Diese Arbeit wurde durch Zuschüsse aus dem Department of Defense (Idea Development Award, W81XWH-10-1-0041, AB), CT Stammzell-Stipendium (AB), und eine National Institute of Health NRSA 10.668.225 (DMF) unterstützt. Das vorliegende Material basiert auf der Arbeit teilweise durch den Staat Connecticut unter dem Connecticut Stem Cell Research Grants Program unterstützt werden. Die Inhalte sind allein in der Verantwortung der Autoren und stellen nicht notwendigerweise die offizielle Meinung des Staates Connecticut, das Department of Public Health des Staates Connecticut oder CT Innovations, Inc. hatte die Geldgeber keine Rolle in der Studie, Datenerhebung und Analyse, Entscheidung zur Veröffentlichung oder Vorbereitung des Manuskripts.

Diese Vorgehensweise ist im Einklang mit Yale IACUC Anforderungen. Wissenschaftler sollten sicherstellen, dass IACUC Richtlinien zugelassen sind und nach ihrer institutionellen Voraussetzungen gefolgt. Ein. Abschnitt 1. Herstellung von DNA, Lösungen und Glaspipetten <ol><li> Generieren hoher Reinheit (OD 260/280&gt; 1,80) hoher Konzentration (ug / ul&gt; 2,5) Endotoxin-freien DNA. </li><li> Planen 0,9% iger Kochsalzlösung und steril filtriert durch ein 22 pm-Filter. </li><li> Platz 10 cm feuerpolierte Borosilikatglas Kapillarrohre (OD: 1,5 mm, ID: 1,10 mm) in ein Modell PP-830 Narishige PC-10 Glaspipette Abzieher mit einem Kanthal Draht. Set Abzieher einem Schritt gewichteten Pull bei 70,5 ° C. Brechen Sie Tipps mit kreisförmigen Pinzette und überprüfen unter einem Binokular für gezackte Ränder. Bevel Tipps und unter einer UV-Lampe für 15 min. Gezogen Pipetten sollte bei 2 mm von der Kante der Spitze zu kennzeichnen. </li><li> Bereiten 0,1% Gewicht / Volumen schnell grün Löauf durch Mischen sterilfiltriert 0,9% iger Kochsalzlösung mit trockenem schnell grün. </li></ol> 2. Abschnitt 2. Tierische Vorbereitung, Glaspipette Laden und Plasmid Injection <ol><li> Entfernen postnatalen Tag 0-1 Welpen einzeln aus Käfigen, statt auf eine Glas-Petrischale vorgekühlt auf 4 ° C, und legen Sie dann auf nassem Eis. </li><li> Nach ca. 5 min, bestimmen den Zustand der Betäubung durch die Nutzung der Fuß Prise Antwort. Wenn keine Bewegung auftritt, unterliegen Welpen zu intraventrikuläre Injektion. </li><li> Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass die Kombination von schnell grün, DNA und Salzlösung kann in schneller Verdampfung, Kristallisation und Blockade Glaspipetten führen. Daher erzeugen eine Stammlösung und aliquoten 1-2 ul auf Parafilm unmittelbar vor Injektionen. </li><li> Saugen Sie die gesamte aliquotierten Lautstärke mit dem gezogenen Glaspipette. </li><li> Halten Sie den Kopf des Welpen zwischen Daumen und Zeigefinger der weniger dominanten Hand. </li><li> Schalten Sie Lampe eind Halten Sie den Kopf des Welpen etwas außerhalb des Lichtstrahls. Falls erforderlich, setzen auf den Kopf Kochsalzlösung, um die Menge an Licht, das von pup wider reduzieren. Die Ventrikel sollte nun beleuchtet werden. </li><li> Mit Ihrer dominanten Hand, die Nadel in lateralen Ventrikel am nächsten zu Ihnen (1A und 1B). Die Injektionsstelle sollte ungefähr gleich weit von der Lambdanaht und Auge und 2 mm lateral zur Sagittalnaht. Legen Sie zog Pipette auf die 2 mm Marke für eine P0 Welpen, die sollten das Eindringen in den lateralen Ventrikel zu gewährleisten. Zufällig, sehen Sie möglicherweise Verfüllen von CSF in die Pipette aus der Auflösung von Hirndruck. Um Hirndruck, die Injektion von Plasmid hilft zu reduzieren, lockern Sie Ihren Griff auf den Kopf des pup.Step 2,8. Inject rund 0,5 ul Plasmid in lateralen Ventrikel mit einem Luft-Druck-Injektor (Picospritzer, Parker). </li></ol> 3. Abschnitt 3. Elektroporation und Recovery <ol><li> Set die Spannung des Generators Elektroporation für 5 Rechteckimpulsen, 50 msec / Impuls bei 100 Volt mit 950 msec Intervallen. Die räumliche Spezifität von Plasmid Elektroporation wird durch die Bündelung von Charge-Transfer diktiert. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit sollte auf die Platzierung angesichts der Heterogenität der Stammzell-Populationen entlang der SVZ 8 gegeben. Unterschiede in den Raten von Proliferation und das Schicksal der Zelle haben ventral-dorsal und rostral-kaudale Standorten 9,10 identifiziert worden. </li><li> Sobald das Plasmid injiziert wird, dip Pinzette Elektroden in PBS. Dieser Schritt dient dazu Ladungstransfer zu maximieren und Verbrennungen durch Widerstand zu verhindern. </li><li> Platzieren Sie die positive Elektrode auf der dorsalen seitlichen Wand des pup nahe dem Ohr ipsilateral zur Stelle von Plasmid-Injektion (1C und 1D). Zeigen die negative Elektrode auf der kontralateralen ventralen seitlichen des pup Schnauze. </li><li> Initiieren Stromübertragung durch Drücken der Puls footsHexe Pedal und fegen die Elektroden von dorsal nach lateral mit ~ 25 °-Winkel Abständen. </li><li> Ort elektroporiert Jungtieren auf ein Heizkissen für 5 min. Drehen Sie vorsichtig Welpen alle 30 sec mit einer milden Stimulation. </li></ol>

