Name: upright imaging of drosophila egg chambers
Uploaded: 2015-03-13T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 29 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers at JoVE.com

We appreciate assistance from members of the fly community, particularly Dr. Denise Montell, Dr. Lynn Cooley, and Dr. Pernille Rorth, for reagents. We thank Flybase, the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, and Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank for information and providing fly stocks and antibodies, respectively. LM is supported by the Department of Education&#160;Grant, Graduate Assistance in the Areas of National Need (GAANN) training fellowship (P200A120017) and by a NIGMS Initiative for Maximizing Student Development Grant (2 R25-GM55036). A portion of the microscopy work was supported by NSF MRI grant DBI-0722569 and the Keith R. Porter Core Imaging Facility. Research was supported in part by a NSF CAREER Award (1054422) and a Basil O&#8217;Connor Starter Scholar Award from the March of Dimes, both awarded to MSG.

1. Disección de ovarioles <ol><li> Transferir unos quince 2-4 días de edad, las moscas hembras y unos pocos hombres a un nuevo vial de alimentos mosca con agregado de levadura seca activa. Utilice algodón como un tapón para los viales, y añadir unas gotas de agua para el algodón para mantener la humedad alta. </li><li> Colocar el vial en una incubadora a 25 ° C durante 14-16 horas para maximizar el número de la etapa 8-10 cámaras de huevos. NOTA: El tiempo de incubación varía dependiendo de la temperatura y la fase deseada. </li><li> Preparar los medios de disección, 0,1 M KPO 4 y NP40 soluciones según sea necesario para el día siguiente (ver Materiales). </li><li> Anestesiar las moscas utilizando CO 2, y poner bajo un microscopio de disección. Pipet varias gotas de medios disección en cada cavidad en la diapositiva depresión de vidrio. </li><li> Mantenga fórceps en cada mano en un ángulo de aproximadamente 30 ° a la superficie de la mesa y orientar una mosca hembra con las alas hacia abajo. Con la mano no dominante, recoger la hembra usando pinzas, agarrándola de la unanterior del abdomen, cerca del tórax, y sumerja en el medio de su disección en la diapositiva depresión (Figura 1A recuadro). </li><li> Con el otro par de pinzas, sujete el exoesqueleto en la ventral posterior del abdomen y la traspasará. Coge los ovarios en el extremo posterior, a continuación, tire hacia fuera del abdomen y el lugar en el medio nuevo en el otro lado de la corredera de la depresión. (Figura 1A recuadro). Evite tirar aparte el intestino. Deseche la canal. </li><li> Repita con el resto de las moscas hembras hasta que se disecan los ovarios. Deseche los varones. </li><li> Con un par de pinzas, mantenga un ovario en el extremo posterior (cerca de las grandes cámaras de huevos), y con la otra mano usar un par de pinzas para pellizcar una de las cámaras de huevos más anteriores (germarium). (Figura 1A). </li><li> Poco a poco y de manera constante, tirar de una cadena ovariole fuera de la vaina ovario. Continuar a diseccionar ovarioles individualmente hasta que todas las cámaras de huevo deseados son removed. </li><li> Repita los pasos 1.7 a 1.8 para todos los ovarios disecados. </li><li> Una vez completa, traslado ovarioles a un tubo de 0,6 ml con una pipeta de transferencia de plástico. </li><li> Deje ovarioles depositan en el fondo del tubo, a continuación, proceder a los pasos de fijación y tinción. </li></ol> 2. Inmunofluorescencia (IF) La tinción de ovarioles <ol><li> Retire con cuidado los medios disección de ovarioles con una pipeta. Asegúrese de no eliminar cualquier ovarioles o cámaras de huevo. Deje aproximadamente 50 l de ovarioles y medios de disección. </li><li> Añadir 50 l de 16% de paraformaldehído a 150 ml de 0,1 M KPO4 de búfer en un tubo, y añadir la solución de cámaras de huevos para solucionarlos. Incubar mientras se balancea durante 10 min. PRECAUCIÓN: paraformaldehído es tóxico. </li><li> Retire el fijador y enjuague dos veces con tampón de lavado NP40 0,5 ml. </li><li> Lavar dos veces durante 15 min cada uno a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Consulte la norma SI protocolo 15 para los pasos posteriores. <ol><li> Brevemente, después de la fijación, añadiranticuerpos primarios a las diluciones apropiadas y se incuban O / N a 4 ° C. Lave en NP40 varias veces, a continuación, añadir anticuerpos secundarios (1: 200 diluciones). </li><li> Lavar varias veces en NP40, a continuación, añadir DAPI (1: 1000) durante 10 min, a continuación, repetir los lavados. Una vez SI protocolo es completa, añadir 200 l de glicerol al 50% en PBS para cámaras de huevos y dejar reposar a temperatura ambiente durante 2 horas. </li><li> Retire la solución, reemplazarlo con un 70% de glicerol en PBS, y cubrir con papel aluminio. Coloque la muestra en 4 ᵒC hasta que esté listo para el montaje. Mientras tanto, continúe con el paso 3. