Este trabalho foi financiado por doações do Departamento de Defesa (prêmio de desenvolvimento Idéia, W81XWH-10-1-0041, AB), CT de células-tronco de subvenção (AB), e um Instituto Nacional de Saúde NRSA 10668225 (DMF). O presente material é baseado no trabalho, em parte suportado pelo Estado de Connecticut sob o Stem Cell Research Connecticut Programa de Subsídios. Seu conteúdo é de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores e não representam necessariamente a posição oficial do Estado de Connecticut, o Departamento de Saúde Pública do Estado de Connecticut ou Inovações CT, Inc. A financiadores não tiveram nenhum papel no desenho do estudo, a coleta de dados e análise, a decisão de publicar, ou a preparação do manuscrito.

Este procedimento está em conformidade com os requisitos de Yale IACUC. Os cientistas devem se certificar de que as orientações IACUC são aprovados e seguido de acordo com as suas necessidades institucionais. 1. Seção 1. Preparação do Pipetas de DNA, Soluções e vidro <ol><li> Gerar alta pureza (OD 260/280&gt; 1,80) elevada concentração (ug / uL&gt; 2,5) endotoxinas sem DNA. </li><li> Preparar solução salina 0,9% e filtrar através de um filtro estéril uM 22. </li><li> Colocar 10 centímetros de fogo polidas tubos capilares de vidro de borosilicato (OD: 1,5 mm, ID: 1,10 mm) em um modelo de PP-830 PC-10 Narishige pipeta de vidro com um puxador de fio de Kanthal. Definir puxador para puxar uma etapa uma ponderada em 70,5 ° C. Quebrar dicas com fórceps circulares e inspecionar sob um microscópio de dissecação para as bordas recortadas. Dicas de bisel e coloque sob uma lâmpada UV por 15 min. Pipetas puxados deve ser marcado menos 2 mm a partir da borda da ponta. </li><li> Prepare 0,1% em peso / volume rápido verde solutipela mistura estéril filtrada solução salina 0,9% com o verde de secagem rápida. </li></ol> 2. Seção 2. Preparação Animal, vidro Pipeta Carregando e Injeção plasmídeo <ol><li> Remover dia pós-natal 0-1 filhotes individualmente a partir de gaiolas, lugar para uma placa de Petri de vidro pré-refrigerada a 4 ° C, e depois colocar em gelo húmido. </li><li> Após aproximadamente 5 minutos, determinar o estado de anestesia, utilizando a resposta pitada pé. Se nenhum movimento ocorre, filhotes sujeitos à injeção intraventricular. </li><li> É importante notar que a combinação de verde rápido, DNA, e solução salina podem resultar na rápida evaporação, cristalização, e o bloqueio de pipetas de vidro. Por isso, gerar uma solução estoque e ul alíquota 1-2 para parafilme imediatamente antes da injecção. </li><li> Aspirar todo o volume alíquota com a pipeta de vidro puxado. </li><li> Segure a cabeça do filhote entre o polegar eo dedo indicador de sua mão menos dominante. </li><li> Ligue uma lâmpadad segurar a cabeça do filhote de cachorro do lado de fora do feixe de luz. Se necessário, colocar sobre a cabeça de salina para reduzir a quantidade de luz reflectida por pup. Os ventrículos agora deve ser iluminado. </li><li> Com sua mão dominante, inserir a agulha no ventrículo lateral mais próxima de você (Figura 1A e 1B). O local de injecção deve ser de aproximadamente equidistante da sutura lambdóide e olho e 2 mm lateral da sutura sagital. Insira pipeta puxado para a marca de 2 mm para uma pup P0, que deve assegurar a penetração no interior do ventrículo lateral. Coincidentemente, você pode ver de volta o preenchimento do QCA na pipeta da liberação da pressão intracraniana. Para reduzir a pressão intracraniana, o que ajuda a injeção do plasmídeo, afrouxar seu aperto na cabeça do pup.Step 2.8. Injectar cerca de 0,5 ul de plasmídeo no ventrículo lateral, usando um injector de ar sob pressão (Picospritzer, Parker). </li></ol> 3. Seção 3. Eletroporação e Recuperação <ol><li> Set a tensão do gerador de electroporação para 5 impulsos quadrados, 50 ms / pulso de 100 volts, com intervalos de 950 mseg. A especificidade espacial de electroporação plasmídeo é ditada pela direccionalidade de transferência de carga. Uma atenção especial é dada à colocação dada a