Name: visualizing the developing brain in living zebrafish using brainbow and time-lapse confocal imaging
Uploaded: 2020-03-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing the Developing Brain in Living Zebrafish using Brainbow and Time-lapse Confocal Imaging at JoVE.com

We thank Y. A. Pan, J. Livet and Z. Tobias for technical and intellectual contributions. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (Award 1553764) and the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust.

Procedures involving animal subjects have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Lewis &#38; Clark College.
1. Microinjection of Zebrafish Embryos
<ol>
	<li>Set up wild type, adult zebrafish in sex-segregated mating tanks the afternoon prior to performing microinjections39,40.</li>
	<li>Prepare the DNA solution in the morning of the microinjections. Dilute hsp:Zebrabow11...

This protocol describes a method to visualize clones of progenitor cells and neurons in the developing zebrafish hindbrain and follow them in vivo using Brainbow and time-lapse confocal microscopy11. The major advantage of this protocol in comparison to in vitro or ex vivo studies is the ability to directly observe the proliferative zone of the vertebrate brain in its natural milieu over time. This technique builds on previous studies&#160;that labeled a single clone using retroviral vectors. In c...

In the early phases of development, pools of specialized progenitor cells divide repeatedly in proliferative zones, producing diverse arrays of daughter cells. The cells born during this developmental period will then differentiate and travel to form the nascent organs. In the nervous system, progenitors such as radial glia give rise to immature neurons in ventricular zones. As neurons migrate away from ventricles and mature, the expanding tissue eventually forms the highly complex structures of the brain1,2,3,4,5,6. The coordination between division of progenitors and differentiation and migration of neurons will determine the eventual size, shape, and thus function of the brain, directly impacting behavior7,8,9,10. While tight control over these processes is clearly crucial for normal brain development, the global mechanisms that regulate these dynamics are not well understood. Here we describe a tool to study nervous system development at a cellular resolution, allowing researchers to visualize progenitor cells and neurons in vivo in the developing zebrafish brain with Brainbow and track their behavior over time via time-lapse confocal microscopy11. The approach can also be adapted to visualize other parts of the developing embryo.
To observe and distinguish among cells in the developing zebrafish brain, we have adapted the Brainbow cell-labeling technique11. Brainbow utilizes the randomly determined, combinatorial expression of three distinct fluorescent proteins (FPs) to label a population of cells. While the default expression for Brainbow expression is the red FP dTomato, recombination by the enzyme Cre recombinase results in expression of mCerulean (cyan fluorescent protein, CFP) or yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)12,13. The combined amount of each FP expressed in a cell gives it a unique hue, allowing clear visual distinction from neighboring cells. Additionally, when a progenitor cell divides, each daughter cell will inherit the color from its mother cell, producing color-coded clones and allowing researchers to trace cell lineage11,14. While originally used to analyze neuronal circuitry in mice12, Brainbow has since been expressed in a wide variety of model organisms, including zebrafish15.
Our technique builds on previous multicolor labeling and imaging methods to directly image multiple color-coded clones over time in living zebrafish. Due to their optical transparency as embryos, zebrafish are well suited to imaging experiments16, and previous studies have utilized Brainbow in zebrafish to study a variety of tissues, including the nervous system11,15,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27. The ability to directly image into the living organism, along with their rapid ex utero development, make zebrafish a valuable model of vertebrate development. In contrast to the mammalian brain, the entire proliferative zone of the zebrafish hindbrain is readily available for imaging without disruption to its endogenous environment6. This allows experiments to be conducted in the living organism, rather than in in vitro or fixed tissue preparations. In contrast to fixed imaging experiments, in vivo studies allow for a longitudinal design, producing hours of data that can be analyzed for patterns, thus increasing the likelihood of observing relatively rare events. Depending upon the speed and length of the events of interest, researchers may choose to perform short (1&#8211;2 h) or long (up to ~16 h) time-lapse imaging experiments. By using the zebrafish heat shock promoter 70 (hsp70, hsp), Brainbow expression can be temporally controlled28,29. Additionally, the mosaic expression induced by this promoter is well suited for labeling and tracking many clones11.
