Este trabajo fue apoyado por subvenciones del Departamento de Defensa (Premio Idea desarrollo, W81XWH-10-1-0041, AB), CT con células madre subvención (AB), y el Instituto Nacional de Salud NRSA 10668225 (DMF). El presente material está basado en trabajo apoyado en parte por el Estado de Connecticut bajo el Stem Cell Research Connecticut Programa de Subvenciones. Su contenido es de exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores y no representan necesariamente la opinión oficial del Estado de Connecticut, el Departamento de Salud Pública del Estado de Connecticut o innovaciones CT, Inc. Los financiadores no participó en el diseño del estudio, recogida de datos y el análisis, la decisión de publicar, o la preparación del manuscrito.

Este procedimiento es conforme con los requisitos de Yale IACUC. Los científicos deberían asegurarse de que las directrices sean aprobadas IACUC y siguió de acuerdo a sus necesidades institucionales. 1. Sección 1. Preparación de ADN Pipettes, soluciones y Vidrio <ol><li> Generar alta pureza (OD 260/280&gt; 1,80) alta concentración (mg / l&gt; 2,5) libre de endotoxinas ADN. </li><li> Preparar 0,9% de solución salina y el filtro estéril a través de un filtro de 22 micras. </li><li> Colocar 10 cm fuego pulido tubos capilares de vidrio de borosilicato (OD: 1,5 mm, ID: 1,10 mm) en un modelo PP-830 Narishige PC-10 extractor de pipeta de vidrio con un alambre de Kanthal. Conjunto extractor para una tracción paso ponderado en 70.5 ° C. Rompa las puntas con unas pinzas circulares e inspeccionar bajo un microscopio de disección para los bordes dentados. Puntas cónicas y se coloca bajo una lámpara UV durante 15 min. Pipetas Pulled deben ser marcadas en 2 mm del borde de la punta. </li><li> Preparar 0,1% peso / volumen verde rápido solutipor mezcla filtrada estéril solución salina al 0,9% con el verde de secado rápido. </li></ol> 2. Sección 2. Preparación de los animales, pipeta de vidrio de carga y de inyección de plásmido <ol><li> Retire el día postnatal 0-1 crías en jaulas individuales, en lugar de un plato de Petri de vidrio previamente enfriado a 4 ° C, y luego colocar en hielo húmedo. </li><li> Después de aproximadamente 5 min, determinar el estado de anestesia mediante la utilización de la respuesta pellizco pie. Si no hay movimiento, las crías sometidas a la inyección intraventricular. </li><li> Es importante señalar que la combinación de verde rápido, ADN, y la solución salina puede dar como resultado la rápida evaporación, cristalización, y el bloqueo de pipetas de vidrio. Por lo tanto, generar una solución madre y parte alícuota de 1-2 l sobre Parafilm inmediatamente antes de las inyecciones. </li><li> Aspirar todo el volumen alícuota con la pipeta de vidrio tirado. </li><li> Sostenga la cabeza del cachorro entre el pulgar y el dedo índice de su mano menos dominante. </li><li> Encienda una lámparad sostenga la cabeza del cachorro a las afueras del haz de luz. Si es necesario, poner en solución salina cabeza para reducir la cantidad de luz reflejada por las crías. Los ventrículos ahora debe estar iluminado. </li><li> Con la mano dominante, inserte la aguja en el ventrículo lateral más cercano a usted (Figura 1A y 1B). El sitio de inyección debe ser de aproximadamente equidistante de esta sutura y el ojo y 2 mm lateral a la sutura sagital. Insertar sacó la pipeta hasta la marca de 2 mm para un cachorro P0, que debería asegurar la penetración en el ventrículo lateral. Coincidentemente, es posible que vea el relleno de líquido cefalorraquídeo en la pipeta de la liberación de la presión intracraneal. Para reducir la presión intracraneal, lo que ayuda a la inyección de plásmido, aflojar su control sobre la cabeza de la pup.Step 2,8. Inyectar aproximadamente 0,5 l de plásmido en el ventrículo lateral utilizando un inyector de aire a presión (Picospritzer, Parker). </li></ol> 3. Sección 3. La electroporación y la recuperación <ol><li> Set la tensión del generador de electroporación para 5 impulsos cuadrados, 50 mseg / pulso a 100 voltios, con intervalos de 950 mseg. La especificidad espacial de la electroporación del plásmido está dictada por la direccionalidad de transferencia de carga. Debe prestarse atención dada a la colocación dada la heterogeneidad de las poblaciones de células madre a lo largo de la SVZ 8. Las diferencias en las tasas de proliferación y el destino celular se han identificado lugares ventral-dorsal y caudal rostral-9,10. </li><li> Una vez que el plásmido se inyecta, introducir los electrodos de pinza en PBS. Este paso es maximizar la transferencia de carga y para evitar quemaduras causadas por la resistividad. </li><li> Coloque el electrodo positivo en la pared lateral dorsal del cachorro cerca de la oreja ipsilateral al sitio de la inyección de plásmido (Figura 1C y 1D). Coloque el electrodo negativo en el hemisferio contralateral lateral ventral al cachorro hocico. </li><li> Iniciar la transferencia actual presionando los foots pulsobruja pedal y barrer los electrodos de dorsal a lateral utilizando ~ 25 ° intervalos angulares. </li><li> Lugar a electroporación cachorros en una almohadilla de calentamiento durante 5 min. Gire suavemente crías cada 30 segundos con una estimulación suave. