DaSilva AF recibió apoyo financiero de CTSA alta tecnología subvenciones, de la Universidad de Michigan para completar esta revisión. Volz MS es financiado por una beca beca de Fundación Charité.

<ol>
	<li>Fregni, F., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technology+insight:+noninvasive+brain+stimulation+in+neurology-perspectives+on+the+therapeutic+potential+of+rTMS+and+tDCS.">Technology insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology-perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS.</a> Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 3 (7), 383-383 (2007).</li><li>Wagner, T., Valero-Cabre, A., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+human+brain+stimulation.">Noninvasive human brain stimulation.</a> Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 9, 527-527 (2007).</li><li>Fregni, F., Freedman, S., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+the+treatment+of+chronic+pain+with+non-invasive+brain+stimulation+techniques.">Recent advances in the treatment of chronic pain with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques.</a> Lancet Neurol. 6 (2), 188-188 (2007).</li><li>Lefaucheur, J. P., Antal, A., Ahdab, R., Ciampi de Andra, D., Fregni, F., Khedr, E. M., Nitsche, M., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(rTMS)+and+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS)+to+relieve+pain.">The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to relieve pain.</a> Brain Stimul. 1 (4), 337-337 (2008).</li><li>Antal, A., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+and+direct+current+stimulation+in+the+therapy+of+pain.">Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in the therapy of pain.</a> Schmerz Apr. 24 (2), 161-161 (2010).</li><li>Nitsche, M. 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A., Doemkes, S., Karaköse, T., Antal, A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Tergau, F., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shaping+the+effects+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+of+the+human+motor+cortex.">Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex.</a> J Neurophysiol. 97 (4), 3109-3109 (2007).</li><li>Wagner, T., Fregni, F., Fecteau, S., Grodzinsky, A., Zahn, M., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation:+a+computer-based+human+model+study.">Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study.</a> Neuroimage. 35 (3), 1113-1113 (2007).</li><li>Boggio, P. S., Rigonatti, S. P., Ribeiro, R. B., Myczkowski, M. L., Nitsche, M. 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C., Faria, P., Hallett, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+does+the+ratio+of+injected+current+to+electrode+area+tell+us+about+current+density+in+the+brain+during+tDCS?.">What does the ratio of injected current to electrode area tell us about current density in the brain during tDCS?.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 120 (6), 1183-1183 (2009).</li><li>Gandiga, P. C., Hummel, F. C., Cohen, L. 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La Universidad de la Ciudad de Nueva York posee patentes sobre la estimulación cerebral, en el que Marom Bikson es un inventor. Marom Bikson es co-fundador de Soterix Medical Inc.

