Esta labor fue apoyada por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud premio R01 HL105734 a VVPMDL se apoya, en parte, por los Institutos Nacionales de la Salud Carrera de Investigación Premio K08 HL094748. VVP es un investigador innovador de la Asociación Americana del Corazón con el apoyo de subvención 11IRG900384.

1. Preparar las soluciones y equipos necesarios <ol><li> En primer lugar, esterilizar los instrumentos quirúrgicos (pinzas rectas forma, fórceps forma curvada, tijeras de formas rectas y tijeras de formas curvas) en autoclave durante 15 min. a 121 ° C. Prepare 2 juegos de instrumentos, donde se utiliza un conjunto para la disección de los corazones y el otro conjunto se utilizarán para picar el tejido. </li><li> Disuelva 1 paquete de MCDB153 medios de cultivo en 900 ml de esterilizado, agua filtrada y revuelva lentamente hasta que el polvo se haya disuelto. Añadir 1,2 g de bicarbonato de sodio, o 15,7 ml de solución de bicarbonato de sodio [7,5% w / v], por cada litro de volumen final de medio que se preparó y se agita hasta que se disuelva. Ajustar el pH a 7,2 mediante la adición de cualquiera de 1 N HCl o NaOH 1 N, y luego verter los medios de comunicación a través de un filtro de 0,2 micras superior botella en condiciones estériles en una campana de cultivo de tejidos (gabinete de bioseguridad). Luego recoger los medios de comunicación y almacenarla a 4 ° C. </li><li> Preparar los suplementosañadir al medio de cultivo (Lista de Materiales). Los suplementos deben añadirse a los medios de comunicación justo antes de los medios de comunicación es necesaria para el recubrimiento de las células. </li><li> Preparar DPBS con 10% de FBS más antibióticos (penicilina y estreptomicina). </li><li> A continuación, preparar una solución de tripsina al 0,25% mediante la adición de 0,25 g de tripsina (páncreas bovino, actividad&gt; 2500 unidades USP / mg, ultrapura; USB) a 100 ml de DPBS más antibióticos (penicilina y estreptomicina). </li><li> Otro equipo requerido necesario para completar este procedimiento incluyen un microscopio estereoscópico, placas Petri (10 cm), tubos cónicos de 50 ml, coladores de células de 40 micras, DPBS más antibióticos, placas de cultivo de 60 mm y placas de cultivo de 35 mm. </li></ol> 2. Aislar Corazones de Neonatología mouse Pups <ol><li> En primer lugar, obtener P0 a P2 crías de ratón neonatal (n = 6 a 8). Se recomienda utilizar los cachorros generados por la cría de DCT-Cre hembras con los machos homocigotos que son heterocigotos para ya sea el alelo R26R: EYFP o la Z / EG alelo para etiquetar elcélulas melanocitos similares. Tanto R26R: ratones EYFP y Z / EG están disponibles de Jackson Laboratories (números de existencias 006.148 y 003.920, respectivamente). </li><li> A continuación, la eutanasia a las crías de ratón neonatales, limpie el pecho con un algodón con alcohol y luego colocar los cachorros en una placa de 10 cm de Petri con DPBS. </li><li> Cortar la piel sobre el pecho y el esternón con pinzas y tijeras esterilizadas y luego abrir el pecho cuidadosamente bajo un microscopio estereoscópico. Los corazones de crías de ratón neonatales son muy pequeñas, así que tenga cuidado para asegurarse de extirpar todo el corazón con las aurículas adjuntos. </li><li> Lavar los corazones en DPBS y transferirlos a una nueva placa de 10 cm Petri. </li></ol> 3. digestión enzimática <ol><li> Llevar la placa de Petri con los corazones extirpados a una campana de cultivo de tejidos (gabinete de bioseguridad) y siga los pasos a continuación utilizando técnicas estériles en la campana. </li><li> En primer lugar, lavar el corazón tres veces en DPBS estériles más antibióticos. </li><li> Coloca los corazones (n = 6-8) en un60-mm placa de cultivo y añadir 6-8 ml de solución de tripsina al 0,5% al ​​plato. </li><li> A continuación, cortar los corazones en trozos pequeños (menos de 1 mm de tamaño) y los incuban a 37 ° C durante 30 min en una atmósfera de CO2 al 5%. </li><li> Después del período de incubación es completa, se vierte la solución resultante del tejido cardíaco y la tripsina de la placa en un tubo cónico de 50 ml estéril. </li><li> Luego, utilizando una pipeta estéril de 10 ml, rápidamente, pero suavemente, se tritura la solución en el tubo cónico de 50 ml 30-50 veces. </li><li> Se filtra la solución resultante a través de un filtro de células de 40 m en la parte superior de un nuevo tubo cónico de 50 ml limpio, para recoger el filtrado. </li><li> A continuación, se centrifuga el tubo de 50 ml a 240 x g en una centrífuga de mesa durante 5 min a temperatura ambiente. Luego, aspirar suavemente el sobrenadante y resuspender el sedimento restante en 6-8 ml de DPBS estériles. Repita este paso 2 veces más. Este paso Bolitas de los miocitos auriculares y melanocitos cardíacos, pero no bajar la fifibroblastos desde los fibroblastos son más pequeños y permanecerán en el sobrenadante. </li></ol> Las células 4. Plating cardíaca melanocitos como <ol><li> Tras el tercer enjuague después de la centrifugación, cuidadosamente drenar o aspirar fuera de la solución de lavado (DPBS) y resuspender el precipitado en 6 ml de medios de cultivo MCDB al que se han añadido los suplementos. </li><li> Ahora, dibuja la solución resuspendido en una pipeta de transferencia estéril y colocar las células en una