<ol>
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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMDA+receptors+activated+by+subventricular+zone+astrocytic+glutamate+are+critical+for+neuroblast+survival+prior+to+entering+a+synaptic+network.">NMDA receptors activated by subventricular zone astrocytic glutamate are critical for neuroblast survival prior to entering a synaptic network.</a> Neuron. 65, 859-872 (2010).</li><li>Alvarez-Buylla, A., Kohwi, M., Nguyen, T. M., Merkle, F. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heterogeneity+of+adult+neural+stem+cells+and+the+emerging+complexity+of+their+niche.">The heterogeneity of adult neural stem cells and the emerging complexity of their niche.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 73, 357-365 (2008).</li><li>Fernandez, M. E., Croce, S., Boutin, C., Cremer, H., Raineteau, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+electroporation+of+defined+lateral+ventricular+walls:+a+novel+and+rapid+method+to+study+fate+specification+during+postnatal+forebrain+neurogenesis.">Targeted electroporation of defined lateral ventricular walls: a novel and rapid method to study fate specification during postnatal forebrain neurogenesis.</a> Neural Development. 6, 13 (2011).</li><li>de Chevigny, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-7a+regulation+of+Pax6+controls+spatial+origin+of+forebrain+dopaminergic+neurons.">miR-7a regulation of Pax6 controls spatial origin of forebrain dopaminergic neurons.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 15, 1120-1126 (2012).</li><li>Lacar, B., Young, S. Z., Platel, J. C., Bordey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+and+recording+subventricular+zone+progenitor+cells+in+live+tissue+of+postnatal+mice.">Imaging and recording subventricular zone progenitor cells in live tissue of postnatal mice.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 4, (2010).</li><li>Feliciano, D. M., Quon, J. L., Su, T., Taylor, M. M., Bordey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+neurogenesis+generates+heterotopias,+olfactory+micronodules+and+cortical+infiltration+following+single-cell+Tsc1+deletion.">Postnatal neurogenesis generates heterotopias, olfactory micronodules and cortical infiltration following single-cell Tsc1 deletion.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 21, 799-810 (2012).</li><li>Iguchi, T., Yagi, H., Wang, C. C., Sato, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tightly+controlled+conditional+knockdown+system+using+the+Tol2+transposon-mediated+technique.">A tightly controlled conditional knockdown system using the Tol2 transposon-mediated technique.</a> PloS ONE. 7, e33380 (2012).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben keine Angaben zu machen.