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Preparación previa de Glicerina Jalea Slides <ol><li> Medir al menos 4 ml de glicerina jalea usando una espátula y llenar un tubo de cultivo de célula de vidrio hasta la marca de medio camino. Derretir la jalea de glicerina en un baño de agua a 55 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Verter una pequeña gota de glicerol, aproximadamente 300 l, a partir de la solución madre en dos portaobjetos de microscopio. El uso de un tejido, extendido glicerol en una delgada layer en cada una de las diapositivas. Esto proporciona una base y permite una fácil extracción de gelatina de glicerina en el paso 5.6. </li><li> Corte la punta de una punta de pipeta de 1.000 l filtrada. El uso de puntas de pipeta de corte para transferir 1.000-1.500 l de jalea caliente glicerina lentamente a cada portaobjetos. Tenga cuidado para evitar burbujas. </li><li> Deje diapositivas jalea glicerina sientan durante 5 minutos a temperatura ambiente para ajustar. </li><li> Coloque cada diapositiva jalea glicerina en 60 mm × 15 mm plato de Petri y cubrir con papel plástico. Lugar a 4 ° CO / N. Opcionalmente, tienda de glicerina diapositivas jalea de hasta 5 días a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 4. Montaje de cámaras de huevos <ol><li> Usando muestras de la etapa 2.5, pipeta varias gotas 3 l de cámaras de huevos en 70% de glicerol a través de uno de glicerina jalea diapositiva. Continuar pipeteo 3 mu l gotas hasta que todas las cámaras de huevos están en esta diapositiva. Asegúrese de que cada gota contiene al menos diez cámaras de huevos. Mientras tanto, calentar un tubo de cultivo de gelatina de glicerina en un 55 ° C baño de agua. </li><li> Colocar el portaobjetos jalea glicerina con cámaras de huevos bajo un microscopio de disección. Ajustar la ampliación de modo que sólo una gota de cámaras de huevo está en el campo de visión (Figura 1B). </li><li> El uso de una aguja de calibre 30 como una cuchara, coger la cámara de la etapa de huevo deseado. Cuando sea necesario, cámaras de huevos deseados separados de una cadena ovariole utilizando la aguja como un cuchillo. </li><li> Para evitar los desechos que puedan interferir con la imagen, transferir la cámara de huevos a la segunda diapositiva jalea glicerina, con la anterior frente a la izquierda (Figura 1E -1). Repita hasta que hay por lo menos siete cámaras de huevos alineados en una columna (Figura 1C). </li><li> Formar nuevas columnas de siete hasta que todas las cámaras de huevos deseados se transfieren a la segunda diapositiva jalea glicerina. </li><li> Corte un pequeño trozo de tejido y giro. Use esto para absorber el exceso de PBS-glicerol a partir de las cámaras de huevos tocando ligeramente cada una. Tenga cuidado de no eliminar cámaras de huevos. </li><li> Cortar lapunta de una punta de pipeta 200 l filtrada. Utilice esta transferir 150 l de glicerina jalea para cubrir todas las columnas de cámaras de huevos. NOTA: La cantidad de glicerina jalea necesario para cubrir las columnas se basa en las etapas de la cámara de huevo y el número de columnas. La cantidad puede ser ajustada. </li><li> Deje cámaras de huevos montados sientan durante 5 minutos a temperatura ambiente hasta que la capa superior de la jalea de la glicerina se solidifica por completo (Figura 1D). </li><li> Ponga los portaobjetos de cámaras de huevos montados en una placa de 60 mm x 15 mm de Petri y cubrir con papel plástico. Almacenar a 4 ° CO / N para permitir que las capas de gelatina glicerina para solidifican juntos (lugar en la oscuridad si existe preocupación por photobleaching). </li></ol> 5. Preparación de Cámaras de huevo de la Imagen <ol><li> Coloque la diapositiva de cámaras de huevos montados bajo un microscopio de disección. Ajustar la ampliación de modo que sólo una columna de cámaras de huevo está en el campo de visión. </li><li> Con un bisturí miniatura ángulo de 45 °, corte un straight línea a lo largo del lado derecho de la primera columna de cámaras de huevos (cerca de la parte posterior de las cámaras de huevos). (Figura 1D-E) </li><li> A continuación, cortar por encima de la primera cámara de huevos en la parte superior y por debajo de la última cámara de huevos en la columna. En este punto la columna de cámaras de huevos se debe cortar en tres lados. </li><li> El uso de un microknife, rebanada a lo largo del lado izquierdo de la columna, lo más cerca posible a la cara anterior de las cámaras de huevo (Figura 1E) -3. </li><li> Pipetear 100 l de frío 1X PBT sobre la columna de la corte. </li><li> Use una espátula de bordes redondeados para eliminar el exceso de gelatina de glicerina en torno a tres lados de la columna de la corte de cámaras de huevos y descartar, dejando el resto de la diapositiva. </li><li> Inserte la espátula en el corte hecho en el lado anterior de cámaras de huevos y separar la columna desde el bloque de gelatina de glicerina primaria. </li><li> Preparar las muestras, ya sea para invertidas (5.8.1) o vertical (5.8.2) de microscopía. <ol><li> Para Inverted Microscope: t Transferenciaque la columna de cámaras de huevos a un cubreobjetos con cara anterior de cámaras de huevos hacia abajo. Repita los pasos 5.2 a 5.8 hasta que se hayan eliminado todas las columnas de la jalea de glicerina y montado. Añadir un par de gotas de 50% PBS-glicerol en cada bloque de cámaras de huevos para evitar que se sequen. Cámaras de huevos imagen directamente sobre cubreobjetos. </li><li> Para microscopio vertical: Transferir la columna de cámaras de huevos a un portaobjetos de microscopio con la cara anterior hacia arriba. Repita los pasos 5.2 a 5.9 hasta que se hayan eliminado todas las columnas de la jalea de glicerina y montadas en portaobjetos de microscopio. Añadir un par de gotas de 50% PBS-glicerol en cada bloque de cámaras de huevos y los bloques de la cubierta con un cubreobjetos ½ # 1. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have no competing financial interests.