placa de 35 mm, o en un pocillo de una placa de 6 pocillos, y poner en común las células cardíacas aisladas de 3 ratones recién nacidos en una placa de 35 mm o así. </li><li> Incubar los platos durante la noche a 37 ° C en una atmósfera de CO2 al 5%, aspirar fuera de los medios de cultivo junto con las células no unidas y luego enjuague las placas una vez con DPBS. A continuación, añadir medio fresco a las placas y vuelva a colocar los medios de comunicación cada 2 días. Células aisladas de corazones neonatales o embrionarias se pueden mantener en cultivo durante un máximo de 3 semanas, mientras que las células aisladas de oír adultosts se pueden mantener en cultivo durante un máximo de 10 días. </li></ol> Las células 5. Isolating cardíaca melanocitos como de corazón de ratón adulto <ol><li> En primer lugar, eliminar los corazones de ratones maduros (3-4 semanas de antigüedad, n = 3) a través de una esternotomía de línea media después de la administración de heparina 100 U intraperitoneal a los ratones y luego la eutanasia de ellos. Se recomienda el uso de pentobarbital para practicar la eutanasia a los ratones para este procedimiento, pero este fármaco no está disponible en todas las ubicaciones. </li><li> A continuación, lavar los corazones extirpados en DPBS estériles que contienen antibióticos en una campana de cultivo de tejidos (gabinete de bioseguridad). Apriete los corazones ligeramente con unas pinzas de disección curvas para eliminar la sangre que queda de ellos y luego enjuague los corazones en DPBS una vez más. </li><li> Retire las aurículas y el anillo atrioventricular de los corazones (estas estructuras contienen las células melanocitos similares) y colocar las muestras de tejidos extirpados en una placa de 35 mm. </li><li> Cortar los corazones en trozos pequeños con unas tijeras curvas y fuerzaps y luego añadir 6-8 ml de solución de tripsina al 0,5% al ​​plato. Incubar los platos a 37 ° C durante 45-60 min. </li><li> Ahora, siga los pasos del procedimiento anterior desde el paso 3.6 en adelante. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hornyak, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitf+dosage+as+a+primary+determinant+of+melanocyte+survival+after+ultraviolet+irradiation.">Mitf dosage as a primary determinant of melanocyte survival after ultraviolet irradiation.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 22, 307-318 (2009).</li><li>Yonetani, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+expansion+of+immature+melanoblasts+and+their+ability+to+repopulate+melanocyte+stem+cells+in+the+hair+follicle.">In vitro expansion of immature melanoblasts and their ability to repopulate melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicle.</a> J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 408-420 (2008).</li><li>Levin, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melanocyte-like+cells+in+the+heart+and+pulmonary+veins+contribute+to+atrial+arrhythmia+triggers.">Melanocyte-like cells in the heart and pulmonary veins contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 119, 3420-3436 (2009).</li><li>Patel, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+insights+in+the+cellular+basis+of+atrial+fibrillation.">Novel insights in the cellular basis of atrial fibrillation.</a> Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 8, 907-915 (2010).</li><li>Sviderskaya, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+neurons+and+melanocytes+induced+from+immortal+lines+of+postnatal+neural+crest-like+stem+cells.">Functional neurons and melanocytes induced from immortal lines of postnatal neural crest-like stem cells.</a> FASEB J. 23, 3179-3192 (2009).</li><li>Sviderskaya, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P16Ink4a+in+melanocyte+senescence+and+differentiation.">P16Ink4a in melanocyte senescence and differentiation.</a> J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 94, 446-454 (2002).</li><li>Cook, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+melanoblasts+in+culture:+Expression+of+BRN2+and+synergistic+regulation+by+fibroblast+growth+factor-2,+stem+cell+factor,+and+endothelin-3.">Human melanoblasts in culture: Expression of BRN2 and synergistic regulation by fibroblast growth factor-2, stem cell factor, and endothelin-3.</a> J. Invest. Dermatol. 121, 1150-1159 (2002).</li><li>Fang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+conditions+for+the+generation+of+melanocytes+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Defining the conditions for the generation of melanocytes from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 24, 1668-1677 (2006).</li><li>Brito, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timeline+and+distribution+of+melanocyte+precursors+in+the+mouse+heart.">Timeline and distribution of melanocyte precursors in the mouse heart.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21, 464-470 (2008).</li><li>Yajima, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+isolation+of+heart+melanocytes+is+specified+and+the+level+of+pigmentation+in+the+heart+may+correlate+with+coat+color.">The isolation of heart melanocytes is specified and the level of pigmentation in the heart may correlate with coat color.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21, 471-476 (2008).</li></ol>