Los pasos críticos: Aspectos a ser controlados antes de iniciar el procedimiento: <ul><li> En primer lugar, los pacientes deben ser examinados para saber si hay alguna contraindicación para tDCS - estas contraindicaciones pueden ser de aplicación específica. Esto incluye cuestiones como la presencia de dolor de cabeza intenso o frecuente, el trastorno crónico de la piel o reacciones adversas a un tratamiento tDCS anterior. Si él o ella tiene cualquier metal en la cabeza o un daño cerebral grave, los cambios anatómicos pueden modificar el flujo de corriente 23,24. La historia de la incautación, el embarazo y el historial de accidente cerebrovascular no suelen ser contraindicaciones estrictas - y, de hecho, podrían ser los criterios de inclusión en algunos ensayos clínicos. </li><li> Compruebe si hay lesiones en el cuero cabelludo, además, los sujetos-debe ser específicamente entrevistados e inspeccionada por la existencia de enfermedades de la piel. Si se han producido lesiones, procedimiento tDCS Se debe evitar o, en su caso, aseguró que la estimulación no se llevará a cabo directamente sobre oa través de la lesión. La estimulación de un sitio diferente puede ser considerado. Se ha informado que repite todos los días tDCS causa irritación de la piel clínicamente significativos en los electrodos en unos 7 pacientes. Hay evidencia de tDCS lesiones inducidas de acuerdo con la integridad de la piel. Por ejemplo, se ha demostrado enrojecimiento extenso y marrón cambios intracutánea crujiente con formas redondeadas irregulares debido a la estimulación del PMS a una intensidad de 2 mA durante un período de 2 semanas, incluyendo cinco sesiones a la semana 25. Si tDCS es muy indicado o tiene que ser llevado a cabo, es posible tener en cuenta para estimular con una intensidad más baja como 0.5-1.0 mA, pero no se garantiza que esto evitará irritaciones de la piel o lesiones. Por lo tanto, la condición de la piel debajo de los electrodos deben ser inspeccionados antes y después de tDCS 7. </li><li> Compruebe los conectores de cables para la electrólisis. Usar otro par si evidente. Se recomienda comprobar los cables después de aproximadamente dos meses de uso. </li></ul> Durante los dos activos o simulacro tDCS-siempre preguntar si todavía sujeto se siente cómodo y es capaz de continuar el procedimiento. Posibles modificaciones: <ul><li> Hay muchas variedades de colocación de los electrodos 7 (Tabla 2). </li><li> Hay muchas variedades de tamaños de 26 electrodos (Figura 7). Para que una corriente aplicada, el tamaño del electrodo influye en la densidad de corriente de 18 años y las influencias de la focalidad del cerebro de la modulación (Figura 8). Los estudios clínicos sugieren que el menor sea el tamaño del electrodo cuanto mayor sea la densidad de corriente 26, sin embargo los estudios de modelización sugieren que la relación entre el tamaño del electrodo y el área de la modulación del cerebro puede ser más compleja 27. Además, los efectos de unos pequeños electrodos pueden diferir cualitativamente debido a la derivación de la corriente diferencial en el cuero cabelludo, y un mayor efecto de borde en relación con el área de los electrodos en general 7. Había drásticamente los niveles superiores de derivación para los tamaños pequeño electrodo informó que para los esquemas de electrodo más grande 19. </li><li> De alta definición tDCS (HD-tDCS) es una tecnología que mejora la focalidad espacial, sino que requiere de hardware especial y los controles de procedimiento 15. </li><li> El electrodo de montaje (posición de los electrodos y el tamaño), junto con la corriente aplicada determinar la fuerza generada campo eléctrico en el cerebro que, a su vez, determina la eficacia de tDCS. El uso de la densidad de electrodos sólo actual, definido por la relación entre la intensidad de la corriente y el tamaño del electrodo, se ha propuesto para normalizar los resultados clínicos -, pero los estudios de modelización sugieren que esto sólo se puede aplicar en un rango limitado y que en general el diseño de montaje de electrodos determina el resultado. En general, el aumento de intensidad de corriente (o la densidad de corriente) para cualquier resultado dado montaje de efectos más fuertes. Es importante tener en cuenta que la densidad de corriente en la superficie de la piel es mucho más alta que en el cerebro 19 (Figura 9). </li><li> La posición del &quot;retorno&quot; (&quot;de referencia&quot;) del electrodo puede influir en el patrón general de flujo de corriente a través del cerebro, y por lo tanto incluso influir en la modulación del cerebro en los electrodos activos 22. Así, la poción de los dos electrodos deben ser considerados. </li><li> La duración de la estimulación depende de la finalidad del método experimental. Un aumento de la duración de la estimulación se asocia con la aparición y una mayor duración de las secuelas 3,4. Sin embargo, al menos un estudio informó una inversión de direcciones efectos cuando la duración del estímulo se incrementó, lo que sugiere que más intensidad no necesariamente se traduce en un resultado clínico más robusto. Aunque tDCS dentro de los parámetros publicados se considera seguro y bien tolerado, el potencial de efectos secundarios no deseados se incrementa con la intensidad creciente (tiempo, duratien, o tasa de repetición / número). </li><li> La orientación del campo eléctrico: se define por las posiciones de electrodos y la polaridad. Estimulación catódica normalmente disminuye la excitabilidad cortical, mientras que la estimulación anódica normalmente aumenta la excitabilidad cortical 2,3. </li><li> Placebo: Para simulada tDCS el mismo protocolo que anteriormente se utiliza. Sin embargo, la corriente se aplicará durante 30 segundos. Esta es una de las ventajas de tDCS en comparación con otros métodos no invasivos de estimulación cerebral. Puesto que las sensaciones que surgen como resultado de la activa-tDCS tienden a ocurrir sólo en las primeras etapas de aplicación, este método farsa hace que sea difícil para el paciente para distinguir el placebo de la aplicación tDCS activo. Esta estimulación inicial y breve es un método confiable de placebo 28. </li><li> Tenga en cuenta que la técnica también se puede aplicar al utilizar otras terapias eléctrica transcraneal como los TAC de 29 o 30 tRNS. </li></ul> Bases para el uso tDCS en el dolor crónico: El hecho de que múltiples modalidades terapéuticas farmacológicas proveer un alivio modesto de pacientes con dolor crónico plantea la posibilidad de que la causa de la persistencia de esta enfermedad debilitante puede estar dentro de los cambios plásticos en el dolor redes neuronales relacionados. Curiosamente, la modulación de la actividad cortical se puede lograr de forma no invasiva por tDCS, como se describió anteriormente, que se ha informado a producir efectos duraderos terapéutico en el dolor crónico debido a los cambios en la plasticidad cortical. Efecto clínico de tDCS en el dolor crónico: Se ha demostrado que tDCS aplicado a la corteza motora los cambios en la excitabilidad cortical locales (Figura 6) 6. Más precisamente, los resultados de la estimulación anódica en un aumento de la excitabilidad neuronal, mientras que la estimulación catódica tiene resultados opuestos 6. De hecho, la aplicación tDCS anódica sobre M1 conduce a una mayor mejoría en la escala analógica visual (VAS) Calificaciones del dolor que tDCS farsa. Este efecto terapéutico en el dolor después de la estimulación M1, aunque transitorios, se reprodujo en varios grupos de pacientes con síndromes de dolor neuropático como la neuralgia del trigémino, síndrome de post-ACV dolor 31, el dolor de espalda y fibromialgia 32. Curiosamente, los ensayos clínicos en el dolor neuropático, debido a una lesión de la médula espinal, la estimulación de la corteza motora por tDCS mostró la mejoría del dolor y del efecto acumulado de analgésicos, que duró dos semanas después de la estimulación. También hay evidencia de su efecto analgésico en pacientes con fibromialgia 33, que sigue siendo significativa después de tres semanas de seguimiento para tDCS anódica de la M1, en ​​comparación con la estimulación falsa, y así como la estimulación del córtex prefrontal dorsolateral 33. Aunque los efectos de tDCS anódica sobre DLFPC para la mejoría del dolor no se han explorado ampliamente, se ha demostrado que puede ser utilizado para modular el umbral del dolor en sujetos sanos 34. Sin embargo, la estimulación de esta área del cerebro es una técnica fiable para mejorar la memoria de trabajo 10, aumentando el rendimiento en tareas de memoria en la enfermedad de Alzheimer 9 y la reducción de cue-provocó deseo de fumar de manera significativa 35, por ejemplo, por lo que también es concebible que esto podría ser una estrategia útil para modular afectivo-emocional redes cognitivas asociadas con el procesamiento del dolor en pacientes con dolor crónico.