heterogeneidade da população de células-tronco ao longo da SVZ 8. Diferenças nas taxas de proliferação e destino da célula foram identificados para locais ventral-dorsal e rostral-caudal 9,10. </li><li> Uma vez que o plasmídeo é injectado, dip eléctrodos pinça em PBS. Este passo é o de maximizar a transferência de carga e para impedir queimaduras provocadas pela resistividade. </li><li> Coloque o eléctrodo positivo sobre a parede dorsal lateral do filhote perto da orelha ipsilateral para o local da injecção de plasmídeo (Figura 1C e 1D). Coloque o eletrodo negativo no hemisfério contralateral ventral lateral para o filhote do focinho. </li><li> Iniciar a transferência atual pressionando as foots pulsobruxa pedal e varrer os eletrodos dorsal para lateral usando ~ 25 ° de ângulo intervalos. </li><li> Lugar electroporado crias num bloco de aquecimento durante 5 min. Gire gentilmente filhotes a cada 30 seg com estimulação leve. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kriegstein, A., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+glial+nature+of+embryonic+and+adult+neural+stem+cells.">The glial nature of embryonic and adult neural stem cells.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 32, 149-184 (2009).</li><li>Imayoshi, I., Sakamoto, M., Kageyama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+methods+to+identify+and+manipulate+newly+born+neurons+in+the+adult+brain.">Genetic methods to identify and manipulate newly born neurons in the adult brain.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 5, 64 (2011).</li><li>LoTurco, J., Manent, J. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMDA+receptors+activated+by+subventricular+zone+astrocytic+glutamate+are+critical+for+neuroblast+survival+prior+to+entering+a+synaptic+network.">NMDA receptors activated by subventricular zone astrocytic glutamate are critical for neuroblast survival prior to entering a synaptic network.</a> Neuron. 65, 859-872 (2010).</li><li>Alvarez-Buylla, A., Kohwi, M., Nguyen, T. M., Merkle, F. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heterogeneity+of+adult+neural+stem+cells+and+the+emerging+complexity+of+their+niche.">The heterogeneity of adult neural stem cells and the emerging complexity of their niche.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 73, 357-365 (2008).</li><li>Fernandez, M. E., Croce, S., Boutin, C., Cremer, H., Raineteau, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+electroporation+of+defined+lateral+ventricular+walls:+a+novel+and+rapid+method+to+study+fate+specification+during+postnatal+forebrain+neurogenesis.">Targeted electroporation of defined lateral ventricular walls: a novel and rapid method to study fate specification during postnatal forebrain neurogenesis.</a> Neural Development. 6, 13 (2011).</li><li>de Chevigny, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-7a+regulation+of+Pax6+controls+spatial+origin+of+forebrain+dopaminergic+neurons.">miR-7a regulation of Pax6 controls spatial origin of forebrain dopaminergic neurons.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 15, 1120-1126 (2012).</li><li>Lacar, B., Young, S. Z., Platel, J. C., Bordey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+and+recording+subventricular+zone+progenitor+cells+in+live+tissue+of+postnatal+mice.">Imaging and recording subventricular zone progenitor cells in live tissue of postnatal mice.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 4, (2010).</li><li>Feliciano, D. M., Quon, J. L., Su, T., Taylor, M. M., Bordey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+neurogenesis+generates+heterotopias,+olfactory+micronodules+and+cortical+infiltration+following+single-cell+Tsc1+deletion.">Postnatal neurogenesis generates heterotopias, olfactory micronodules and cortical infiltration following single-cell Tsc1 deletion.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 21, 799-810 (2012).</li><li>Iguchi, T., Yagi, H., Wang, C. 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Os autores não têm a revelação a fazer.