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kriegstein, A., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+glial+nature+of+embryonic+and+adult+neural+stem+cells.">The glial nature of embryonic and adult neural stem cells.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 32, 149-184 (2009).</li><li>Imayoshi, I., Sakamoto, M., Kageyama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+methods+to+identify+and+manipulate+newly+born+neurons+in+the+adult+brain.">Genetic methods to identify and manipulate newly born neurons in the adult brain.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 5, 64 (2011).</li><li>LoTurco, J., Manent, J. B., Sidiqi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+and+improved+tools+for+in+utero+electroporation+studies+of+developing+cerebral+cortex.">New and improved tools for in utero electroporation studies of developing cerebral cortex.</a> Cereb Cortex. 19, i120-i125 (2009).</li><li>Tabata, H., Nakajima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+in+utero+gene+transfer+system+to+the+developing+mouse+brain+using+electroporation:+visualization+of+neuronal+migration+in+the+developing+cortex.">Efficient in utero gene transfer system to the developing mouse brain using electroporation: visualization of neuronal migration in the developing cortex.</a> Neuroscience. 103, 865-872 (2001).</li><li>Boutin, C., Diestel, S., Desoeuvre, A., Tiveron, M. C., Cremer, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+in+vivo+electroporation+of+the+postnatal+rodent+forebrain.">Efficient in vivo electroporation of the postnatal rodent forebrain.</a> PloS ONE. 3, e1883 (2008).</li><li>Chesler, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+gene+expression+by+postnatal+electroporation+during+olfactory+interneuron+nurogenesis.">Selective gene expression by postnatal electroporation during olfactory interneuron nurogenesis.</a> PloS ONE. 3, e1517 (2008).</li><li>Platel, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMDA+receptors+activated+by+subventricular+zone+astrocytic+glutamate+are+critical+for+neuroblast+survival+prior+to+entering+a+synaptic+network.">NMDA receptors activated by subventricular zone astrocytic glutamate are critical for neuroblast survival prior to entering a synaptic network.</a> Neuron. 65, 859-872 (2010).</li><li>Alvarez-Buylla, A., Kohwi, M., Nguyen, T. M., Merkle, F. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heterogeneity+of+adult+neural+stem+cells+and+the+emerging+complexity+of+their+niche.">The heterogeneity of adult neural stem cells and the emerging complexity of their niche.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 73, 357-365 (2008).</li><li>Fernandez, M. E., Croce, S., Boutin, C., Cremer, H., Raineteau, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+electroporation+of+defined+lateral+ventricular+walls:+a+novel+and+rapid+method+to+study+fate+specification+during+postnatal+forebrain+neurogenesis.">Targeted electroporation of defined lateral ventricular walls: a novel and rapid method to study fate specification during postnatal forebrain neurogenesis.</a> Neural Development. 6, 13 (2011).</li><li>de Chevigny, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-7a+regulation+of+Pax6+controls+spatial+origin+of+forebrain+dopaminergic+neurons.">miR-7a regulation of Pax6 controls spatial origin of forebrain dopaminergic neurons.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 15, 1120-1126 (2012).</li><li>Lacar, B., Young, S. Z., Platel, J. C., Bordey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+and+recording+subventricular+zone+progenitor+cells+in+live+tissue+of+postnatal+mice.">Imaging and recording subventricular zone progenitor cells in live tissue of postnatal mice.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 4, (2010).</li><li>Feliciano, D. M., Quon, J. L., Su, T., Taylor, M. M., Bordey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+neurogenesis+generates+heterotopias,+olfactory+micronodules+and+cortical+infiltration+following+single-cell+Tsc1+deletion.">Postnatal neurogenesis generates heterotopias, olfactory micronodules and cortical infiltration following single-cell Tsc1 deletion.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 21, 799-810 (2012).</li><li>Iguchi, T., Yagi, H., Wang, C. C., Sato, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tightly+controlled+conditional+knockdown+system+using+the+Tol2+transposon-mediated+technique.">A tightly controlled conditional knockdown system using the Tol2 transposon-mediated technique.</a> PloS ONE. 7, e33380 (2012).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen conflicto de intereses.

