Ce travail a été financé par les Instituts nationaux de la Santé récompense R01 HL105734 à VVPMDL est pris en charge, en partie, par les instituts nationaux de recherche en santé Career Award K08 HL094748. VVP est une chercheuse novatrice de l&#39;American Heart Association soutien d&#39;une subvention 11IRG900384.

1 Préparation des solutions et des équipements nécessaires <ol><li> Tout d&#39;abord, stériliser les instruments chirurgicaux (pinces droites de forme, pinces de forme incurvée, ciseaux de forme droite et ciseaux de forme incurvée) par les autoclavage pendant 15 min. à 121 ° C. Préparez 2 ensembles d&#39;instruments, où un jeu est utilisé pour disséquer les cœurs et l&#39;autre ensemble sera utilisé pour hacher le tissu. </li><li> Dissoudre 1 sachet de MCDB153 milieux de culture dans 900 ml d&#39;stérilisé, l&#39;eau filtrée et remuer doucement jusqu&#39;à ce que la poudre soit dissoute. Ajouter du bicarbonate de sodium 1,2 g, soit 15,7 ml d&#39;une solution de bicarbonate de sodium [7,5% p / v], pour chaque litre de volume final du milieu en cours de préparation et agiter jusqu&#39;à dissolution. Ajuster le pH à 7,2 en ajoutant soit du HCl 1 N ou NaOH 1 N, puis versez les médias à travers un filtre de 0,2 um haut de la bouteille dans des conditions stériles dans une hotte de culture tissulaire (enceinte de sécurité biologique). Ramassez ensuite les médias et le stocker à 4 ° C. </li><li> Préparer les supplémentsajouter au milieu de culture (liste des matières). Les suppléments devraient être ajoutées au milieu juste avant les médias est nécessaire pour l&#39;étalement des cellules. </li><li> Préparer DPBS avec 10% de FBS, plus des antibiotiques (pénicilline et streptomycine). </li><li> Ensuite, préparer une solution de trypsine à 0,25% par addition de 0,25 g de trypsine (de pancréas de bovin, l&#39;activité&gt; 2500 unités USP / mg, ultrapure, USB) à 100 ml de DPBS, plus des antibiotiques (pénicilline et streptomycine). </li><li> Autre équipement requis nécessaire pour effectuer cette procédure comprend une loupe binoculaire, des boîtes de Pétri (10 cm), tubes coniques de 50 ml, crépines de cellules de 40 um, DPBS ainsi que des antibiotiques, des boîtes de culture de 60 mm et des boîtes de culture de 35 mm. </li></ol> 2 Isoler coeurs de néonatalogie chiots de souris <ol><li> Tout d&#39;abord, obtenir P0 à P2 souriceaux nouveau-nés (n = 6 à 8). Il est recommandé d&#39;utiliser les petits générés par l&#39;élevage DCT-Cre femelles homozygotes avec des hommes qui sont hétérozygotes pour soit la R26R: EYFP allèle ou le Z / EG allèle pour marquer lecellules mélanocytes-comme. Les deux R26R: souris EYFP et Z / EG sont disponibles auprès de Jackson Laboratories (nombre d&#39;actions 006 148 003 920 et, respectivement). </li><li> Ensuite, euthanasier les souriceaux nouveau-nés, essuyer leurs coffres avec un tampon imbibé d&#39;alcool, puis placer les chiots dans une boîte de Pétri 10 cm avec du DPBS. </li><li> Couper la peau sur la poitrine et le sternum avec une pince et des ciseaux stérilisés puis ouvrir avec précaution la poitrine sous une loupe binoculaire. Les cœurs des souriceaux nouveau-nés sont très petites soyez donc prudent de s&#39;assurer d&#39;enlever le cœur entier avec les oreillettes attachés. </li><li> Laver les coeurs dans DPBS et de les transférer à une nouvelle boîte de Pétri de 10 cm. </li></ol> 3 Digestion enzymatique <ol><li> Apportez la boîte de Petri avec les coeurs excisés à une hotte de culture tissulaire (enceinte de sécurité biologique) et puis suivez les étapes