Aquí se describe un método para montar y la imagen pequeña, el desarrollo de cámaras de huevos desde una perspectiva final sobre. Las técnicas comunes para cámaras de huevos de imagen se optimizan para las vistas laterales y permiten principalmente visualización precisa de las células del folículo medio-lateral cuando se tiñen con anticuerpos fluorescentes. El uso de la Z-pilas o 3-D ayudas reconstrucciones en la visualización de múltiples planos focales, pero sigue siendo insuficiente para la resolución su...

Estudio de Drosophila melanogaster ha proporcionado grandes conocimientos sobre la regulación genética de una amplia gama de fenómenos. En particular, ha habido una extensa investigación en el desarrollo de huevo, porque la ovogénesis proporciona una forma manejable para investigar muchos procesos de desarrollo diferentes, incluyendo patrones de tejido, los cambios de polaridad celular, la conmutación del ciclo celular, y la regulación de traducción 1,2,3,4. Un evento morfogénica importante durante la ovogénesis es la especificación, la adquisición de la motilidad, y la migración de un conjunto de células llamadas células de frontera (revisado en 5). Puesto que la migración celular es una característica clave de la morfogénesis animal, y porque la regulación genética de este proceso está bien conservada, mecanismos determinados en las moscas son propensos a ser importante en otros contextos. Por lo tanto, estamos investigando el control molecular de la migración celular frontera. Para nuestros estudios, hemos desarrollado un nuevo método para observar los polos anteriores de desarrollo de los huevos,donde surgen las células de frontera, para examinar cómo se desarrollan en detalle. Dentro del ovario, existen cámaras de huevos en las distintas etapas de desarrollo a lo largo de las cadenas de llamadas ovarioles, que están provistas de un revestimiento delgado (Figura 1). Cada cámara de huevos pasará a formar un huevo. Durante la ovogénesis, varios tipos diferentes de células deben desarrollar de manera coordinada. El D. cámara de huevos melanogaster consta de 16 células de la línea germinal, entre ellos uno de los ovocitos, rodeado de una sola capa de epitelio folicular 6. Un pequeño número de células especializadas, llamadas células polares, surgen en los anteriores y posteriores polos del epitelio. Las células del borde 6-8 se originan en el epitelio anterior de la cámara de huevos, inducida por las células polares 5,7. A mediados de la ovogénesis (etapa 9), las células se desprenden de la frontera de sus vecinos y migran entre las células de la enfermera para alcanzar el ovocito en la parte posterior de la cámara de huevos 5,7. Este movimiento debe ser realizadomientras que las células permanecen en la frontera de un clúster que rodea dos células polares no móviles, haciendo de este un tipo de migración celular colectiva. Migración exitosa del grupo de células frontera garantiza el desarrollo adecuado de la micropilo de la cáscara del huevo, que es necesaria para la fertilización. Las células polares anteriores instruyen destino celular frontera mediante la activación de una cascada de transducción de señales. Célula polar secretan una citoquina, Unpaired (UPD), que se une a un receptor transmembrana, domeless (DOMO), en células del folículo vecino durante la etapa 8 del desarrollo de los ovocitos 8,9. La unión de UPD causa de la tirosina quinasa Janus (JAK) para fosforilan el transductor de señales y activador de la transcripción (STAT) 8,10,11. STAT se mueve entonces al núcleo para activar la transcripción. Células del borde lento (SLBO) es un factor de transcripción que es una diana transcripcional directa de STAT y también se requiere para la migración de células frontera 12. Vistas laterales de cámaras de huevos indican tactividad STAT sombrero está regulada en un gradiente a través del epitelio anterior 8,11,13. Células del folículo más cercanos a las células polares tienen los más altos niveles de STAT activado, por lo que se convierten en células de frontera e invaden el tejido de la línea germinal adyacente. Para entender cómo se especifican las células del borde interior y se desprenden del epitelio, tenemos que observar cómo se organiza el tejido. Si vemos cámaras de huevos desde una perspectiva anterior-en, esperaríamos la simetría radial de la actividad STAT en las células foliculares que rodean las células polares. Una vista frontal también mostrar con mayor precisión las diferencias de las proteínas de membrana y las interfaces de célula-célula antes y durante el desprendimiento de la comparación de células en diferentes planos focales. Porque cámaras de huevos son oblongas y unido entre sí por las células tallo, se instalan en portaobjetos lateralmente, por lo que es difícil de observar la arquitectura anterior. Por lo tanto, toda la información acerca de las células en los polos de la cámara de huevos tieneha inferido a partir de vistas laterales. Aunque alguna información puede ser obtenida a través de algoritmos reconstrucciones 3-D de las secciones ópticas, dispersión de la luz, fotoblanqueo y límites más pobres de la resolución en el eje Z que esta información menos detallada y fiable en ausencia de técnicas costosas como super-resolución microscopía 14 . Otros tipos de formación de imágenes basada en sección (por ejemplo, microscopía electrónica o seccionamiento microtomo) requieren una extensa manipulación de los tejidos, incluyendo la deshidratación, aumentando la probabilidad de artefactos. Por lo tanto, hemos desarrollado un nuevo método para la imagen D. cámaras de huevos melanogaster mientras que en posición vertical. Este método ya ha demostrado su utilidad en la aclaración de cómo están destinados células móviles (ver resultados representativos y Manning et al, en revisión), y es probable que sea más ampliamente valiosa en el estudio de otros aspectos de la ovogénesis.