Hier im Einzelnen die Technik der neonatalen SVZ Elektroporation, eine Technik, um schnell und robust beschriften und manipulieren SVZ Stammzellen und deren Nachkommen. Es gibt mehrere Vorteile, die Elektroporation im Vergleich zu anderen Techniken aufweist. Erstens, da der Schwerpunkt Markierung von Zellen, ist man in der Lage zu Zelle autonom und nicht zellautonomen Effekte zu erkennen. Zweitens genetischen Manipulation unter Verwendung induzierbare Systeme ermöglicht es, Effekte vor oder nach Integration synaptische...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Kommentare (optional) </td></tr><tr><td> Schwere Polished Borosilikat Tubing </td><td> Sutter Instrument </td><td> BF150-110-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dual-Stage Glas Feinpipettenziehvorrichtung </td><td> Narishige </td><td> PC-10H </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fast Green </td><td> Fischer Scientific </td><td> 0521192205 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ECM 830 Square Wave Impulsgeber </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 45-0052 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tweezertrodes </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 45-0488 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fiber-Optic Light Source </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 12-562-36 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tungsten HalogenLampe </td><td> USHIO America, Inc </td><td> 1002247 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Picospritzer II </td><td> Parker Instruments </td><td> 052-0312-900 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

neonatal subventricular zone electroporation

Neurale Stammzellen (NSCs) säumen die postnatale Seitenventrikel und führen zu mehreren Zelltypen, die Neuronen, Astrozyten und Ependymzellen 1 enthalten. Das Verständnis der molekularen Mechanismen, die für NSC Selbsterneuerung, Engagement und Differenzierung ist entscheidend für die Nutzung der ihr einzigartiges Potenzial, um das Gehirn zu reparieren und besser zu verstehen Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems. Bisherige Verfahren zur Manipulation von Säugersystemen erforderte die zeitaufwendig und teuer Bestreben der Gentechnologie am Ganztier Ebene 2. Somit haben die meisten Studien die Funktionen des NSC-Molekülen in vitro oder in wirbellosen erforscht. Hier zeigen wir die einfache und schnelle Methode, um Neugeborenen NPCs, die als Neugeborene subventrikulären Zone (SVZ) Elektroporation bezeichnet manipulieren. Ähnliche Techniken wurden vor einem Jahrzehnt zu embryonalen NSCs zu studieren entwickelt und unterstützt Studien über cortical Entwicklung 3,4. In jüngerer Zeit wurde dies angewendet zu studieren die postnatale Nager Vorderhirn 5-7. Diese Technik führt zu robusten Kennzeichnung von SVZ NSCs und deren Nachkommen. So bietet postnatalen SVZ Elektroporation eine Kosten-und Zeitaufwand effektive Alternative für Säugetierzellen NSC Gentechnik.

Neonatal Subventrikulärzone Elektroporation Ergebnisse bei der Etikettierung von fast allen radialen Gliazellen zusammenhängend mit dem Rücken, dorsal lateral und lateral Subventrikulärzone nach dem &quot;Sweeping&quot; Bewegung der Pinzette Elektrode (1E). Allerdings kann Elektroporation der Anforderung des jeweiligen Experiments zugeschnitten werden, aber nicht Fegen der Elektrode und unter Verwendung spezifischer Anordnung und Ausrichtung, wie in dem Video. Da beispielsweise dorsal örtlichen rad...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation at JoVE.com

Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

Wir zeigen eine minimal-invasive Technik genannt Neugeborenen Subventrikulärzone Elektroporation. Die Technik besteht aus Einspritzen Plasmid-DNA in den lateralen Ventrikel neonataler Welpen und Anlegen von elektrischem Strom zu liefern und genetisch zu manipulieren Nervenstammzellen

Neonatal Subventrikulärzone Elektroporation

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal ...

neonatal-subventricular-zone-electroporation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.7K Aufrufe.  Yale University School of Medicine. Wir zeigen eine minimal-invasive Technik genannt Neugeborenen Subventrikulärzone Elektroporation. Die Technik besteht aus Einspritzen Plasmid-DNA in den lateralen Ventrikel neonataler Welpen und Anlegen von elektrischem Strom zu liefern und genetisch zu manipulieren Nervenstammzellen

Serie: Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an extensively studied model system for understanding the behavior of neural stem cells and the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Traditionally, these studies have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region. Compared to sections, wholemounts preserve the complete cytoarchitecture and cellular relationships within the SVZ. This approach has recently revealed that the adult neural stem cells, or type B1 cells, are part of a mixed neuroepithelium with differentiated ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricles. In addition, this approach has been used to study the planar polarization of ependymal cells and the cerebrospinal fluid flow they generate in the ventricle. With recent evidence that adult neural stem cells are a heterogeneous population that is regionally specified, the wholemount approach will likely be an essential tool for understanding the organization and parcellation of this stem cell niche.

