이 작품은 VVPMDL에 건강 상 R01 HL105734의 국립 연구소에 의해 지원되었다 건강 연구 경력 상 K08 HL094748의 국립 연구소에 의해 부분적으로 지원됩니다. VVP 교부 11IRG900384 지원하는 미국 심장 협회 (American Heart Association)의 혁신 연구원이다.

1 필요한 솔루션 및 장비 준비 <ol><li> 첫째, 15 분간 고압 증기 멸균을하여 수술기구 (직선 모양 집게, 곡선 모양 집게, 직선 모양 가위, 곡선 모양의 가위) 소독. 121 ° C에서. 조직을 닦지에 사용되는 하나의 세트가 마음과 다른 세트를 해부에 사용되는 악기, 2 세트를 준비합니다. </li><li> 살균, 여과 물 900 ㎖에 MCDB153 문화 미디어의 한 패킷을 녹이고 분말이 용해 될 때까지 천천히 저어. 1.2 g의 중탄산 나트륨, 또는 15.7 ml의 나트륨 바이 카보네이트 용액, 배지의 최종 부피의 각각의 리터를 준비하고 용해 될 때까지 교반중인 [V / w 7.5 %]를 추가한다. 다음 조직 문화 후드 (바이오 안전성 캐비닛)에서 무균 조건 하에서 0.2 μm의 병 상단 필터를 통해 미디어를 부어, 1 N 염산 또는 1 N의 NaOH를 추가하여 7.2으로 산도를 조정합니다. 그런 다음 미디어를 수집하고 4 ℃에서 보관하십시오. </li><li> 보충제를 준비배양 배지 (자료 목록)에 추가합니다. 보충 미디어 세포 도금에 필요한 미디어 직전에 첨가한다. </li><li> 10 % FBS 플러스 항생제 (페니실린과 스트렙토 마이신)와 DPBS를 준비합니다. </li><li> DPBS 플러스 항생제 (페니실린 스트렙토 마이신) 100 ㎖에, 다음에, 0.25 g의 트립신 (USB 소의 췌장 활동&gt; 2500 USP 단위 / ㎎, 초순수)을 첨가하여 0.25 % 트립신 용액을 제조 하였다. </li><li> 이 절차를 완료하는 데 필요한 기타 필요한 장비는 입체 현미경, 페트리 접시 (10 cm), 50 ML 원뿔 튜브, 40 μm의 셀 스트레이너, DPBS 플러스 항생제, 60-mm 배양 접시 35-mm 배양 접시를 포함한다. </li></ol> 2 신생아 마우스 새끼들까지 잔치에서 하트의 분리 <ol><li> 먼저, P2 신생아 마우스 새끼에 P0을 얻었다 (N = 6-8). EYFP 대립 유전자 또는 라벨을 붙이기 위해 Z / EG 대립 유전자 : 그것은 R26R 중 이형 아르 남성과 DCT-Cre 호텔에게 동형 접합 여성의 번식에 의해 생성 된 새끼를 사용하는 것이 좋습니다멜라닌 세포 유사 세포. 두 R26R는 : EYFP 및 Z / EG 마우스는 잭슨 연구소 (주식 수는 각각 006,148과 003,920)에서 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 다음으로, 신생아 마우스 새끼를 안락사 알코올 면봉으로 자신의 가슴을 닦아 낸 후 DPBS와 10 cm 페트리 접시에 새끼를 놓습니다. </li><li> 가슴을 통해 피부를 잘라 소독 집게와 가위로 흉골 후 실체 현미경을 이용하여 조심스럽게 가슴을 엽니 다. 신생아 마우스 새끼의 마음이 부착 된 심방과 심장 전체를 제거해야합니다주의해야하므로 매우 작은 수 있습니다. </li><li> DPBS에 마음을 씻고 새로운 10 cm 페트리 접시로 전송. </li></ol> 3 효소 소화 <ol><li> 조직 문화 후드 (생물 안전 캐비닛)에 절제 마음 페트리 접시를 가져와 다음 후드에서 멸균 기술을 이용하여 아래의 단계를 따릅니다. </li><li> 첫째, 무균 DPBS 플러스 항생제의 마음을 세 번 씻는다. </li><li> 에서 (N = 6-8) 마음을 놓으십시오60 mm 배양 접시와 접시에 0.5 % 트립신 용액 6-8 ML을 추가합니다. </li><li> 다음으로, (크기가 1 mm 이하) 작은 조각으로 마음을 절감하고 5 % CO 2 분위기에서 30 분 동안 37 ° C에서 그들을 품어. </li><li> 잠복기가 완료된 후, 50 ㎖의 멸균 원추형 튜브에 심장 조직과 접시에서 트립신의 생성 된 용액을 붓는다. </li><li> 그런 다음, 신속하게 조심스럽게 10 ml의 멸균 피펫을 사용하여 50-ML 원뿔 튜브 30 ~ 50 시간에서 솔루션을 씹다. </li><li> 여액을 수집하고 새로운 깨끗한 50ml의 원뿔형 튜브의 상단에 40 μm의 셀 스트레이너를 통해 얻어진 용액을 필터. </li><li> 이어서, 실온에서 5 분 동안 테이블 탑 원심 분리기에서 240 × g에서 50 mL의 원심 분리 튜브. 