electrode positioning and montage in transcranial direct current stimulation

Estimulación transcraneal con corriente continua (tDCS) es una técnica que ha sido intensamente investigado en la última década, ya que este método ofrece una alternativa no invasiva y segura para cambiar la excitabilidad cortical 2. Los efectos de una sesión de tDCS puede durar varios minutos, y sus efectos dependen de la polaridad de la estimulación, como por ejemplo que la estimulación catódica induce una disminución de la excitabilidad cortical y la estimulación anódica induce un aumento de la excitabilidad cortical que puede durar más allá de la duración de estimulación 6. Estos efectos se han estudiado en la neurociencia cognitiva y clínica en una variedad de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos - especialmente cuando se aplica en varias sesiones consecutivas 4. Un área que ha atraído la atención de los neurocientíficos y médicos es el uso de tDCS de modulación del dolor relacionado con las redes neuronales 3,5. La modulación de dos grandes áreas corticales en la investigación del dolor ha sido explorada: la corteza motora primaria y corteza prefrontal dorsolateral 7. Debido al papel fundamental de los electrodos de montaje, en este artículo, nos muestran las diferentes alternativas para la colocación de los electrodos para los ensayos clínicos sobre el dolor tDCS, discutiendo las ventajas y desventajas de cada método de estimulación.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at JoVE.com