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.1 M Potassium phosphate Buffer (KPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Buffer)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Add 3.1 g of NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;bull;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and 10.9 g of Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (anhydrous) to distilled H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O to make a volume of 1 L. The pH of the final solution will be 7.4. This buffer can be stored for up to 1 month at 4&amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>16% Paraformaldehyde aqueous solution, EM grade</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710</td><td>methanol-free to preserve GFP fluorescence</td></tr><tr><td>30G x 1/2 inch needle&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VWR</td><td>BD305106</td><td>Regular bevel</td></tr><tr><td>Active Dry Yeast</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>62-103</td><td>To fatten female flies</td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td><td>PAA-cell culture company</td><td>A15-701</td><td>Used in NP40 Wash Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11295-10</td><td>Dumostar alloy, biologie tip; sharp tips are essential for ovariole dissection</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&amp;prime;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D9542</td><td>5 mg/ml stock solution&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>16140-071</td><td>Added to supplement dissection medium (10%)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Glass culture tube</td><td>VWR</td><td>47729-576</td><td>14 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Depression Slides</td><td>VWR</td><td>470019-020</td><td>1.2 mm Thick, Double Cavity</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerin Jelly&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Electron Microsocpy Sciences</td><td>17998-10</td><td>Mounting media</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>IBI Scientific</td><td>IB15760</td><td>70% in PBS</td></tr><tr><td>IGEPAL CA-630</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I3021-500ML</td><td>(interchangable for Nonidet P-40)&amp;nbsp; Used in NP40 Wash Buffer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Leica Fluorescent Stereoscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Leica Microsystems</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leica SP5 Confocal Microscope</td><td>Leica Microsystems</td><td></td><td>40x/0.55NA dry objective&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Micro spatula&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VWR</td><td>82027-518</td><td>Stainless steel</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope Slide</td><td>VWR</td><td>16004-368</td><td>75x25x1 mm</td></tr><tr><td>NP40 Wash Buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>50 mM TRIS-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Ipegal, 1 mg/ml BSA, and 0.02% sodium azide</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10378-016</td><td>Added to supplement dissection medium (0.6X)</td></tr><tr><td>Petridish- Polysterine, sterile</td><td>VWR</td><td>82050-548</td><td>60 W x 15 H mm</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffer Saline</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P3813-10PAK</td><td>10 packs of Powder</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate dibasic</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P3786-500G</td><td>Used in 0.1 M KPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Buffer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P9791-500G</td><td>Used in 0.1 M KPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; Buffer&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td>Schneider&amp;rsquo;s Insect Medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>&lt;br/&gt; 11720018</td><td>With L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium azide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S2002-25G</td><td>Used in fluorescent antibody staining</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S3014-500G</td><td>Used in NP40 Wash Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>TRIS-HCl</td><td>IBI Scientific</td><td>IB70144</td><td>1 M TRIS-HCl, pH 7.4</td></tr><tr><td>Volocity 3D Image Analysis Software</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td></td><td>For processing confocal Z-stacks</td></tr></tbody></table>