Aquí detalle la técnica de electroporación SVZ neonatal, una técnica para etiquetar rápidamente y con firmeza y manipular células SVZ madre y su progenie. Hay varias ventajas que la electroporación tiene en comparación con otras técnicas. En primer lugar, dado el etiquetado focal de células, uno es capaz de discernir celulares autónomos efectos autónomos y no por células. Segunda manipulación, genética utilizando sistemas inducibles permite comparar los efectos antes o después de la integración sinápti...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre del reactivo </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentarios (opcional) </td></tr><tr><td> Pesado tubo de borosilicato pulido </td><td> Sutter Instrument </td><td> BF150-110-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dual-Stage vidrio Micropipetas Puller </td><td> Narishige </td><td> PC-10H </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fast Green </td><td> Fischer Scientific </td><td> 0521192205 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ECM 830 Generador de impulsos de onda cuadrada </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 45-0052 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tweezertrodes </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 45-0488 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fibra óptica Fuente de luz </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 12-562-36 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tungsteno Halógenolámpara </td><td> USHIO America, Inc </td><td> 1002247 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Picospritzer II </td><td> Parker Instrumentos </td><td> 052-0312-900 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

neonatal subventricular zone electroporation

Las células madre neurales (NSC) de la línea de los ventrículos laterales postnatales y dan lugar a múltiples tipos de células que incluyen neuronas, astrocitos y células ependimarias 1. La comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares responsables de la NSC auto-renovación, el compromiso y la diferenciación es fundamental para el aprovechamiento de su potencial único para reparar el cerebro y entender mejor los trastornos del sistema nervioso central. Los métodos anteriores para la manipulación de los sistemas de mamíferos requiere el esfuerzo largo y costoso de la ingeniería genética a nivel animal entero 2. Por lo tanto, la gran mayoría de los estudios han examinado las funciones de las moléculas NSC in vitro o en los invertebrados. Aquí se demuestra la técnica simple y rápida para manipular NPCs neonatales que se conoce como zona neonatal subventricular (SVZ) electroporación. Técnicas similares se han desarrollado hace una década para estudiar NSCs embrionarias y han ayudado a los estudios sobre Cortical desarrollo 3,4. Más recientemente, este fue utilizado para estudiar el cerebro anterior roedor postnatal 5-7. Esta técnica da como resultado el etiquetado robusto de SVZ NSCs y su progenie. Por lo tanto, postnatal SVZ electroporación ofrece una alternativa costo y tiempo efectivo de mamíferos ingeniería genética NSC.

Neonatales subventricular resultados zona de electroporación en el etiquetado de casi toda la glía radial contigua a la zona dorsal, lateral dorsal subventricular, y lateral siguiendo el &quot;barrido&quot; de movimiento del electrodo de pinza (Figura 1E). Sin embargo, la electroporación se pueden adaptar a los requisitos del experimento respectivo pero no barriendo el electrodo y el uso de la colocación y orientación específicos tal como se detalla en el vídeo. Por ejemplo, desde la glía radial...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation at JoVE.com

Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

Se demuestra una técnica mínimamente invasiva conocida como electroporación neonatal zona subventricular. La técnica consiste en la inyección de ADN de plásmido en los ventrículos laterales de cachorros neonatales y la aplicación de corriente eléctrica para suministrar y manipular genéticamente las células madre neuronales

La electroporación neonatal zona subventricular

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal ...

neonatal-subventricular-zone-electroporation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.8K vistas.  Yale University School of Medicine. Se demuestra una técnica mínimamente invasiva conocida como electroporación neonatal zona subventricular. La técnica consiste en la inyección de ADN de plásmido en los ventrículos laterales de cachorros neonatales y la aplicación de corriente eléctrica para suministrar y manipular genéticamente las células madre neuronales

Video: Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an extensively studied model system for understanding the behavior of neural stem cells and the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Traditionally, these studies have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region. Compared to sections, wholemounts preserve the complete cytoarchitecture and cellular relationships within the SVZ. This approach has recently revealed that the adult neural stem cells, or type B1 cells, are part of a mixed neuroepithelium with differentiated ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricles. In addition, this approach has been used to study the planar polarization of ependymal cells and the cerebrospinal fluid flow they generate in the ventricle. With recent evidence that adult neural stem cells are a heterogeneous population that is regionally specified, the wholemount approach will likely be an essential tool for understanding the organization and parcellation of this stem cell niche.

