably, pericytes expressing neuron-glial antigen 2 or platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta are normally distributed, ensheathing endothelial cells.By excluding CD31 positive endothelial and CD45 positive hematopoietic cells, the presence of CD146 positive CD34 negative pericytes and CD146 negative and CD34 positive adventitial cells can be identified within the MAT. Manual lipo-aspiration is a critical part of the procedure and must be performed under sterile conditions no more than 16 hours after the abdominoplasty. Micro-fragmented adipose tissue can be further processed by immunohistochemical staining, in vitro culture or secretome analysis to obtain a deeper insight into adipose tissue biology.This technique allows the study of diverse tissues in their natural, native, three-dimensional arrangement as a sort of small organoids, which are small enough to be transplanted in mice or to be maintained in long-term culture. And we use this system principally to approach experimentally the different organ-specific microenvironments. Our adipose tissue donors are not known as carriers of transmissible infections.However in the absence of any further screening, all human tissues should be considered as potentially contaminated and handled accordingly.

human-adipose-tissue-micro-fragmentation-for-cell-phenotyping

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Actin Co-Sedimentation Assay; for the Analysis of Protein Binding to F-Actin

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates tension and helps maintains cellular shape.  Although the actin cytoskeleton is a rigid structure, it is a dynamic structure that is constantly remodeling.  A number of proteins can bind to the actin cytoskeleton.  The binding of a particular protein to F-actin is often desired to support cell biological observations or to further understand dynamic processes due to remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin co-sedimentation assay is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze the binding of specific proteins or protein domains with F-actin.  The basic principles of the assay involve an incubation of the protein of interest (full length or domain of) with F-actin, ultracentrifugation step to pellet F-actin and analysis of the protein co-sedimenting with F-actin.  Actin co-sedimentation assays can be designed accordingly to measure actin binding affinities and in competition assays.

Proteins bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) through distinct actin binding modules. In this video we demonstrate the procedure of actin co-sedimentation, which is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze proteins or specific domains that bind F-actin.

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 &#181;g) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5&#177; 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; &#62;6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles from Cultured Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membrane nanoparticles released by most cell types, and they are increasingly recognized as physiological regulators of organismal homeostasis and important indicators of pathologies; in the meantime, their immense potential to establish accessible and controllable disease therapeutics is emerging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can release large amounts of EVs in culture, which have shown promise to jumpstart effective tissue regeneration and facilitate extensive therapeutic applications with good scalability and reproducibility. There is a growing demand for simple and effective protocols for collecting and applying MSC-EVs. Here, a detailed protocol is provided based on differential centrifugation to isolate and characterize representative EVs from cultured human MSCs, exosomes, and microvesicles for further applications. The adaptability of this method is shown for a series of downstream approaches, such as labeling, local transplantation, and systemic injection. The implementation of this procedure will address the need for simple and reliable MSC-EVs collection and application in translational research.

The present protocol describes the differential centrifugation for isolating and characterizing representative EVs (exosomes and microvesicles) from cultured human MSCs. Further applications of these EVs are also explained in this article.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membrane nanoparticles released by most cell types, and they are increasingly recognized as physiological ...

Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell Isolation and Characterization

Isolation and Identification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue of Sprague Dawley Rats

Adult mesenchymal cells have revolutionized molecular and cell biology in recent decades. They can differentiate into different specialized cell types, in addition to their great capacity for self-renewal, migration, and proliferation. Adipose tissue is one of the least invasive and most accessible sources of mesenchymal cells. It has also been reported to have higher yields compared to other sources, as well as superior immunomodulatory properties. Recently, different procedures for obtaining adult mesenchymal cells from different tissue sources and animal species have been published. After evaluating the criteria of some authors, we standardized a methodology that is applicable to different purposes and easily reproducible. A pool of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from perirenal and epididymal adipose tissue allowed us to develop primary cultures with optimal morphology and functionality. The cells were observed adhered to the plastic surface for 24 h, and exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology, with prolongations and a tendency to form colonies. Flow cytometry (FC) and immunofluorescence (IF) techniques were used to assess the expression of the membrane markers CD105, CD9, CD63, CD31, and CD34. The ability of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to differentiate into the adipogenic lineage was also assessed using a cocktail of factors (4 &#181;M insulin, 0.5 mM 3-methyl-iso-butyl-xanthine, and 1 &#181;M dexamethasone). After 48 h, a gradual loss of fibroblastoid morphology was observed, and at 12 days, the presence of lipid droplets positive to oil red staining was confirmed. In summary, a procedure is proposed to obtain optimal and functional ASC cultures for application in regenerative medicine.

Author Spotlight: Isolation and Identification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue of Sprague Dawley Rats  

This protocol describes a methodology for isolating and identifying adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from Sprague Dawley rats.