The lateral ventricle walls contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. Traditionally, studies on neurogenesis in this region have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region.

Die Subventrikularzone En-face: Wholemount Färbung und Ependymale Durchfluss

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

In-vivo-Elektroporation von Entwicklung Maus Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Preparation of Acute Subventricular Zone Slices for Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural progenitor cells with astrocytic features (called SVZ astrocytes), neuroblasts, and intermediate progenitor cells. Neuroblasts born in the SVZ tangentially migrate a great distance to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Intercellular signaling through adhesion molecules and diffusible signals play important roles in controlling neurogenesis. Many of these signals trigger intercellular calcium activity that transmits information inside and between cells. Calcium activity is thus reflective of the activity of extracellular signals and is an optimal way to understand functional intercellular signaling among SVZ cells.
Calcium activity has been studied in many other regions and cell types, including mature astrocytes and neurons. However, the traditional method to load cells with calcium indicator dye (i.e. bath loading) was not efficient at loading all SVZ cell types. Indeed, the cellular density in the SVZ precludes dye diffusion inside the tissue. In addition, preparing sagittal slices will better preserve the three-dimensional arrangement of SVZ cells, particularly the stream of neuroblast migration on the rostral-caudal axis.
Here, we describe methods to prepare sagittal sections containing the SVZ, the loading of SVZ cells with calcium indicator dye, and the acquisition of calcium activity with time-lapse movies. We used Fluo-4 AM dye for loading SVZ astrocytes using pressure application inside the tissue. Calcium activity was recorded using a scanning confocal microscope allowing a precise resolution for distinguishing individual cells. Our approach is applicable to other neurogenic zones including the adult hippocampal subgranular zone and embryonic neurogenic zones. In addition, other types of dyes can be applied using the described method.

A method to load subventricular zone (SVZ) cells with calcium indicator dyes for recording calcium activity is described. The postnatal SVZ contains tightly packed cells including neural progenitor cells and neuroblasts. Rather than using bath loading we injected the dye by pressure inside the tissue allowing better dye diffusion.

Vorbereitung der akuten Subventrikulärzone Slices für Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural ...

Neonatal Pial Surface Electroporation

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and gliogenesis, including after injury. However, methods for genetically interrogating these progenitor populations and tracking their lineages had been limited owing to a lack of specificity or time consuming production of viruses. Thus, progress in this region has been relatively slow with only a handful of investigations of this location. Electroporation has been used for over a decade to study neural stem cell properties in the embryo, and more recently in the postnatal brain. Here we describe an efficient, rapid, and simple technique for the genetic manipulation of pial surface progenitors based on an adapted electroporation approach. Pial surface electroporation allows for facile genetic labeling and manipulation of these progenitors, thus representing a time-saving and economical approach for studying these cells.

The pial surface is a unique progenitor zone in the CNS that is receiving increasing attention. Herein, we detail a method for rapid genetic manipulation of this progenitor zone using a modified electroporation method. This procedure can be used for cellular and molecular investigations of cell lineages and signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation and to elucidate the fate and properties of daughter cells.

Neonatal Pial Oberflächen Elektroporation

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and ...

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression of genes of interest to specific neuronal subtypes has proven remarkably challenging due to the relative scarcity of specific promoter elements. GABAergic interneurons constitute a neuronal population with extensive genetic and morphological diversity. Indeed, more than 11 different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the mouse cortex1. Here we present an adapted protocol for selective targeting of GABAergic populations. We achieved subtype selective targeting of GABAergic interneurons by using the enhancer element of the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6, homologues of the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene2,3, to drive the expression of specific genes through in utero electroporation.

This procedure shows how to target interneurons in the developing mouse forebrain by means of in utero electroporation. This technique was particularly efficient to achieve selective gene expression in interneuron subtypes destined to the superficial layers of the cortex.