No tenemos nada que revelar.

Melanocitos cardíacos están presentes en localizaciones anatómicas dentro del corazón que normalmente dan lugar a los factores desencadenantes de arritmia auricular. Estas regiones incluyen las venas pulmonares, el anillo atrioventricular, la aurícula izquierda posterior y el foramen oval (Figura 4). Para entender el papel que estas células juegan en arritmogénesis, desarrollamos técnicas para aislar a ellos y estudiar su fisiología. Sin embargo, nos dimos cuenta de que la mejora de esta técni...

Recientemente hemos identificado una población de células novela en el corazón de los ratones y los seres humanos que expresan enzimas melanina-síntesis y se asemejan morfológicamente a los melanocitos cutáneos. Llamamos &#39;melanocitos cardíacos&#39; estas células y encontramos que están presentes en localizaciones anatómicas de la que la arritmia auricular desencadena a menudo se originan en los seres humanos. También encontramos melanocitos cardiacos contribuyen a las arritmias auriculares en ratones con deleción de la línea germinal de Dct. Melanocitos cardíacos se distribuyen escasamente lo largo de la aurícula del ratón donde se comprenden menos del 0,1% de todas las células auriculares. Para investigar las propiedades eléctricas y biológicas de los melanocitos cardíacos hemos desarrollado un procedimiento para aislarlos del corazón de ratón utilizando marcadores específicos de melanocitos Cre-inducible. Nuestro procedimiento inicial se desarrolló a partir de los que se usan para aislar los cardiomiocitos murinos neonatales y dado muy pequeños números de células adecuados para las grabaciones de patch clamp o análisis de PCR. Sin embargo, para mejorar la curarª y la viabilidad de los melanocitos cardíacos, por más profundo análisis electrofisiológico o estudios bioquímicos, se desarrolló un procedimiento de refinado de los diseñados para aislar los melanocitos cutáneos. El procedimiento descrito y demostrado en esta revisión tiene la ventaja de producir melanocitos cardíacos saludables que pueden sembrarse como una población pura o con cardiomiocitos.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MCDB 153</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>M7403</td>
 <td>Dissolve in: Water</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS, no calcium no magnesium</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>14190136 </td>
 <td>Stock Conc.: 1X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium Bicarbonate, or Sodium Bicarbonate Solution, 7.5% </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich </td>
 <td>S5761 or S8761 </td>
 <td>Water 
 Stock Conc.: 1X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Penicillin-streptomycin </td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15140163 </td>
 <td>Stock Conc.: 100X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
 <td>Life Technology</td>
 <td>Certified</td>
 <td>Working Conc.: 4%</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TPA</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P1585</td>
 <td>DMSO 
 Stock Conc.: 3.2 &mu;M 
 Working Conc.: 32 nM</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transferrin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>T8158</td>
 <td>DPBS 
 Stock Conc.: 0.1 mg/ml 
 Working Conc.: 1 &mu;g/ml </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dibutyryl cyclic AMP</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>D0627</td>
 <td>DPBS 
 Stock Conc.: 0.5 mM 
 Working Conc.: 5 &mu;M</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Insulin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>I6634</td>
 <td>10 mM 
 acetic acid 
 Stock Conc.: 1 mg/ml 
 Working Conc.: 5 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Basic FGF</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>354060</td>
 <td>Water 
 Stock Conc.: 4 ng/&mu;l 
 Working Conc.: 4 ng/ml</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

isolating primary melanocyte-like cells from the mouse heart

Identificamos una nueva población de células melanocitos como (también conocido como melanocitos cardíacos) en los corazones de los ratones y los seres humanos que contribuyen a los factores desencadenantes de arritmia auricular en ratones. Para investigar las propiedades eléctricas y biológicas de los melanocitos cardíacos se desarrolló un procedimiento para aislarlos de los corazones del ratón que deriva de los diseñados para aislar los cardiomiocitos murinos neonatales. A fin de obtener los melanocitos cardíacos saludables adecuados para más extensa de patch clamp o estudios bioquímicos, hemos desarrollado un procedimiento de refinado para aislar y chapado melanocitos cardíacos basados ​​en los diseñado originalmente para aislar los melanocitos cutáneos. El procedimiento de refinado se demuestra en esta revisión y produce un mayor número de células melanocitos como saludables que pueden sembrarse como una población pura o con cardiomiocitos.