ci-dessous en utilisant des techniques stériles dans la hotte. </li><li> D&#39;abord, lavez les cœurs trois fois dans du DPBS stériles ainsi que des antibiotiques. </li><li> Placez les coeurs (n = 6-8) dans un60 mm boîte de culture et ajouter 8.6 ml de solution de trypsine à 0,5% dans le plat. </li><li> Ensuite, coupez le cœur en petits morceaux (moins de 1 mm de diamètre) et incuber à 37 ° C pendant 30 min dans une atmosphère de CO 2 de 5%. </li><li> Après la période d&#39;incubation est terminée, verser la solution résultante du tissu cardiaque et de la trypsine à partir de la cuvette dans un tube conique de 50 ml stérile. </li><li> Ensuite, en utilisant une pipette stérile de 10 ml, rapidement, mais doucement, triturer la solution dans le tube conique de 50 ml 30 à 50 heures. </li><li> Filtrer la solution résultante à travers un tamis cellulaire de 40 um sur un nouveau tube conique propre, de 50 ml à recueillir le filtrat. </li><li> Ensuite, centrifuger le tube de 50 ml à 240 x g dans une centrifugeuse de table pendant 5 minutes à température ambiante. Ensuite, aspirer délicatement le surnageant et remettre le culot restant dans 6-8 ml de DPBS stériles. Répétez cette étape deux fois plus. Cette étape Granulés les myocytes auriculaires et les mélanocytes cardiaques mais n&#39;apporte pas en bas de la fifibroblastes depuis les fibroblastes sont plus petits et restent dans le surnageant. </li></ol> Les cellules 4 Placage cardiaque mélanocytes semblables <ol><li> Après la troisième centrifugation, après rinçage, ou bien drainer Aspirer la solution de lavage (DPBS) et remettre en suspension le culot dans 6 ml de milieu de culture MCDB à laquelle les suppléments ont été ajoutés. </li><li> Maintenant, aspirer la solution concentré en suspension dans une pipette de transfert stérile et placer les cellules dans une boîte de 35 mm, ou dans un puits d&#39;une plaque à 6 puits, et mettre en commun les cellules cardiaques isolées à partir de 3 souriceaux nouveau-nés dans un plat de 35 mm ou bien. </li><li> Incuber les boîtes de nuit à 37 ° C dans une atmosphère de CO 2 de 5%, aspirer hors du milieu de culture avec des cellules seules, puis rincer les plaques une fois avec DPBS. Puis ajouter du milieu frais pour les plaques et remplacer les médias tous les 2 jours. Des cellules isolées à partir de cœurs néonataux ou embryonnaires peuvent être maintenues en culture pendant 3 semaines, alors que les cellules isolées à partir entendre adultets peuvent être maintenues en culture pendant 10 jours. </li></ol> Les cellules 5 isolation cardiaque Melanocyte-comme de Coeur Adulte souris <ol><li> D&#39;abord, enlever le cœur de souris matures (âgés de 3-4 semaines-, n = 3) par une sternotomie ligne médiane après l&#39;administration d&#39;héparine de 100 U par voie intrapéritonéale à des souris, puis de les euthanasier. Il est recommandé d&#39;utiliser du pentobarbital pour euthanasier les souris de cette procédure, mais ce médicament n&#39;est pas disponible dans tous les lieux. </li><li> Ensuite, laver les cœurs excisés dans DPBS stériles contenant des antibiotiques dans une hotte de culture tissulaire (enceinte de sécurité biologique). Pincez les coeurs légèrement avec une pince de dissection courbes pour retirer toute trace de sang restant d&#39;eux, puis rincez les cœurs dans DPBS une fois de plus. </li><li> Retirer les oreillettes et anneau auriculo-ventriculaire du cœur (ces structures contiennent les cellules mélanocytes-like) et placer les échantillons de tissus excisés dans un plat de 35 mm. </li><li> Couper les