그런 다음 조심스럽게 뜨는을 대기음 및 멸균 DPBS의 6-8 ㎖에 남아있는 펠렛을 재현 탁. 이 단계 2 번 더 반복합니다. 이 단계는 심방 근육 세포와 심장 멜라닌 세포를 펠렛하지만 소설을 미치지 않습니다섬유 아세포 이후 broblasts는 작은 상등액에 남아있게됩니다. </li></ol> 4 도금 심장 멜라닌 세포 유사 세포 <ol><li> 신중하게 배출 또는 세척 용액 (DPBS)를 대기음 및 MCDB 문화 미디어 6 ML에서 펠렛을 재현 탁, 원심 분리 후 세번째 린스를 따라하는 것은 어떤 보충제가 추가되었습니다합니다. </li><li> 이제, 멸균 전송 피펫으로 재 부유 솔루션을 그리고 35 mm 접시에 세포를 올려 놓거나, 6 웰 플레이트의 잘, 그리고 한 35-mm 접시에 세 신생아 쥐에서 분리 된 심장 세포를 풀거나 잘. </li><li> , 5 % CO 2 분위기에서 하룻밤 37 ° C에서 요리를 품어 모든 부착되지 않은 세포와 함께 배양 배지를 흡인 한 후 DPBS 한 번 번호판을 씻어. 그런 다음 접시에 신선한 미디어를 추가하고 미디어마다 이일을 교체합니다. 세포는 성인 듣고에서 격리 반면 신생아 또는 배아 마음에서 고립 된 세포는 최대 3 주 동안 배양 유지 될 수있다TS는 최대 10 일 동안 배양 유지할 수있다. </li></ol> 성인 마우스의 심장에서 5 고립시키기 심장 멜라닌 세포와 같은 세포 <ol><li> 첫째, 성숙 마우스의 마음 제거 (3-4 주령을, N = 3) 마우스에 헤파린 100 U의 복강 내 투여 한 다음를 안락사 후 중간 줄 흉골 절개를 통해. 그것은이 절차 쥐를 안락사하는 펜토 바르 비탈을 사용하는 것이 좋습니다,하지만이 약은 모든 지역에서 사용할 수 없습니다. </li><li> 다음으로, 조직 문화 후드 (바이오 안전성 캐비닛)에서 항생제를 포함하는 멸균 DPBS에 절제의 마음을 씻는다. 그들에 남아있는 혈액을 제거하고 DPBS에 한 번 더 마음을 씻어 곡선 해부 포셉 약간 마음을 짠다. </li><li> 마음에서 심방과 방실 고리를 제거합니다 (이러한 구조는 멜라닌 세포 유사 세포를 포함) 및 35 mm 접시에 절제 조직 표본을 배치합니다. </li><li> 곡선 가위와 힘을 사용하여 작은 조각으로 마음을 잘라추신 후 접시에 0.5 % 트립신 용액을 6-8 ML을 추가합니다. 그런 다음 45 ~ 60 분 동안 37 ° C에서 요리를 품어. </li><li> 이제, 이후 단계 3.6에서 시작하여 위의 프로 시저의 단계를 따릅니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hornyak, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitf+dosage+as+a+primary+determinant+of+melanocyte+survival+after+ultraviolet+irradiation.">Mitf dosage as a primary determinant of melanocyte survival after ultraviolet irradiation.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 22, 307-318 (2009).</li><li>Yonetani, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+expansion+of+immature+melanoblasts+and+their+ability+to+repopulate+melanocyte+stem+cells+in+the+hair+follicle.">In vitro expansion of immature melanoblasts and their ability to repopulate melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicle.</a> J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 408-420 (2008).</li><li>Levin, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melanocyte-like+cells+in+the+heart+and+pulmonary+veins+contribute+to+atrial+arrhythmia+triggers.">Melanocyte-like cells in the heart and pulmonary veins contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 119, 3420-3436 (2009).