El protocolo descrito en este artículo es una técnica mejorada en comparación con la que previamente publicados para el aislamiento de melanocitos cardíacos del corazón murino. Este procedimiento emplea el uso de marcadores fluorescentes impulsados ​​por la síntesis de melanina-enzima Cre-recombinasa específica para marcar las células melanocitos como cardíacas. Es importante usar un marcador para etiquetar melanocitos cardíacos cuando se trabaja con células embrionarias o neonatales recién aislados, pue...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart at JoVE.com

Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

En este protocolo, w e identificado una nueva población de células melanocitos como (también conocido como melanocitos cardíacos) en los corazones de los ratones y los seres humanos que contribuyen a la arritmia auricular provoca en ratones.

Aislar las células melanocitos como primarios del corazón alfombrillas

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial ...

isolating-primary-melanocyte-like-cells-from-the-mouse-heart

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.4K vistas.  University of Pennsylvania.  En este protocolo, w e identificado una nueva población de células melanocitos como (también conocido como melanocitos cardíacos) en los corazones de los ratones y los seres humanos que contribuyen a la arritmia auricular provoca en ratones. 

Video: Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

Isolating Stem Cells from Soft Musculoskeletal Tissues

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of excitement for treating injured and diseased tissues due to their impressive capabilities to undergo multi-lineage cell differentiation and their self-renewal ability. Most importantly, these qualities have made them advantageous for use in autologous cell transplantation therapies. The current protocol will introduce the readers to the modified preplate technique where soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system, e.g. tendon and muscle, are 1st enzymatically dissociated and then placed in collagen coated flasks with medium. The supernatant, which is composed of medium and the remaining floating cells, is serially transferred daily to new flasks. The stem cells are the slowest to adhere to the flasks which is usually takes 5-7 days (serial transfers or preplates) . By using this technique, adult stem cells present in these tissues can be easily harvested through fairly non-invasive procedures.

Isolating adult stem cells from musculoskeletal soft tissues based on the cell's adherence speed to flask.

Aislamiento de células madre de tejidos blandos musculoesqueléticos

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of ...

Investigación

Biología

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4. 
Superoxide radical anion (O2&bull;-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2&bull;- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2&bull;- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2&bull;- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5. 
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2&bull;- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps--the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2&bull;- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to detect nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells and superoxide radical anion from human neutrophils using iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroroline-N-oxide, DMPO, respectively.

La detección de óxido nítrico y el radical anión superóxido por espectroscopía de resonancia paramagnética de electrones de las células utilizando atrapadores

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

Selección y aislamiento de las colonias de humanos células madre pluripotentes inducidas a partir de fibroblastos adultos Reprogramado

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

El aislamiento de las células inmunes de tumores primarios

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generación de ratones derivados de células madre pluripotentes inducidas

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

Proteína Aislamiento del desarrollo embrionario del corazón del ratón Válvula Región

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

Aislamiento y cultivo primario de células endoteliales aórticas de ratón

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

Trans-interno celular masiva inyección de células madre embrionarias conduce a mayores tasas de quimerismo

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. It is a single sheet of pigmented cells that are hexagonally packed and connected by tight junctions. The main functions of the RPE include absorption of light, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segments, spatial buffering of ions, transport of nutrients, ions and water as well as active involvement in the visual cycle. With such important and diverse functions, it is critically important to study the biology of RPE cells. A number of RPE cell lines have been established; however, passaged and immortalized cells are known to quickly lose some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of natural RPE cells. Thus, primary cells are more suitable for studying different aspects of RPE cell biology and function. Mouse primary RPE cell culture is very useful to researchers since mouse models are widely used in biological studies, however collecting RPE cells from mouse is also very challenging due to their small size. Here, we present a protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell cultures which includes enucleation and dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This method enables efficient cell recovery. The RPE cells obtained from two mice&#160;can reach confluency on one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in culture plate after one week of culture and display some of the original properties of bona fide RPE cells such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after two weeks of culture.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a multi-functional epithelium of the eye. Here we present a protocol to establish primary cell cultures derived from the murine RPE.

Cultivos celulares primarios de células del epitelio pigmentario de la retina del ratón

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

Aislamiento, caracterización y diferenciación de células cardiacas desde el corazón de ratón adulto

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...