Adult mesenchymal cells have revolutionized molecular and cell biology in recent decades. They can differentiate into different specialized cell types, in ...

Semi-Automated Isolation of Murine White Adipose Tissue

Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator

The in vitro study of white, brown, and beige adipocyte differentiation enables the investigation of cell-autonomous functions of adipocytes and their mechanisms. Immortalized white preadipocyte cell lines are publicly available and widely used. However, the emergence of beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue in response to external cues is difficult to recapitulate to the full extent using publicly available white adipocyte cell lines. Isolation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from murine adipose tissue is commonly executed to obtain primary preadipocytes and perform adipocyte differentiation. However, mincing and collagenase digestion of adipose tissue by hand can result in experimental variation and is prone to contamination. Here, we present a modified semi-automated protocol that utilizes a tissue dissociator for collagenase digestion to achieve easier isolation of the SVF, with the aim of reducing experimental variation, reducing contamination, and increasing reproducibility. The obtained preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes can be used for functional and mechanistic analyses.

Author Spotlight: Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator  

This protocol describes the semi-automated isolation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from murine adipose tissue to obtain preadipocytes and achieve adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Using a tissue dissociator for collagenase digestion reduces experimental variation and increases reproducibility.

The in vitro study of white, brown, and beige adipocyte differentiation enables the investigation of cell-autonomous functions of adipocytes and their ...

Murine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cell Isolation, Maintenance and Characterization

Inside a biosafety cabinet, remove the murine adipose tissue with sterile forceps. Once excess PBS is removed, transfer the tissue to another petri dish and wash twice for five minutes each with 10 milliliters of PBS AA solution. Add 20 milliliters of prepared collagenase solution into a crystal beaker containing one square centimeter sized fragmented tissue and a magnetic bar.Incubate the sealed beaker at 37 degrees Celsius with continuous agitation. Filter the homogenate through a 40-mesh 0.38-millimeter stainless steel aperture Filter on a petri dish and collect the cell suspension in a sterile 50-milliliter conical tube. Carefully suspend the stromal vascular fraction in 20 milliliters of warm supplemented DMEM and centrifuge the suspension.After discarding the supernatant, gently wash the cells twice with 40 milliliters of non-supplemented DMEM medium. Suspend the palate in five milliliters of supplemented DMEM. Transfer the suspension to a 25-square centimeter T bottle and incubate.Wash cells three times with five milliliters of warm PBS AA and twice with non-supplemented DMEM. To remove any cell debris and non-murine cells add five milliliters of fresh, warm supplemented DMEM and change the medium every three to four days. Once the cells reach 90 to 100%confluency, add one milliliter of warm trypsin EDTA solution to the DMEM washed cells.Incubate for five to seven minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Add four milliliters of supplemented DMEM to the detached cell monolayer and gently disaggregate the suspension. Suspend the cells in five milliliters of warm supplemented DMEM.After centrifuging and discarding the supernatant, gently mix the pellet in one milliliter of supplemented DMEM. Stain the cells with trypan blue and count them in a Neubauer chamber. Seed cells in T-75 flasks.To ensure colony formation and high proliferation, observe the morphology of the hematoxylin and eosin-stained cells under an optical microscope. hematoxylin and eosin staining reveal extensive cytoplasm with elongated prolongations and abundant intracellular microfilaments.

Primary Culture of Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells from Mouse Epididymis

Isolation, In Vitro Expansion, and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissue

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied as a new therapeutic approach, mainly to stop exacerbated inflammation due to their potential to modulate the immune response. The MSCs are immune-privileged cells capable of surviving in immunologically incompatible allogeneic transplant recipients based on low expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and in the use of cell-based therapy for allogeneic transplant. These cells can be isolated from several tissues, the most commonly used being the bone marrow and adipose tissues. We provide an easy protocol to isolate, culture, and characterize MSCs from epididymal adipose tissue of mice. The epididymal adipose tissue is surgically excised, physically fragmented, and digested with 0.15% collagenase type II solution. Then, primary adipose tissue-derived stem (ADSCs) cells are cultured and expanded in vitro, and the phenotypic characterization is performed by flow cytometry. We also provide the steps to differentiate the ADSCs into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic cells, followed by functional characterization of each cell lineage. The protocol provided here can be used for in vivo and ex vivo experiments, and as an alternative, the adipose-derived stem cells can be used to generate MSCs-like immortalized cells.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Treatment Approaches with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

The adipose tissue is an excellent source of mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we bring the step-by-step extraction, cultivation, and characterization of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from Swiss mice epididymal adipose tissue.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied as a new therapeutic approach, mainly to stop exacerbated inflammation due to their potential ...