</li><li>Patel, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+insights+in+the+cellular+basis+of+atrial+fibrillation.">Novel insights in the cellular basis of atrial fibrillation.</a> Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 8, 907-915 (2010).</li><li>Sviderskaya, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+neurons+and+melanocytes+induced+from+immortal+lines+of+postnatal+neural+crest-like+stem+cells.">Functional neurons and melanocytes induced from immortal lines of postnatal neural crest-like stem cells.</a> FASEB J. 23, 3179-3192 (2009).</li><li>Sviderskaya, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P16Ink4a+in+melanocyte+senescence+and+differentiation.">P16Ink4a in melanocyte senescence and differentiation.</a> J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 94, 446-454 (2002).</li><li>Cook, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+melanoblasts+in+culture:+Expression+of+BRN2+and+synergistic+regulation+by+fibroblast+growth+factor-2,+stem+cell+factor,+and+endothelin-3.">Human melanoblasts in culture: Expression of BRN2 and synergistic regulation by fibroblast growth factor-2, stem cell factor, and endothelin-3.</a> J. Invest. Dermatol. 121, 1150-1159 (2002).</li><li>Fang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+conditions+for+the+generation+of+melanocytes+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Defining the conditions for the generation of melanocytes from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 24, 1668-1677 (2006).</li><li>Brito, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timeline+and+distribution+of+melanocyte+precursors+in+the+mouse+heart.">Timeline and distribution of melanocyte precursors in the mouse heart.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21, 464-470 (2008).</li><li>Yajima, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+isolation+of+heart+melanocytes+is+specified+and+the+level+of+pigmentation+in+the+heart+may+correlate+with+coat+color.">The isolation of heart melanocytes is specified and the level of pigmentation in the heart may correlate with coat color.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21, 471-476 (2008).</li></ol>