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Estimulación transcraneal con corriente continua (tDCS) es una técnica para modular la excitabilidad cortical<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt;. Se ha utilizado como herramienta de investigación en neurociencias, debido a sus efectos sobre la plasticidad cortical, de fácil operación, y el perfil de seguridad. Un área que tDCS ha mostrado resultados alentadores es el alivio del dolor<sup&gt; 5.3</sup&gt;.

Colocación de los electrodos y montaje en estimulación transcraneal corriente continua

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

electrode-positioning-montage-transcranial-direct-current

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

261.6K vistas.  University of Michigan. Estimulación transcraneal con corriente continua (tDCS) es una técnica para modular la excitabilidad cortical 1,2. Se ha utilizado como herramienta de investigación en neurociencias, debido a sus efectos sobre la plasticidad cortical, de fácil operación, y el perfil de seguridad. Un área que tDCS ha mostrado resultados alentadores es el alivio del dolor 5.3.

Video: Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

La combinación de Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal y fMRI para examinar la red en modo por defecto

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Direct-current Stimulation and Multi-electrode Array Recording of Seizure-like Activity in Mice Brain Slice Preparation

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the stimulation parameters (e.g., orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration) need to be examined in mice brain slice preparations. Testing and arranging the orientation of the electrode relative to the position of the mice brain slice are feasible. The present method preserves the thalamocingulate pathway to evaluate the effect of DCS on anterior cingulate cortex seizure-like activities. The results of the multichannel array recordings indicated that cathodal DCS significantly decreased the amplitude of the stimulation-evoked responses and duration of 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline-induced seizure-like activity. This study also found that cathodal DCS applications at 15 min caused long-term depression in the thalamocingulate pathway. The present study investigates the effects of DCS on thalamocingulate synaptic plasticity and acute seizure-like activities. The current procedure can test the optimal stimulation parameters including orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration in an in vitro mouse model. Also, the method can evaluate the effects of DCS on cortical seizure-like activities at both the cellular and network levels.

Studies have shown that cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation can produce suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. In this study, an in vitro experimental setup was devised in which the direct-current stimulation and multielectrode array recording of seizure-like activity were evaluated in mice brain slice preparation. The direct-current stimulation parameters were evaluated.

La estimulación de corriente directa y multi-electrodo matriz de registro de la actividad convulsiva en ratones cerebro rebanada preparación

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

Efectos de la corriente alterna la estimulación transcraneal en la corteza de Motor primaria por Online enfoque combinado con la estimulación magnética transcraneal

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Remotely Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: An Update on Safety and Tolerability

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while maintaining clinical standards. The current consensus regarding the efficacy of tDCS is that multiple treatment sessions are needed to observe targeted behavioral reductions in symptom burden. However, the requirement for patients to travel to clinic daily for stimulation sessions presents a major obstacle for potential participants, due to work or family obligations or limited ability to travel. This study presents a protocol that directly overcomes these obstacles by eliminating the need to travel to clinic for daily sessions.
This is an updated protocol for remotely supervised self-administration of tDCS for daily treatment sessions paired with a program of computer-based cognitive training for use in clinical trials. Participants only need to attend clinic twice, for a baseline and study-end visit. At baseline, participants are trained and provided with a study stimulation device, and a small laptop computer. Participants then complete the remainder of their stimulation sessions at home while they are monitored via videoconferencing software.
Participants complete computerized cognitive remediation during stimulation sessions, which may serve a therapeutic role or as a &#34;placeholder&#34; for other computer-based activity. Computers are enabled for real-time monitoring and remote control by study staff.
Outcome measures that assess feasibility and tolerance are administered remotely with the aid of visual analogue scales that are presented onscreen. Following completion of all RS-tDCS sessions, participants return to clinic for a study end visit in which all study equipment is returned.
Results support the safety, feasibility, and scalability of the RS-tDCS protocol for use in clinical trials. Across 46 patients, 748 RS-tDCS sessions have been completed. This protocol serves as a model for use in future clinical trials involving tDCS.