upright imaging of drosophila egg chambers

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in architecture, is well-characterized, and is amenable to genetic analysis. Each egg chamber consists of germ-line cells surrounded by a single epithelial layer of somatic follicle cells. Subsets of follicle cells undergo differentiation during specific stages to become several different cell types. Standard techniques primarily allow for a lateral view of egg chambers, and therefore a limited view of follicle cell organization and identity. The upright imaging protocol describes a mounting technique that enables a novel, vertical view of egg chambers with a standard confocal microscope. Samples are first mounted between two layers of glycerin jelly in a lateral (horizontal) position on a glass microscope slide. The jelly with encased egg chambers is then cut into blocks, transferred to a coverslip, and flipped to position egg chambers upright. Mounted egg chambers can be imaged on either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. This technique enables the study of follicle cell specification, organization, molecular markers, and egg development with new detail and from a new perspective.

El método de formación de imágenes en posición vertical nos permitió ver directamente la organización de células en el epitelio folicular anterior en la etapa 8. Un marcador general de destino de las células del folículo, la ausencia Eyes (EYA) de proteína, así como el marcador de ADN nuclear DAPI, mostró incluso expresión a través de este campo de las células, y demostraron que todas las células se podían ver con intensidades de tinción similares (Figura 2B &quot;). Proteínas regulad...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers at JoVE.com

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

Imaging Upright de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Cámaras de huevo

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in ...

upright-imaging-of-drosophila-egg-chambers

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

7.6K vistas.  University of Maryland Baltimore County. The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