The lateral ventricle walls contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. Traditionally, studies on neurogenesis in this region have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region.

En la zona subventricular cara: tinción wholemount y flujo ependimarios

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

En electroporación in vivo de la retina del ratón en desarrollo

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

Del ratón en el útero de electroporación: Transefection controlada Gene espacio-temporal

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Preparation of Acute Subventricular Zone Slices for Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural progenitor cells with astrocytic features (called SVZ astrocytes), neuroblasts, and intermediate progenitor cells. Neuroblasts born in the SVZ tangentially migrate a great distance to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Intercellular signaling through adhesion molecules and diffusible signals play important roles in controlling neurogenesis. Many of these signals trigger intercellular calcium activity that transmits information inside and between cells. Calcium activity is thus reflective of the activity of extracellular signals and is an optimal way to understand functional intercellular signaling among SVZ cells.
Calcium activity has been studied in many other regions and cell types, including mature astrocytes and neurons. However, the traditional method to load cells with calcium indicator dye (i.e. bath loading) was not efficient at loading all SVZ cell types. Indeed, the cellular density in the SVZ precludes dye diffusion inside the tissue. In addition, preparing sagittal slices will better preserve the three-dimensional arrangement of SVZ cells, particularly the stream of neuroblast migration on the rostral-caudal axis.
Here, we describe methods to prepare sagittal sections containing the SVZ, the loading of SVZ cells with calcium indicator dye, and the acquisition of calcium activity with time-lapse movies. We used Fluo-4 AM dye for loading SVZ astrocytes using pressure application inside the tissue. Calcium activity was recorded using a scanning confocal microscope allowing a precise resolution for distinguishing individual cells. Our approach is applicable to other neurogenic zones including the adult hippocampal subgranular zone and embryonic neurogenic zones. In addition, other types of dyes can be applied using the described method.

A method to load subventricular zone (SVZ) cells with calcium indicator dyes for recording calcium activity is described. The postnatal SVZ contains tightly packed cells including neural progenitor cells and neuroblasts. Rather than using bath loading we injected the dye by pressure inside the tissue allowing better dye diffusion.

Preparación de agudos Slices zona subventricular for Imaging Calcio

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural ...

Neonatal Pial Surface Electroporation

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and gliogenesis, including after injury. However, methods for genetically interrogating these progenitor populations and tracking their lineages had been limited owing to a lack of specificity or time consuming production of viruses. Thus, progress in this region has been relatively slow with only a handful of investigations of this location. Electroporation has been used for over a decade to study neural stem cell properties in the embryo, and more recently in the postnatal brain. Here we describe an efficient, rapid, and simple technique for the genetic manipulation of pial surface progenitors based on an adapted electroporation approach. Pial surface electroporation allows for facile genetic labeling and manipulation of these progenitors, thus representing a time-saving and economical approach for studying these cells.

The pial surface is a unique progenitor zone in the CNS that is receiving increasing attention. Herein, we detail a method for rapid genetic manipulation of this progenitor zone using a modified electroporation method. This procedure can be used for cellular and molecular investigations of cell lineages and signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation and to elucidate the fate and properties of daughter cells.

Neonatal electroporación superficie pial

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and ...

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression of genes of interest to specific neuronal subtypes has proven remarkably challenging due to the relative scarcity of specific promoter elements. GABAergic interneurons constitute a neuronal population with extensive genetic and morphological diversity. Indeed, more than 11 different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the mouse cortex1. Here we present an adapted protocol for selective targeting of GABAergic populations. We achieved subtype selective targeting of GABAergic interneurons by using the enhancer element of the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6, homologues of the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene2,3, to drive the expression of specific genes through in utero electroporation.

This procedure shows how to target interneurons in the developing mouse forebrain by means of in utero electroporation. This technique was particularly efficient to achieve selective gene expression in interneuron subtypes destined to the superficial layers of the cortex.

-Subtipo selectivo electroporación de interneuronas corticales

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

Clasificación celular del Neuronales madre y progenitoras Las células del adulto Ratón zona subventricular y Live-imágenes de sus Dinámica del Ciclo Celular

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células madre adultas neural de la Zona subcallosal Ratón

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

Grabación de EEG en Ratas Neonatales que se mueven libremente usando un método nuevo

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

Aislamiento y Cultura de Neuronas de la Médula Espinal de Ratones Neonatales

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...