우리는 공개 할게 없다.

심장 멜라닌 세포는 일반적으로 심방 부정맥 트리거를 야기 심장 내에서 해부학 적 위치에 있습니다. 이 지역은 폐 혈관, 방실 고리, 후방 좌심방과 난원 공 개존증 (그림 4)를 포함한다. 이러한 세포가 arrhythmogenesis에서의 역할을 이해하기 위해, 우리는 그들을 격리하고 그들의 생리학을 연구하는 기술을 개발한다. 그러나, 우리는이 기술을 개선하는 것은 심장 멜라닌 세포의 건강하고...

우리는 최근 멜라닌 합성 효소를 표현하고 형태 학적으로 피부 멜라닌 세포를 닮은 쥐와 인간의 심장에 새로운 세포 인구를 확인했다. 우리는이 세포의 멜라닌 세포를 심장 &#39;이라고하고 심방 부정맥은 종종 인간에서 발생 트리거되는 해부학 적 위치에 있습니다 발견했다. 우리는 또한 심장 멜라닌 세포는 DCT의 생식 세포 삭제와 생쥐에서 심방 부정맥에 기여했습니다. 심장 멜라노가 띄엄 그들은 모두 심방 세포의 0.1 % 미만을 포함 할 마우스 심방에 걸쳐 분산된다. 심장 멜라닌 세포의 전기 화학적 특성과 생물학적 특성을 조사하기 위해 우리는 Cre 호텔 유도 멜라닌 세포 특정 마커를 사용하여 마우스 마음에서 그들을 분리하는 절차를 개발했다. 당초 절차는 신생아 쥐의 심근 및 패치 클램프 기록 또는 PCR 분석에 적합한 세포의 수득 매우 작은 수를 분리하기 위해 사용되는 것들로부터 개발되었다. 그러나, 치료를 개선하기 위해일 및 전기 생리 분석 또는 생화학 적 연구에 대한 심층적 인 이상 심장 멜라닌 세포의 생존, 우리는 피부 멜라닌 세포를 분리하기 위해 설계된에서 정제 과정을 개발했다. 이 리뷰에서 설명하고 입증 절차는 순수한 인구 또는 심근으로 도금 될 수 건강한 심장 멜라닌을 생산하는 장점이있다.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MCDB 153</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>M7403</td>
 <td>Dissolve in: Water</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS, no calcium no magnesium</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>14190136 </td>
 <td>Stock Conc.: 1X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium Bicarbonate, or Sodium Bicarbonate Solution, 7.5% </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich </td>
 <td>S5761 or S8761 </td>
 <td>Water 
 Stock Conc.: 1X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Penicillin-streptomycin </td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15140163 </td>
 <td>Stock Conc.: 100X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
 <td>Life Technology</td>
 <td>Certified</td>
 <td>Working Conc.: 4%</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TPA</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P1585</td>
 <td>DMSO 
 Stock Conc.: 3.2 &mu;M 
 Working Conc.: 32 nM</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transferrin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>T8158</td>
 <td>DPBS 
 Stock Conc.: 0.1 mg/ml 
 Working Conc.: 1 &mu;g/ml </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dibutyryl cyclic AMP</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>D0627</td>
 <td>DPBS 
 Stock Conc.: 0.5 mM 
 Working Conc.: 5 &mu;M</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Insulin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>I6634</td>
 <td>10 mM 
 acetic acid 
 Stock Conc.: 1 mg/ml 
 Working Conc.: 5 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Basic FGF</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>354060</td>
 <td>Water 
 Stock Conc.: 4 ng/&mu;l 
 Working Conc.: 4 ng/ml</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

isolating primary melanocyte-like cells from the mouse heart

우리는 생쥐에서 심방 부정맥 트리거에 기여 쥐와 인간의 마음에서 (또한 심장 멜라닌 세포라고도 함) 멜라닌 세포와 같은 세포의 새로운 인구를 확인했다. 심장 멜라닌 세포의 전기 화학적 특성과 생물학적 특성을 조사하기 위해 우리는 우리가 신생아 쥐의 심근 세포를 분리하기 위해 설계된로부터 유도 된 마우스의 마음에서 그들을 분리하는 절차를 개발했다. 더 광범위한 패치 클램프 또는 생화학 적 연구에 적합한 건강 심장 멜라노를 얻기 위해, 우리는 단리 및 원래 피부 멜라닌 세포를 분리하기 위해 설계된 이들에 기초하여 심장 멜라노 도금을위한 정제 과정을 개발 하였다. 정제 과정이 리뷰에서 설명하고 순수한 인구 또는 심근으로 도금 할 수있다 건강한 멜라닌 세포와 같은 세포의 큰 숫자를 생산하고있다.

이 문서에서 설명하는 프로토콜은 우리가 이전에 쥐의 심장에서 심장 멜라닌 세포를 분리 출판 일에 비해 개선 된 기술이다. 이 절차는 심장 멜라닌 세포 유사 세포를 라벨 멜라닌 합성 효소 특이 치운다 재조합 효소에 의해 구동되는 형광 마커의 사용을 채택한다. 이 심방 근육 세포에서 심장 멜라닌 세포를 구별 형태 학적 차이는 아직 (그림 1A)을 개발하지 않았기 때문에, 갓 격리 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart at JoVE.com

Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

이 프로토콜에서는 전자 와트 심방 부정맥 쥐에 트리거에 기여 쥐와 인간의 마음에서 (또한 심장 멜라닌 세포라고도 함) 멜라닌 세포와 같은 세포의 새로운 인구를 확인했다.