Video: Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track during live cell imaging. These processes include: retinal rotation, cell growth and organismal movement. Additionally, irregularities in the topology of the epithelium, including subtle bumps and folds often introduced as the pupa is prepared for imaging, make it challenging to acquire in-focus images of more than a few ommatidia in a single focal plane. The workflow outlined here remedies these issues, allowing easy analysis of cellular processes during Drosophila pupal eye development. Appropriately-staged pupae are arranged in an imaging rig that can be easily assembled in most laboratories. Ubiquitin-DE-Cadherin:GFP and GMR-GAL4&#8211;driven UAS-&#945;-catenin:GFP are used to visualize cell boundaries in the eye epithelium 1-3. After deconvolution is applied to fluorescent images captured at multiple focal planes, maximum projection images are generated for each time point and enhanced using image editing software. Alignment algorithms are used to quickly stabilize superfluous motion, making individual cell behavior easier to track.

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

This protocol presents an efficient method for imaging the live Drosophila pupal eye neuroepithelium. This method compensates for tissue movement and uneven topology, enhances visualization of cell boundaries through the use of multiple GFP-tagged junction proteins, and uses an easily-assembled imaging rig.

Live-proyección de imagen de la<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupal Ojo

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Imaging Calcium in Drosophila at Egg Activation

Egg activation is a universal process that includes a series of events to allow the fertilized egg to complete meiosis and initiate embryonic development. One aspect of egg activation, conserved across all organisms examined, is a change in the intracellular concentration of calcium (Ca2+) often termed a 'Ca2+ wave'. While the speed and number of oscillations of the Ca2+ wave varies between species, the change in intracellular Ca2+ is key in bringing about essential events for embryonic development. These changes include resumption of the cell cycle, mRNA regulation, cortical granule exocytosis, and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton.
In the mature Drosophila egg, activation occurs in the female oviduct prior to fertilization, initiating a series of Ca2+-dependent events. Here we present a protocol for imaging the Ca2+ wave in Drosophila. This approach provides a manipulable model system to interrogate the mechanism of the Ca2+ wave and the downstream changes associated with it.

Imaging Calcium in Drosophila at Egg Activation

This article describes an adaptable ex vivo protocol for visualizing Ca2+ during egg activation in Drosophila.

El calcio de imágenes en<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; En la activación del huevo

Egg activation is a universal process that includes a series of events to allow the fertilized egg to complete meiosis and initiate embryonic development. ...

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Visualizing developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate molecular and functional changes in intact living organisms. Most existing optical imaging methods are inadequate for imaging at dimensions that lie between the penetration limits of modern optical microscopy (0.5-1mm) and the diffusion-imposed limits of optical macroscopy (&gt;1cm) [1]. Thus, many important model organisms, e.g. insects, animal embryos or small animal extremities, remain inaccessible for in-vivo optical imaging. 
Although there is increasing interest towards the development of nanometer-resolution optical imaging methods, there have not been many successful efforts in improving the imaging penetration depth. The ability to perform in-vivo imaging beyond microscopy limits is in fact met with the difficulties associated with photon scattering present in tissues. Recent efforts to image entire embryos for example [2,3] require special chemical treatment of the specimen, to clear them from scattering, a procedure that makes them suitable only for post-mortem imaging. These methods however evidence the need for imaging larger specimens than the ones usually allowed by two-photon or confocal microscopy, especially in developmental biology and in drug discovery.
We have developed a new optical imaging technique named Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography [4], which appropriate for non-invasive in-vivo imaging at dimensions of 1mm-5mm. The method exchanges resolution for penetration depth, but offers unprecedented tomographic imaging performance and it has been developed to add time as a new dimension in developmental biology observations (and possibly other areas of biological research) by imparting the ability to image the evolution of fluorescence-tagged responses over time. As such it can accelerate studies of morphological or functional dependencies on gene mutations or external stimuli, and can importantly, capture the complete picture of development or tissue function by allowing longitudinal time-lapse visualization of the same, developing organism.
The technique utilizes a modified laboratory microscope and multi-projection illumination to collect data at 360-degree projections. It applies the Fermi simplification to Fokker-Plank solution of the photon transport equation, combined with geometrical optics principles in order to build a realistic inversion scheme suitable for mesoscopic range. This allows in-vivo whole-body visualization of non-transparent three-dimensional structures in samples up to several millimeters in size.
We have demonstrated the in-vivo performance of the technique by imaging three-dimensional structures of developing Drosophila tissues in-vivo and by following the morphogenesis of the wings in the opaque Drosophila pupae in real time over six consecutive hours.