The ability to visually identify multiple clones within the living brain is an advantage of this method. Important previous studies that investigated the role of clones within development of the nervous system utilized retroviral vectors to label a single progenitor cell and its progeny using a single FP or other readily visualized protein. Such labeling allows researchers to observe a single clone over time, either in vitro or in vivo2,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38. In contrast to methods to track the behavior of cells within one clone, the distinct colors of Brainbow allow researchers to observe dynamics among clones. Additionally, by using Brainbow to label many clones within the brain, additional data on clonal behavior is collected relative to techniques that label a single clone11. Importantly, the approaches described here can be expanded to generate developmental comparisons between fish that have undergone different genetic or pharmacological manipulations18. Overall, these advantages make time-lapse in vivo confocal imaging of Brainbow-expressing zebrafish ideal for researchers exploring development of the vertebrate nervous system, particularly those interested in the role of clones.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5mL transfer pipet</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>134020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L06690</td>
			<td>Diluted to 0.2 mM in E3 to prevent embryo pigmentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td>For heat shocking embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 lb nylon fishing line</td>
			<td>SecureLine</td>
			<td>NMT250</td>
			<td>For making embryo manipulators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7.5mL transfer pipet</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>135010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3881</td>
			<td>For E3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>867-WC NO GLUE</td>
			<td>For making embryo manipulators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cre recombinase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0298M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital dry bath</td>
			<td>Genemate</td>
			<td>490016-616</td>
			<td>Used to store LMA at 40&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescence dissection scope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillary tubes</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>TW100F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Forma Scientific</td>
			<td>3158</td>
			<td>To maintain embryos at 28&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection plate molds</td>
			<td>Adaptive Science Tools</td>
			<td>TU-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isotemp water bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2320</td>
			<td>For heat shocking embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>0395</td>
			<td>For E3 and for DNA solution for injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser-scanning confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LE agarose</td>
			<td>Genemate</td>
			<td>E3120</td>
			<td>To create agarose injection plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low-melt agarose (LMA)</td>
			<td>AMRESCO</td>
			<td>J234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mating tanks</td>
			<td>Aquaneering, Inc.</td>
			<td>ZHCT100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylene blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M9140</td>
			<td>For E3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>9397</td>
			<td>For E3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>M3301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS-222 Tricaine-S</td>
			<td>Western Chemical, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stock made at 4 mg/mL in reverse osmosis (RO) water, then added dropwise to E3 to final concentration of 0.2 mM to anesthetize embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>4058-01</td>
			<td>For E3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes (90 mm, 60 mm)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>32-107G</td>
			<td>To house embryos and create imaging chamber (60 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol red</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soft stitch ring markers</td>
			<td>Clover Needlecraft, Inc.</td>
			<td>354</td>
			<td>For creating imaging chamber with Petri dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue (Ultra gel control)</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>1363589</td>
			<td>For making embryo manipulators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe needles</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td>BD329412</td>
			<td>For dechorionating embryos</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualizing the developing brain in living zebrafish using brainbow and time-lapse confocal imaging