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of the scBAT in Mice

Dissection, Histological Processing, and Gene Expression Analysis of Murine Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)-mediated thermogenesis plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism, and its morphology and function can be greatly impacted by environmental stimuli in mice and humans. Currently, murine interscapular BAT (iBAT), which is located between two scapulae in the upper dorsal flank of mice, is the main BAT depot used by research laboratories to study BAT function. Recently, a few previously unknown BAT depots were identified in mice, including one analogous to human supraclavicular brown adipose tissue. Unlike iBAT, murine supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (scBAT) is situated in the intermediate layer of the neck and thus cannot be accessed as readily.
To facilitate the study of newly identified mouse scBAT, presented herein is a protocol detailing the steps to dissect intact scBAT from postnatal and adult mice. Due to scBAT&#39;s small size relative to other adipose depots, procedures have been modified and optimized specifically for processing scBAT. Among these modifications is the use of a dissecting microscope during tissue collection to increase the precision and homogenization of frozen scBAT samples to raise the efficiency of subsequent qPCR analysis. With these optimizations, the identification of, morphological appearance of, and molecular characterization of the scBAT can be determined in mice.

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue Extraction for Genetic Analysis

Here, we provide a practical procedure for dissecting and performing histological and gene expression analyses of murine supraclavicular brown adipose tissue.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)-mediated thermogenesis plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism, and its morphology and function can be greatly ...

Single Cell Nuclei Isolation from IMAT for Studying Gene Expression Profiles 

Isolation of Nuclei from Human Intermuscular Adipose Tissue and Downstream Single-Nuclei RNA Sequencing

Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a relatively understudied adipose depot located between muscle fibers. IMAT content increases with age and BMI and is associated with metabolic and muscle degenerative diseases; however, an understanding of the biological properties of IMAT and its interplay with the surrounding muscle fibers is severely lacking. In recent years, single-cell and nuclei RNA sequencing have provided us with cell type-specific atlases of several human tissues. However, the cellular composition of human IMAT remains largely unexplored due to the inherent challenges of its accessibility from biopsy collection in humans. In addition to the limited amount of tissue collected, the processing of human IMAT is complicated due to its proximity to skeletal muscle tissue and fascia. The lipid-laden nature of the adipocytes makes it incompatible with single-cell isolation. Hence, single nuclei RNA sequencing is optimal for obtaining high-dimensional transcriptomics at single-cell resolution and provides the potential to uncover the biology of this depot, including the exact cellular composition of IMAT. Here, we present a detailed protocol for nuclei isolation and library preparation of frozen human IMAT for single nuclei RNA sequencing. This protocol allows for the profiling of thousands of nuclei using a droplet-based approach, thus providing the capacity to detect rare and low-abundant cell types.

Author Spotlight: Deciphering the Cellular Mysteries of Intermuscular Adipose Tissue in Humans

The biology of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is largely unexplored due to the limited accessibility of human tissue. Here, we present a detailed protocol for nuclei isolation and library preparation of frozen human IMAT for single nuclei RNA sequencing to identify the cellular composition of this unique adipose depot.

Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a relatively understudied adipose depot located between muscle fibers. IMAT content increases with age and BMI and ...

Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue Processing for Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining

1 Begin by placing<v>2 the glass scintillation vial containing 3 the mouse's scBAT in PBS onto the workbench. 4 Replace the PBS with 10 milliliters of cold, 5 4%paraformaldehyde. 6 Place the vial on a nutator, 7 rocking at four degrees Celsius overnight 8 to fix the scBAT.9 The next day, replace the paraformaldehyde solution 10 with 10 to 15 milliliters of PBS. 11 Place the vial on a nutator 12 and rock for 30 minutes at room temperature. 13 Replace the PBS with 0.85%saline 14 and continue rocking for another 30 minutes.15 Then replace the saline with 10 milliliters 16 of 70%ethanol, 0.85%saline solution. 17 Store the vial in a four degree refrigerator overnight 18 or until ready for paraffin embedding. 19 The next day, remove the 70%ethanol saline mixture 20 from the vial and add 10 to 15 milliliters 21 of 95%dehydrant alcohol.22 Rock the vial on a nutator at room temperature 23 for one hour. 24 After the second wash, add 10 to 15 milliliters 25 of 100%dehydrant alcohol 26 and continue rocking on a nutator for one hour. 27 To clear scBAT for embedding, add 10 milliliters of toluene 28 to the vial and continue rocking on a nutator 29 until scBAT is transparent.30 Then embed the scBAT in paraffin wax. 31 Section the scBAT with a microtome 32 and proceed for hematoxylin and eosin staining. 33 Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed 34 that scBAT comprises tissue structures characteristic 35 of brown adipose tissue, 36 including numerous small multilocular adipocytes 37 in both postnatal and adult mice.