cœurs en petits morceaux avec des ciseaux courbes et vigueurps, puis ajouter 8.6 ml de solution de trypsine à 0,5% dans le plat. Ensuite, incuber les boîtes à 37 ° C pendant 45 à 60 min. </li><li> Maintenant, suivez les étapes de la procédure ci-dessus à partir de l&#39;étape 3.6 partir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hornyak, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitf+dosage+as+a+primary+determinant+of+melanocyte+survival+after+ultraviolet+irradiation.">Mitf dosage as a primary determinant of melanocyte survival after ultraviolet irradiation.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 22, 307-318 (2009).</li><li>Yonetani, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+expansion+of+immature+melanoblasts+and+their+ability+to+repopulate+melanocyte+stem+cells+in+the+hair+follicle.">In vitro expansion of immature melanoblasts and their ability to repopulate melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicle.</a> J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 408-420 (2008).</li><li>Levin, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melanocyte-like+cells+in+the+heart+and+pulmonary+veins+contribute+to+atrial+arrhythmia+triggers.">Melanocyte-like cells in the heart and pulmonary veins contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 119, 3420-3436 (2009).</li><li>Patel, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+insights+in+the+cellular+basis+of+atrial+fibrillation.">Novel insights in the cellular basis of atrial fibrillation.</a> Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 8, 907-915 (2010).</li><li>Sviderskaya, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+neurons+and+melanocytes+induced+from+immortal+lines+of+postnatal+neural+crest-like+stem+cells.">Functional neurons and melanocytes induced from immortal lines of postnatal neural crest-like stem cells.</a> FASEB J. 23, 3179-3192 (2009).</li><li>Sviderskaya, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P16Ink4a+in+melanocyte+senescence+and+differentiation.">P16Ink4a in melanocyte senescence and differentiation.</a> J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 94, 446-454 (2002).</li><li>Cook, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+melanoblasts+in+culture:+Expression+of+BRN2+and+synergistic+regulation+by+fibroblast+growth+factor-2,+stem+cell+factor,+and+endothelin-3.">Human melanoblasts in culture: Expression of BRN2 and synergistic regulation by fibroblast growth factor-2, stem cell factor, and endothelin-3.</a> J. Invest. Dermatol. 121, 1150-1159 (2002).</li><li>Fang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+conditions+for+the+generation+of+melanocytes+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Defining the conditions for the generation of melanocytes from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 24, 1668-1677 (2006).</li><li>Brito, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timeline+and+distribution+of+melanocyte+precursors+in+the+mouse+heart.">Timeline and distribution of melanocyte precursors in the mouse heart.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21, 464-470 (2008).</li><li>Yajima, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+isolation+of+heart+melanocytes+is+specified+and+the+level+of+pigmentation+in+the+heart+may+correlate+with+coat+color.">The isolation of heart melanocytes is specified and the level of pigmentation in the heart may correlate with coat color.</a> Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21, 471-476 (2008).</li></ol>