Aqui nós detalhe a técnica de electroporação SVZ neonatal, uma técnica para rapidamente e de forma robusta e rotular manipular as células-tronco SVZ e seus descendentes. Há várias vantagens que tem a electroporação, em comparação com outras técnicas. Em primeiro lugar, dada a marcação focal de células, é capaz de discernir celulares autónomos e não autónomos efeitos célula. Manipulação, segundo genética utilizando sistemas indutíveis permite comparar o efeito antes ou após integração sinápti...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome do reagente </td><td> Companhia </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentários (opcional) </td></tr><tr><td> Tubulação Polido pesado borosilicato </td><td> Instrumento Sutter </td><td> BF150-110-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dual-Stage Vidro Micropipeta Puller </td><td> Narishige </td><td> PC-10H </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fast Green </td><td> Fischer Scientific </td><td> 0521192205 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ECM 830 Praça da onda de pulso gerador </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 45-0052 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tweezertrodes </td><td> Harvard Apparatus </td><td> 45-0488 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fibra Óptica Fonte de Luz </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 12-562-36 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Halogênio de tungstêniolâmpada </td><td> USHIO America, Inc </td><td> 1002247 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Picospritzer II </td><td> Parker Instruments </td><td> 052-0312-900 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

neonatal subventricular zone electroporation

As células estaminais neurais (NSC) linha dos ventrículos laterais pós-natais e dão origem a vários tipos de células que incluem neurónios, astrócitos e células ependimais 1. Entender os caminhos moleculares responsáveis ​​pela NSC auto-renovação, compromisso e diferenciação é fundamental para aproveitar o seu potencial único para reparar o cérebro e entender melhor sistema nervoso central. Os métodos anteriores para a manipulação de sistemas de mamíferos necessário o esforço demorado e caro de engenharia genética a nível animal inteiro 2. Assim, a grande maioria dos estudos têm explorado as funções de moléculas NSC in vitro ou in invertebrados. Aqui, nós demonstrar a técnica simples e rápida para manipular NPCs neonatais que é referido como neonatal eletroporação subventricular zona (SVZ). Técnicas semelhantes foram desenvolvidos há uma década para estudar NSCs embrionárias e ajudaram estudos sobre Cortical desenvolvimento 3,4. Mais recentemente, esta foi utilizada para estudar o prosencéfalo roedor pós-natal 5-7. Esta técnica resulta em rotulagem robusto de SVZ NSCs e seus descendentes. Assim, pós-natal SVZ electroporação proporciona uma alternativa de custo e de tempo eficaz para a engenharia genética de mamíferos NSC.

Neonatal resulta zona subventricular electroporação na rotulagem de quase todos glia radial contígua com a zona subventricular dorsal, dorsal lateral, e o movimento lateral, seguindo &quot;varrer&quot; do eléctrodo de pinça (Figura 1E). No entanto, a electroporação pode ser adaptado para as necessidades do respectivo ensaio, mas não varrer o eléctrodo e utilizando a colocação e orientação específica, conforme detalhado no vídeo. Por exemplo, uma vez localizada dorsalmente glia radial dife...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation at JoVE.com

Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

Nós demonstramos uma técnica minimamente invasiva referido como eletroporação zona neonatal subventricular. A técnica consiste em injectar o DNA de plasmídeo nos ventrículos laterais de bebés recém-nascidos e na aplicação de corrente eléctrica para fornecer e manipular geneticamente as células estaminais neurais

Eletroporação Zona Neonatal subventricular

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal ...

neonatal-subventricular-zone-electroporation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.7K visualizações.  Yale University School of Medicine. Nós demonstramos uma técnica minimamente invasiva referido como eletroporação zona neonatal subventricular. A técnica consiste em injectar o DNA de plasmídeo nos ventrículos laterais de bebés recém-nascidos e na aplicação de corrente eléctrica para fornecer e manipular geneticamente as células estaminais neurais

Vídeo: Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an extensively studied model system for understanding the behavior of neural stem cells and the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Traditionally, these studies have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region. Compared to sections, wholemounts preserve the complete cytoarchitecture and cellular relationships within the SVZ. This approach has recently revealed that the adult neural stem cells, or type B1 cells, are part of a mixed neuroepithelium with differentiated ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricles. In addition, this approach has been used to study the planar polarization of ependymal cells and the cerebrospinal fluid flow they generate in the ventricle. With recent evidence that adult neural stem cells are a heterogeneous population that is regionally specified, the wholemount approach will likely be an essential tool for understanding the organization and parcellation of this stem cell niche.

The lateral ventricle walls contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. Traditionally, studies on neurogenesis in this region have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region.

A zona subventricular En face: Coloração Wholemount e Fluxo ependimárias

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an ...