This manuscript provides an updated remote supervision protocol that enables participation in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) clinical trials while receiving treatment sessions from home. The protocol has been successfully piloted in both patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson&#39;s disease.

Remotamente bajo supervisión directa de Transcranial estímulo actual: Una actualización sobre la seguridad y tolerabilidad

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while ...

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of daily activities due to lower and upper limb impairments. Intensive physical and occupational therapy are still considered main treatments, but new adjunct therapies to standard rehabilitation that may optimize functional outcomes are being studied.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that polarizes underlying brain regions through the application of weak direct currents through electrodes on the scalp, modulating cortical excitability. Increased interest in this technique can be attributed to its low cost, ease of use, and effects on human neural plasticity. Recent research has been performed to determine the clinical potential of tDCS in diverse conditions such as depression, Parkinson&#39;s disease, and motor rehabilitation after stroke. tDCS helps enhance brain plasticity and seems to be a promising technique in rehabilitation programs.
A number of robotic devices have been developed to assist in the rehabilitation of upper limb function after stroke. The rehabilitation of motor deficits is often a long process requiring multidisciplinary approaches for a patient to achieve maximum independence. These devices do not intend to replace manual rehabilitation therapy; instead, they were designed as an additional tool to rehabilitation programs, allowing immediate perception of results and tracking of improvements, thus helping patients to stay motivated.
Both tDSC and robot-assisted therapy are promising add-ons to stroke rehabilitation and target the modulation of brain plasticity, with several reports describing their use to be associated with conventional therapy and the improvement of therapeutic outcomes. However, more recently, some small clinical trials have been developed that describe the associated use of tDCS and robot-assisted therapy in stroke rehabilitation. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

The combined use of transcranial direct current stimulation and robotic therapy as an add-on for conventional rehabilitation therapy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes due to modulation of brain plasticity. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

El uso combinado de terapia robótica y estimulación de corriente directa de Transcranial para el miembro superior

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for several neuropsychiatric diseases. The biological effects of tDCS are not fully understood, which is in part explained due to the difficulty in obtaining human brain tissue. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode allowing the study of the long-lasting biological effects of tDCS. In this experimental model, tDCS changes the cortical gene expression and offers a prominent contribution to the understanding of the rationale for its therapeutic use.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a therapeutic technique proposed to treat psychiatric diseases. An animal model is essential for understanding the specific biological alterations evoked by tDCS. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode.

Estimulación por corriente directa transcraneal (tDCS) en ratones

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, causal evidence of brain area activation leading to a behavior is often left missing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can temporarily alter brain cortical excitability and activity, is a noninvasive neurophysiological tool used to study causal relationships in the human brain. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that produces a more focal current compared to conventional tDCS. Traditionally, the stimulation location has been roughly determined through the 10-20 EEG system, because determining precise stimulation points can be difficult. This protocol uses a 3D digitizer with HD-tDCS to increase accuracy in determination of stimulation points. The method is demonstrated using a 3D digitizer for more accurate localization of stimulation points in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ).

Presented here is a protocol to achieve higher accuracy in determination of stimulation location combining a 3D digitizer with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation.

Determinación de la ubicación de estimulación mediante un digitalizador 3D con estimulación de corriente directa transcraneal de alta definición

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...

In Vivo Intracellular Recording of Type-Identified Rat Spinal Motoneurons During Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological characteristics in the intact spinal network and holds significant advantages relative to classical in vitro or extracellular recording techniques. An advantage of in vivo intracellular recordings is that this method can be performed on adult animals with a fully mature nervous system, and therefore many observed physiological mechanisms can be translated to practical applications. In this methodological paper, we describe this procedure combined with externally applied constant current stimulation, which mimics polarization processes occurring within spinal neuronal networks. Trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is an innovative method increasingly used as a neuromodulatory intervention in rehabilitation after various neurological injuries as well as in sports. The influence of tsDCS on the nervous system remains poorly understood and the physiological mechanisms behind its actions are largely unknown. The application of the tsDCS simultaneously with intracellular recordings enables us to directly observe changes of motoneuron membrane properties and characteristics of rhythmic firing in response to the polarization of the spinal neuronal network, which is crucial for the understanding of tsDCS actions. Moreover, when the presented protocol includes the identification of the motoneuron with respect to an innervated muscle and its function (flexor versus extensor) as well as the physiological type (fast versus slow) it provides an opportunity to selectively investigate the influence of tsDCS on identified components of spinal circuitry, which seem to be differently affected by polarization. The presented procedure focuses on surgical preparation for intracellular recordings and stimulation with an emphasis on the steps which are necessary to achieve preparation stability and reproducibility of results. The details of the methodology of the anodal or cathodal tsDCS application are discussed while paying attention to practical and safety issues.