마우스의 심장에서 차 멜라닌 세포와 같은 세포를 분리

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial ...

isolating-primary-melanocyte-like-cells-from-the-mouse-heart

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.4K 조회수.  University of Pennsylvania.  이 프로토콜에서는 전자 와트 심방 부정맥 쥐에 트리거에 기여 쥐와 인간의 마음에서 (또한 심장 멜라닌 세포라고도 함) 멜라닌 세포와 같은 세포의 새로운 인구를 확인했다. 

비디오: Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

Isolating Stem Cells from Soft Musculoskeletal Tissues

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of excitement for treating injured and diseased tissues due to their impressive capabilities to undergo multi-lineage cell differentiation and their self-renewal ability. Most importantly, these qualities have made them advantageous for use in autologous cell transplantation therapies. The current protocol will introduce the readers to the modified preplate technique where soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system, e.g. tendon and muscle, are 1st enzymatically dissociated and then placed in collagen coated flasks with medium. The supernatant, which is composed of medium and the remaining floating cells, is serially transferred daily to new flasks. The stem cells are the slowest to adhere to the flasks which is usually takes 5-7 days (serial transfers or preplates) . By using this technique, adult stem cells present in these tissues can be easily harvested through fairly non-invasive procedures.

Isolating adult stem cells from musculoskeletal soft tissues based on the cell's adherence speed to flask.

소프트 Musculoskeletal 조직에서 줄기 세포를 분리

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of ...

연구

생물학

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4. 
Superoxide radical anion (O2&bull;-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2&bull;- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2&bull;- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2&bull;- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5. 
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2&bull;- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps--the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2&bull;- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to detect nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells and superoxide radical anion from human neutrophils using iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroroline-N-oxide, DMPO, respectively.

질소 산화물과 세포로부터 전자 상자 성체의 프로그램 공명 분광학에 의한 초과 산화물 음이온 급진적가 탐지 스핀 트랩을 사용하여

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

인간 유도 Pluripotent 줄기 세포의 선택 및 분리 식민지는 성인 섬유아 세포에서 다시 프로그램

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

일차 종양에서 면역 세포의 분리

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

유도 만능의 줄기 세포에서 파생 마우스의 생성

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

개발 배아 마우스 심장 밸브 지역에서 단백질 분리

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

분리 및 마우스 대동맥 내피 세포의 차 문화

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

트랜스-내부 세포 배아 줄기 세포의 대량 주입 리드 더 높은 Chimerism 요금

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. It is a single sheet of pigmented cells that are hexagonally packed and connected by tight junctions. The main functions of the RPE include absorption of light, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segments, spatial buffering of ions, transport of nutrients, ions and water as well as active involvement in the visual cycle. With such important and diverse functions, it is critically important to study the biology of RPE cells. A number of RPE cell lines have been established; however, passaged and immortalized cells are known to quickly lose some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of natural RPE cells. Thus, primary cells are more suitable for studying different aspects of RPE cell biology and function. Mouse primary RPE cell culture is very useful to researchers since mouse models are widely used in biological studies, however collecting RPE cells from mouse is also very challenging due to their small size. Here, we present a protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell cultures which includes enucleation and dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This method enables efficient cell recovery. The RPE cells obtained from two mice&#160;can reach confluency on one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in culture plate after one week of culture and display some of the original properties of bona fide RPE cells such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after two weeks of culture.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a multi-functional epithelium of the eye. Here we present a protocol to establish primary cell cultures derived from the murine RPE.

마우스 망막 안료 상피에서 1 차 셀 문화

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

절연, 특성, 및 성인 마우스 심장에서 심장 줄기 세포의 분화

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Methods Article

마우스의 심장에서 차 멜라닌 세포와 같은 세포를 분리