Nous n&#39;avons rien à divulguer.

Mélanocytes cardiaques sont présents dans des endroits anatomiques dans le cœur qui donnent souvent lieu à des déclencheurs d&#39;arythmie auriculaire. Ces régions comprennent les veines pulmonaires, l&#39;anneau auriculo-ventriculaire, l&#39;oreillette gauche postérieure et le foramen ovale (figure 4). Pour comprendre le rôle de ces cellules jouent dans arythmogénèse, nous développons des techniques de les isoler et d&#39;étudier leur physiologie. Cependant, nous avons constaté que l&#39;a...

Nous avons récemment identifié une nouvelle population de cellules dans le cœur de souris et les humains qui expriment des enzymes mélanine synthèse et ressemblent morphologiquement mélanocytes cutanés. Nous avons appelé de mélanocytes cardiaques »ces cellules et avons découvert qu&#39;ils sont présents dans des endroits anatomiques dont arythmie auriculaire déclenche proviennent souvent chez l&#39;homme. Nous avons également constaté mélanocytes cardiaques contribuent à des arythmies auriculaires chez la souris avec la suppression de la lignée germinale DCT. Mélanocytes cardiaques sont peu distribués dans l&#39;atrium de la souris où elles contiennent moins de 0,1% de toutes les cellules auriculaires. Pour étudier les propriétés électriques et biologiques des mélanocytes cardiaques, nous avons développé une procédure pour les isoler du cœur de la souris en utilisant des marqueurs spécifiques mélanocytes Cre inductible. Notre procédure initiale a été développé à partir de ceux utilisés pour isoler les cardiomyocytes murins néonataux et donné de très petits nombres de cellules appropriées pour les enregistrements de patch-clamp ou analyse par PCR. Cependant, pour améliorer la guérisone et la viabilité des mélanocytes cardiaques, pour plus d&#39;une analyse en profondeur électrophysiologique ou des études biochimiques, nous avons développé une procédure raffinée de celles qui visent à isoler les mélanocytes cutanés. Le procédé décrit et démontré dans la présente étude a pour avantage de produire des mélanocytes sains cardiaques qui peuvent être étalées en une population pure ou avec des cardiomyocytes.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MCDB 153</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>M7403</td>
 <td>Dissolve in: Water</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS, no calcium no magnesium</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>14190136 </td>
 <td>Stock Conc.: 1X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium Bicarbonate, or Sodium Bicarbonate Solution, 7.5% </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich </td>
 <td>S5761 or S8761 </td>
 <td>Water 
 Stock Conc.: 1X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Penicillin-streptomycin </td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15140163 </td>
 <td>Stock Conc.: 100X 
 Working Conc.: 1X</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
 <td>Life Technology</td>
 <td>Certified</td>
 <td>Working Conc.: 4%</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TPA</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P1585</td>
 <td>DMSO 
 Stock Conc.: 3.2 &mu;M 
 Working Conc.: 32 nM</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transferrin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>T8158</td>
 <td>DPBS 
 Stock Conc.: 0.1 mg/ml 
 Working Conc.: 1 &mu;g/ml </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dibutyryl cyclic AMP</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>D0627</td>
 <td>DPBS 
 Stock Conc.: 0.5 mM 
 Working Conc.: 5 &mu;M</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Insulin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>I6634</td>
 <td>10 mM 
 acetic acid 
 Stock Conc.: 1 mg/ml 
 Working Conc.: 5 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Basic FGF</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>354060</td>
 <td>Water 
 Stock Conc.: 4 ng/&mu;l 
 Working Conc.: 4 ng/ml</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

isolating primary melanocyte-like cells from the mouse heart

Nous avons identifié une nouvelle population de cellules mélanocytes comme (également connu sous le nom mélanocytes cardiaques) dans le cœur des souris et des humains qui contribuent aux déclencheurs de l&#39;arythmie auriculaire chez la souris. Pour étudier les propriétés électriques et biologiques des mélanocytes cardiaques, nous avons développé une procédure pour les isoler de coeurs de souris que nous avons tirés de celles qui visent à isoler les cardiomyocytes murins néonataux. Afin d&#39;obtenir des mélanocytes cardiaques saines appropriés pour plus vaste patch clamp ou des études biochimiques, nous avons développé une procédure raffinée pour isoler et placage mélanocytes cardiaques basés sur ceux à l&#39;origine conçu pour isoler les mélanocytes cutanés. La procédure est mise en évidence raffiné dans cette revue et produit un plus grand nombre de cellules saines comme des mélanocytes, qui peuvent être étalées en une population pure ou avec des cardiomyocytes.

Le protocole décrit dans cet article est une technique améliorée par rapport à celle que nous avons déjà publié pour isoler les mélanocytes cardiaques du cœur murin. Ce procédé emploie l&#39;utilisation de marqueurs fluorescents entraînés par la synthèse de mélanine spécifique de l&#39;enzyme Cre-recombinase pour marquer les cellules de mélanocytes analogue cardiaques. Il est important d&#39;utiliser un marqueur pour marquer les mélanocytes cardiaques lorsque vous travaillez avec des cellules embryonna...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart at JoVE.com

Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

Dans ce protocole, w e identifié une nouvelle population de cellules mélanocytes comme (également connu sous le nom mélanocytes cardiaques) dans le cœur des souris et des humains qui contribuent à une arythmie auriculaire déclenche chez la souris.

Isoler des cellules mélanocytes comme primaires du Cœur de souris

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial ...

isolating-primary-melanocyte-like-cells-from-the-mouse-heart

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.4K vues.  University of Pennsylvania.  Dans ce protocole, w e identifié une nouvelle population de cellules mélanocytes comme (également connu sous le nom mélanocytes cardiaques) dans le cœur des souris et des humains qui contribuent à une arythmie auriculaire déclenche chez la souris. 