Neurociência

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

Em Eletroporação vivo de Retina do rato em desenvolvimento

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

Mouse No Utero Eletroporação: Transfecção Gênica Controlled Spatiotemporal

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Preparation of Acute Subventricular Zone Slices for Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural progenitor cells with astrocytic features (called SVZ astrocytes), neuroblasts, and intermediate progenitor cells. Neuroblasts born in the SVZ tangentially migrate a great distance to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Intercellular signaling through adhesion molecules and diffusible signals play important roles in controlling neurogenesis. Many of these signals trigger intercellular calcium activity that transmits information inside and between cells. Calcium activity is thus reflective of the activity of extracellular signals and is an optimal way to understand functional intercellular signaling among SVZ cells.
Calcium activity has been studied in many other regions and cell types, including mature astrocytes and neurons. However, the traditional method to load cells with calcium indicator dye (i.e. bath loading) was not efficient at loading all SVZ cell types. Indeed, the cellular density in the SVZ precludes dye diffusion inside the tissue. In addition, preparing sagittal slices will better preserve the three-dimensional arrangement of SVZ cells, particularly the stream of neuroblast migration on the rostral-caudal axis.
Here, we describe methods to prepare sagittal sections containing the SVZ, the loading of SVZ cells with calcium indicator dye, and the acquisition of calcium activity with time-lapse movies. We used Fluo-4 AM dye for loading SVZ astrocytes using pressure application inside the tissue. Calcium activity was recorded using a scanning confocal microscope allowing a precise resolution for distinguishing individual cells. Our approach is applicable to other neurogenic zones including the adult hippocampal subgranular zone and embryonic neurogenic zones. In addition, other types of dyes can be applied using the described method.

A method to load subventricular zone (SVZ) cells with calcium indicator dyes for recording calcium activity is described. The postnatal SVZ contains tightly packed cells including neural progenitor cells and neuroblasts. Rather than using bath loading we injected the dye by pressure inside the tissue allowing better dye diffusion.

Preparação de fatias agudas zona subventricular for Imaging Cálcio

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural ...

Neonatal Pial Surface Electroporation

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and gliogenesis, including after injury. However, methods for genetically interrogating these progenitor populations and tracking their lineages had been limited owing to a lack of specificity or time consuming production of viruses. Thus, progress in this region has been relatively slow with only a handful of investigations of this location. Electroporation has been used for over a decade to study neural stem cell properties in the embryo, and more recently in the postnatal brain. Here we describe an efficient, rapid, and simple technique for the genetic manipulation of pial surface progenitors based on an adapted electroporation approach. Pial surface electroporation allows for facile genetic labeling and manipulation of these progenitors, thus representing a time-saving and economical approach for studying these cells.

The pial surface is a unique progenitor zone in the CNS that is receiving increasing attention. Herein, we detail a method for rapid genetic manipulation of this progenitor zone using a modified electroporation method. This procedure can be used for cellular and molecular investigations of cell lineages and signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation and to elucidate the fate and properties of daughter cells.

Neonatal Pial Superfície Eletroporação

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and ...

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression of genes of interest to specific neuronal subtypes has proven remarkably challenging due to the relative scarcity of specific promoter elements. GABAergic interneurons constitute a neuronal population with extensive genetic and morphological diversity. Indeed, more than 11 different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the mouse cortex1. Here we present an adapted protocol for selective targeting of GABAergic populations. We achieved subtype selective targeting of GABAergic interneurons by using the enhancer element of the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6, homologues of the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene2,3, to drive the expression of specific genes through in utero electroporation.

This procedure shows how to target interneurons in the developing mouse forebrain by means of in utero electroporation. This technique was particularly efficient to achieve selective gene expression in interneuron subtypes destined to the superficial layers of the cortex.

Subtipo seletivo Eletroporação de Cortical Interneurônios

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

Seleção de células-tronco neurais de células progenitoras e do rato adulto subventricular Zone e Live-imagem de seus Dynamics com o ciclo celular

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Isolamento e Cultura de células estaminais adultas neurais do Subcallosal Zona Rato

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

Gravação de EEG em Ratos Neonatais de Movimentação Livre Usando um Novo Método

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

Isolamento e cultura de neurônios da medula espinhal de ratos neonatais

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...