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Mesoscopic fluorescence tomography operates beyond the penetration limits of tissue-sectioning fluorescence microscopy. The technique is based on multi-projection illumination and a photon transport description. We demonstrate in-vivo whole-body 3D visualization of the morphogenesis of GFP-expressing wing imaginal discs in Drosophila melanogaster.

Mesoscópica fluorescencia Tomografía por En vivo Imágenes de desarrollo Drosophila</em

Visualizing  developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often  heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate ...

Biología

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A remarkable example is given by sensory epithelia, where cells of the same or distinct identities are brought together via cell-cell adhesion showing highly organized planar patterns. Cells align to one another in the same direction and display equivalent polarity over large distances. This organization of the mature epithelia is established over the course of morphogenesis. To understand how the planar arrangement of the mature epithelia is achieved, it is crucial to track cell orientation and growth dynamics with high spatiotemporal fidelity during development in vivo. Robust analytical tools are also essential to identify and characterize local-to-global transitions. The Drosophila pupa is an ideal system to evaluate oriented cell shape changes underlying epithelial morphogenesis. The pupal developing epithelium constitutes the external surface of the immobile body, allowing long-term imaging of intact animals. The protocol described here is designed to image and analyze cell behaviors at both global and local levels in the pupal abdominal epidermis as it grows. The methodology described can be easily adapted to the imaging of cell behaviors at other developmental stages, tissues, subcellular structures, or model organisms.

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

This protocol is designed for the imaging and analysis of the dynamics of cell orientation and tissue growth in the Drosophila abdominal epithelia as the fruit fly undergoes metamorphosis. The methodology described here can be applied to the study of different developmental stages, tissues, and subcellular structures in Drosophila or other model organisms.

Imágenes y análisis de la orientación del tejido y la dinámica del crecimiento en el desarrollo de la Drosophila Epithelia durante las etapas pupales

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography

Biomedical imaging tools permit investigation of molecular mechanisms across spatial scales, from genes to organisms. Drosophila melanogaster, a well-characterized model organism, has benefited from the use of light and electron microscopy to understand gene function at the level of cells and tissues. The application of imaging platforms that allow for an understanding of gene function at the level of the entire intact organism would further enhance our knowledge of genetic mechanisms. Here a whole animal imaging method is presented that outlines the steps needed to visualize Drosophila at any developmental stage using microcomputed tomography (&#181;-CT). The advantages of &#181;-CT include commercially available instrumentation and minimal hands-on time to produce accurate 3D information at micron-level resolution without the need for tissue dissection or clearing methods. Paired with software that accelerate image analysis and 3D rendering, detailed morphometric analysis of any tissue or organ system can be performed to better understand mechanisms of development, physiology, and anatomy for both descriptive and hypothesis testing studies. By utilizing an imaging workflow that incorporates the use of electron microscopy, light microscopy, and &#181;-CT, a thorough evaluation of gene function can be performed, thus furthering the usefulness of this powerful model organism.

Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography

A protocol is presented that allows for the visualization of intact Drosophila melanogaster at any stage of development using microcomputed tomography.

Imágenes en animales enteros de Drosophila melanogaster mediante tomografía microcomputada

Biomedical imaging tools permit investigation of molecular mechanisms across spatial scales, from genes to organisms. Drosophila melanogaster, a ...

Visualizing the Effects of Oxidative Damage on Drosophila Egg Chambers using Live Imaging

Live imaging of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries has been instrumental in understanding a variety of basic cellular processes during development, including ribonucleoprotein particle movement, mRNA localization, organelle movement, and cytoskeletal dynamics. There are several methods for live imaging that have been developed. Due to the fact that each method involves dissecting individual ovarioles placed in media or halocarbon oil, cellular damage due to hypoxia and/or physical manipulation will inevitably occur over time. One downstream effect of hypoxia is to increase oxidative damage in the cells. The purpose of this protocol is to use live imaging to visualize the effects of oxidative damage on the localization and dynamics of subcellular structures in Drosophila ovaries after induction of controlled cellular damage. Here, we use hydrogen peroxide to induce cellular oxidative damage and give examples of the effects of such damage on two subcellular structures, mitochondria and Clu bliss particles. However, this method is applicable to any subcellular structure. The limitations are that hydrogen peroxide can only be added to aqueous media and would not work for imaging that uses halocarbon oil. The advantages are that hydrogen peroxide is readily available and inexpensive, acts quickly, its concentrations can be modulated, and oxidative damage is a good approximation of damage caused by hypoxia as well as general tissue damage due to manipulation.