Vidéo: Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

Isolating Stem Cells from Soft Musculoskeletal Tissues

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of excitement for treating injured and diseased tissues due to their impressive capabilities to undergo multi-lineage cell differentiation and their self-renewal ability. Most importantly, these qualities have made them advantageous for use in autologous cell transplantation therapies. The current protocol will introduce the readers to the modified preplate technique where soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system, e.g. tendon and muscle, are 1st enzymatically dissociated and then placed in collagen coated flasks with medium. The supernatant, which is composed of medium and the remaining floating cells, is serially transferred daily to new flasks. The stem cells are the slowest to adhere to the flasks which is usually takes 5-7 days (serial transfers or preplates) . By using this technique, adult stem cells present in these tissues can be easily harvested through fairly non-invasive procedures.

Isolating adult stem cells from musculoskeletal soft tissues based on the cell's adherence speed to flask.

Isoler des cellules souches à partir des tissus mous musculo-squelettiques

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of ...

Recherche

Biologie

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4. 
Superoxide radical anion (O2&bull;-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2&bull;- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2&bull;- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2&bull;- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5. 
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2&bull;- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps--the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2&bull;- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to detect nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells and superoxide radical anion from human neutrophils using iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroroline-N-oxide, DMPO, respectively.

Détection de l&#39;oxyde nitrique et de l&#39;anion superoxyde radical par spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique à partir de cellules en utilisant des pièges de spin

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

Colonies sélectionner et isoler de l&#39;homme cellules souches pluripotentes induites à partir de fibroblastes adultes Reprogrammed

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

Isolement des cellules immunitaires des tumeurs primitives

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Génération de souris dérivées de cellules souches pluripotentes induites

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Protein Isolation from the Developing Embryonic Mouse Heart Valve Region

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis method may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect a protein of interest. To overcome these difficulties, we examined protocols for obtaining protein from adult human cardiac valves and modified these protocols for the developing early embryonic mouse counterparts. In brief, the mouse embryonic aortic valve regions, including the aortic valve and surrounding aortic wall, are collected in the minimal possible volume of a Tris-based lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. If required based on the breeding strategy, embryos are genotyped prior to pooling four embryonic aortic valve regions for homogenization. After homogenization, an SDS-based sample buffer is used to denature the sample for running on an SDS-PAGE gel and subsequent western blot analysis. Although the protein concentration remains too low to quantify using spectrophotometric protein quantification assays and have sample remaining for subsequent analyses, this technique can be used to successfully detect and semi-quantify phosphorylated proteins via western blot from pooled samples of four embryonic day 13.5 mouse aortic valve regions, each of which yields approximately 1 &#956;g of protein. This technique will be of benefit for studying cell signaling pathway activation and protein expression levels during early embryonic mouse valve development.

The analysis of protein expression in young embryonic mouse valves has been hampered by the limited tissue available. This manuscript provides a protocol for preparing protein from developing embryonic mouse valve regions for western blot analysis.

Protein Isolation du développement embryonnaire Souris Coeur Région Valve

Western blot analysis is a commonly employed technique for detecting and quantifying protein levels. However, for small tissue samples, this analysis ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

L&#39;isolement et la culture primaire de cellules endothéliales aortiques de souris

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

TRANS-intérieur cellulaire massive Injection de cellules souches embryonnaires conduit à des taux plus élevés de chimérisme

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. It is a single sheet of pigmented cells that are hexagonally packed and connected by tight junctions. The main functions of the RPE include absorption of light, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segments, spatial buffering of ions, transport of nutrients, ions and water as well as active involvement in the visual cycle. With such important and diverse functions, it is critically important to study the biology of RPE cells. A number of RPE cell lines have been established; however, passaged and immortalized cells are known to quickly lose some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of natural RPE cells. Thus, primary cells are more suitable for studying different aspects of RPE cell biology and function. Mouse primary RPE cell culture is very useful to researchers since mouse models are widely used in biological studies, however collecting RPE cells from mouse is also very challenging due to their small size. Here, we present a protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell cultures which includes enucleation and dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This method enables efficient cell recovery. The RPE cells obtained from two mice&#160;can reach confluency on one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in culture plate after one week of culture and display some of the original properties of bona fide RPE cells such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after two weeks of culture.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a multi-functional epithelium of the eye. Here we present a protocol to establish primary cell cultures derived from the murine RPE.

Cultures de cellules primaires de l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien de souris

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

Isolement, caractérisation et différenciation des cellules souches cardiaques du coeur de souris adulte

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...