Subtyp-selektive Elektroporation kortikaler Inter

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

Zellsortierung von Neural Stamm- und Vorläuferzellen aus dem erwachsenen Maus Subventrikularzone und Live-Bildgebung ihrer Zellzyklus Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Isolierung und Kultur von adulten neuralen Stammzellen aus der Maus subcallosa Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Cryo-section Dissection of the Adult Subependymal Zone for Accurate and Deep Quantitative Proteome Analysis

The subependymal neurogenic niche consists of a paraventricular ribbon of the lateral ventricular wall of the lateral ventricle. The subependymal zone (SEZ) is a thin and distinct region exposed to the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid. The isolation of this niche allows the analysis of a neurogenic stem cell microenvironment. However, extraction of small tissues for proteome analysis&#160;is challenging, especially for the maintenance of considerable measurement depth and the achievement of reliable robustness. A new method termed cryo-section-dissection (CSD), combining high precision with minimal tissue perturbation, was developed to address these challenges. The method is compatible with state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS) methods that allow the detection of low-abundant niche regulators. This study compared the CSD and its proteome data to the method and data obtained by laser-capture-microdissection (LCM) and a standard wholemount dissection. The CSD method resulted in twice the quantification depth in less than half the preparation time compared to the LCM and simultaneously clearly outperformed the dissection precision of the wholemount dissection. Hence, CSD is a superior method for collecting the SEZ for proteome analysis.

Cryo-section-dissection allows fresh, frozen preparation of the largest neurogenic niche in the murine brain for deep quantitative proteome analysis. The method is precise, efficient, and causes minimal tissue perturbation. Therefore, it is ideally suited for studying the molecular microenvironment of this niche, as well as other organs, regions, and species.

Kryoschnitt-Dissektion der adulten subependymalen Zone für genaue und tiefe quantitative Proteomanalyse

The subependymal neurogenic niche consists of a paraventricular ribbon of the lateral ventricular wall of the lateral ventricle. The subependymal zone ...

A Neonatal Rodent Model of Retroorbital Vein Injection

Intravenous (iv) injection is the most used route of drug administration in neonates in the clinical setting. Therefore, retroorbital vein injection is an important method for compound administration in research, where successful proof-of-concept studies can progress into much-needed neonatal clinical trials. Most intravenous studies in neonatal rodents use the superficial temporal/facial vein. However, retroorbital injection becomes unreliable in neonatal rodents older than 2 days after the skin darkens and the vein is no longer visible. In the present protocol, we describe the retroorbital injection of the venous sinus in both the neonatal mouse and rat at ages when the superficial temporal vein is no longer visible, but the eyes have not opened yet. Eye-opening facilitates retro-orbital injection by enabling the researcher to clearly see that they are not perforating the eye when inserting the needle. We demonstrate that this technique can be performed in a reliable and reproducible manner without adverse effects. Additionally, we show that it can be used in many studies, such as administering compounds to study neonatal brain injury.

This protocol aims to demonstrate a reproducible venous administration route that can be used in rats and mice throughout the neonatal period. This procedure is important for preclinical rodent studies that wish to mirror drug administration in neonatal care units primarily using intravenous administration.

Ein neonatales Nagetiermodell der retroorbitalen Veneninjektion

Intravenous (iv) injection is the most used route of drug administration in neonates in the clinical setting. Therefore, retroorbital vein injection is an ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Effiziente Nukleofektion von NSCs, die aus der subventrikulären Zone der Maus isoliert wurden

Isolation, Expansion, and Nucleofection of Neural Stem Cells from Adult Murine Subventricular Zone

Isolation and expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain can be achieved in a medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as mitogens, producing clonal aggregates known as neurospheres. This in vitro system is a valuable tool for studying NSC potential. Transfection of siRNAs or genes carried in plasmids can be used to induce perturbations to gene expression and study NSC biology. However, the exogenous nucleic acid delivery to NSC cultures is challenging due to the low efficiency of central nervous system (CNS) cells transfection. Here, we present an improved nucleofection system that achieves high efficiency of gene delivery in expanded NSCs from adult murine SVZ. We demonstrate that this relatively simple method enhances gene perturbation in adult NSCs, surpassing traditional transfection protocols with survival rates exceeding 80%. Moreover, this method can also be applied in primary isolated NSCs, providing a crucial advancement in gene function studies through gene expression manipulation via knockdown or overexpression in neurosphere cultures.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor im Rampenlicht: Verbesserte Nukleofektion für einen hocheffizienten Gentransfer in murinen subventrikulären Zonen abgeleiteten neuralen Stammzellkulturen

Here, we describe a nucleofection system designed to enhance gene delivery efficiency in expanded neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the adult murine subventricular zone. The findings demonstrate that this method significantly improves gene perturbation in NSCs, surpassing the effectiveness of traditional transfection protocols and enhancing cell survival rate.

Isolierung, Expansion und Nukleofektion von neuralen Stammzellen aus der adulten subventrikulären Zone der Maus

Isolation and expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain can be achieved in a medium supplemented ...