The objective of this protocol is to use live imaging to visualize the effects of oxidative damage on the localization and dynamics of subcellular structures in Drosophila ovaries.

Visualización de los efectos del daño oxidativo en las cámaras de huevos de Drosophila usando imágenes en vivo

Live imaging of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries has been instrumental in understanding a variety of basic cellular processes during development, including ...

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton rearrangements, or polarity patterning within the cells. When studying oocyte nucleus positioning, live-imaging techniques are essential to capture the dynamic events of this process. The Drosophila egg chamber is a multicellular structure and an excellent model system to study this phenomenon because of its large size and availability of numerous genetic tools. During Drosophila mid-oogenesis, the nucleus migrates from a central position within the oocyte to adopt an asymmetric position mediated by microtubule-generated forces. This migration and positioning of the nucleus are necessary to determine the polarity axes of the embryo and the subsequent adult fly. One characteristic of this migration is that it occurs in three dimensions (3D), creating a necessity for live imaging. Thus, to study the mechanisms that regulate nuclear migration, we have developed a protocol to culture the dissected egg chambers and perform live imaging for 12 h by time-lapse acquisitions using spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Overall, our conditions allow us to preserve Drosophila egg chambers alive for a long period of time, thereby enabling the completion of nuclear migration to be visualized in a large number of samples in 3D.

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

In Drosophila, the oocyte nucleus undergoes microtubule-dependent migration during oogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol that was developed to follow the migration by performing live imaging on egg chambers ex-vivo. Our procedure maintains egg chambers alive for 12 h to acquire multi-position 3D time-lapse movies using spinning-disk confocal microscopy.

Migración nuclear en el ovocito Drosophila

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

Imagen de la posición vertical Drosophila Los embriones

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death processes that are generally assumed to be intrinsically irreversible. Promoting anastasis could in principle rescue or preserve injured cells that are difficult to replace such as cardiomyocytes or neurons, thereby facilitating tissue recovery. Conversely, suppressing anastasis in cancer cells, undergoing apoptosis after anti-cancer therapies, may ensure cancer cell death and reduce the chances of recurrence. However, these studies have been hampered by the lack of tools for tracking the fate of cells that undergo anastasis in live animals. The challenge is to identify the cells that have reversed the cell death process despite their morphologically normal appearance after recovery. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed Drosophila and mammalian CaspaseTracker biosensor systems that can identify and permanently track the anastatic cells in vitro or in vivo. Here, we present in vivo protocols for the generation and use of the CaspaseTracker dual biosensor system to detect and track anastasis in Drosophila melanogaster after transient exposure to cell death stimuli. While conventional biosensors and protocols can label cells actively undergoing apoptotic cell death, the CaspaseTracker biosensor can permanently label cells that have recovered after caspase activation - a hallmark of late-stage apoptosis, and simultaneously identify active apoptotic processes. This biosensor can also track the recovery of the cells that attempted other forms of cell death that directly or indirectly involved caspase activity. Therefore, this protocol enables us to continuously track the fate of these cells and their progeny, facilitating future studies of the biological functions, molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathological consequences, and therapeutic implications of anastasis. We also discuss the appropriate controls to distinguish cells that undergo anastasis from those that display non-apoptotic caspase activity in vivo.

Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis is technically challenging to detect in vivo because the cells that have reversed the cell death process can be morphologically indistinguishable from normal healthy cells. Here we describe protocols for detecting and tracking cells that undergo anastasis in live animals by using our newly developed in vivo CaspaseTracker biosensor system.

Detección de Anastasis en Vivo por CaspaseTracker Biosensor

Anastasis (Greek for &#8220;rising to life&#8221;) is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death ...

Medicina

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

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Mesoscópica fluorescencia Tomografía por En vivo Imágenes de desarrollo Drosophila