This protocol describes in vivo intracellular recording of rat lumbar motoneurons with simultaneous trans-spinal direct current stimulation. The method enables us to measure membrane properties and to record rhythmic firing of motoneurons before, during and after anodal or cathodal polarization of the spinal cord.

En Vivo Registro Intracelular de Motoneurones Espinales de Rata Tipo Identificados Durante estimulación de corriente directa trans-espinal

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological ...

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through modulation of neural resting membranes. Compared to other techniques, tDCS is relatively safe, cost-effective, and can be administered while individuals are engaged in controlled, specific cognitive processes. This latter point is important as tDCS may predominantly affect intrinsically active neural regions. In an effort to test tDCS as a potential treatment for psychiatric illness, the protocol described here outlines a novel procedure that allows the simultaneous application of tDCS during exposure to trauma-related cues using virtual reality (tDCS+VR) for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (NCT03372460). In this double-blind protocol, participants are assigned to either receive 2 mA tDCS, or sham stimulation, for 25 minutes while passively watching three 8-minute standardized virtual reality drives through Iraq or Afghanistan, with virtual reality events increasing in intensity during each drive. Participants undergo six sessions of tDCS+VR over the course of 2-3 weeks, and psychophysiology (skin conductance reactivity) is measured throughout each session. This allows testing for within and between session changes in hyperarousal to virtual reality events and adjunctive effects of tDCS. Stimulation is delivered through a built-in rechargeable battery-driven tDCS device using a 1 (anode) x 1 (cathode) unilateral electrode set-up. Each electrode is placed in a 3 x 3 cm (current density 2.22 A/m2) reusable sponge pocket saturated with 0.9% normal saline. Sponges with electrodes are attached to the participant&#8217;s skull using a rubber headband with the electrodes placed such that they target regions within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The virtual reality headset is placed over the tDCS montage in such a way as to avoid electrode interference.

This manuscript outlines a novel protocol to allow the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation during exposure to warzone trauma-related cues using virtual reality for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Aplicación simultánea de estimulación transcraneal de corriente continua durante la exposición a la realidad virtual

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Memory enhancement is one of the great challenges in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Among various techniques used for memory enhancement, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is emerging as an especially promising tool for improvement of memory functions in a non-invasive manner. Here, we present a tDCS protocol that can be applied for memory enhancement in healthy-participant studies as well as in aging and dementia research. The protocol uses weak constant anodal current to stimulate cortical targets within cortico-hippocampal functional network engaged in memory processes. The target electrode is placed either on the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), while the return electrode is placed extracranially (i.e., on the contralateral cheek). In addition, we outline a more advanced method of oscillatory tDCS, mimicking a natural brain rhythm to promote hippocampus-dependent memory functions, which can be applied in a personalized and non-personalized manner. We present illustrative results of associative and working memory improvement following single tDCS sessions (20 minutes) in which the described electrode montages were used with current intensities between 1.5 mA and 1.8 mA. Finally, we discuss crucial steps in the protocol and methodological decisions that must be made when designing a tDCS study on memory.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Memory Enhancement

A protocol for memory enhancement by using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices, as core cortical nodes within hippocampo-cortical network, is presented. The protocol has been well evaluated in healthy-participant studies and is applicable to aging and dementia research as well.

Estimulación transcraneal de corriente continua (tDCS) para mejorar la memoria

Memory enhancement is one of the great challenges in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Among various techniques used for memory enhancement, ...