Development of the vertebrate nervous system requires a precise coordination of complex cellular behaviors and interactions. The use of high resolution in vivo imaging techniques can provide a clear window into these processes in the living organism. For example, dividing cells and their progeny can be followed in real time as the nervous system forms. In recent years, technical advances in multicolor techniques have expanded the types of questions that can be investigated. The multicolor Brainbow approach can be used to not only distinguish among like cells, but also to color-code multiple different clones of related cells that each derive from one progenitor cell. This allows for a multiplex lineage analysis of many different clones and their behaviors simultaneously during development. Here we describe a technique for using time-lapse confocal microscopy to visualize large numbers of multicolor Brainbow-labeled cells over real time within the developing zebrafish nervous system. This is particularly useful for following cellular interactions among like cells, which are difficult to label differentially using traditional promoter-driven colors. Our approach can be used for tracking lineage relationships among multiple different clones simultaneously. The large datasets generated using this technique provide rich information that can be compared quantitatively across genetic or pharmacological manipulations. Ultimately the results generated can help to answer systematic questions about how the nervous system develops.

This section illustrates examples of results that can be obtained using the in vivo multicolor time-lapse imaging approach described here. We show that Brainbow color-coded clones of cells in the proliferative ventricular zone of the developing zebrafish hindbrain14 (Figure 1).
Typically, when Brainbow-labeled cells were arranged along a particular radial fiber, they shared the same color (Figure 1D), which cou...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing the Developing Brain in Living Zebrafish using Brainbow and Time-lapse Confocal Imaging at JoVE.com

Visualizing the Developing Brain in Living Zebrafish using Brainbow and Time-lapse Confocal Imaging

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool that can be used to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying nervous system development. Here we describe a technique for using time-lapse confocal microscopy to visualize large numbers of multicolor Brainbow-labeled cells in real time within the developing zebrafish nervous system.

Development of the vertebrate nervous system requires a precise coordination of complex cellular behaviors and interactions. The use of high resolution in ...

This method can help answer fundamental questions about the dynamics of neural progenitor cells and their progeny which underlie vertebrate brain development. The main advantage of this technique is the ability to directly visualize multiple clusters of clonally related cells within the living brain over many hours of development. The protocol can also be applied to studying clonal and progenitor dynamics in other developing systems of the zebrafish embryo.Visualization using this method is particularly useful for directly observing fundamental processes that occur during neural development. On the afternoon prior to performing micro injections, set up wild type adult zebrafish in sex segregated mating tanks. On the next morning prepare the DNA solution according to manuscript directions and inject approximately 4.2 nano liters of this solution into one cell zebrafish embryos within 45 minutes of fertilization.Maintain the injected embryos in E three medium and a 28 degrees Celsius incubator for 24 hours, then call the dead and deformed embryos from the group. Transfer up to 20 healthy embryos into a 50 milliliter tube, fill it with 10 milliliters of E three and place a cap on top of each tube. Place a rack with the 50 milliliter tubes upright in a 37 degrees Celsius water bath for 80 to 90 minutes, making sure that the water level in the bath is higher than the E three in the tube.Remove the tube rack from the water bath and place it in the 28 degrees Celsius incubator. Allow up to one hour for the E three to cool and the embryos to reacclimate to the temperature. Then transfer them to Petri dishes with 0.2 millimolar PTU and E three kept warm in the 28 degrees Celsius incubator.At two to four hours after the heat shock, examine the embryos under a standard fluorescence dissection microscope for expression of CFP or YFP which indicates successful Brainbow recombination. Select embryos with a robust FP expression throughout and transfer them to a separate dish with PTU. Image them one, two, or three days post fertilization.Expression which appears dim under a fluorescence microscope may actually be well visualized in confocal time-lapse imaging. Prior to the day of the experiment, prepare the imaging chamber and embryo manipulation tool. To prepare the imaging chamber, carefully superglue a plastic ring to the center of a 60 millimeter Petri dish.Construct the manipulator by super gluing a small length of nylon fishing line to the end of a four inch wooden swab stick. If necessary, dechorionate the embryos under a dissection microscope prior to mounting. To mount the embryos, transfer the fish to the center of the plastic ring in the imaging chamber and remove as much excess E three as possible with a fine tipped transfer pipette.Use a clean transfer pipette to cover the fish with one percent low melt agarose and E three, filling the entire plastic ring with a layer of agarose. Then gently pull the embryo up into the pipette tip and back into the agarose without introducing any air bubbles. Use an embryo manipulator to quickly orient the fish and the agarose before it hardens.If imaging with an upright microscope, position the embryo as close to the upper surface of the agarose as possible, making sure that they are parallel to the bottom of the imaging chamber with their tail straight. Wait for the agarose to harden, then fill the imaging chamber with E three, adding as much as possible to account for evaporation over the course of imaging. Place the imaging chamber with the fish and E three on the confocal microscope.Then select the objective with a high numerical aperture and a long working distance. Find a region with appropriately dense and bright labeling of cells and set up the acquisition parameters. This is an example using Zen software, but settings will vary depending on microscope and laser lines available.Prepare three tracks to image each FP channel sequentially. Use an argon laser to excite CFP at 458 nanometers and YFP at 514 nanometers, and use a DPSS 561 nanometer laser to excite dTomato. Collect the missions for the three at the appropriate wavelengths.Select the Z stack range to image and a time interval between 10 and 30 minutes to track mitotic and apoptotic events. Finally, select the length the imaging session and run the experiment. After imaging is complete, save the raw data in CZI format if using Zen or another format compatible with Fiji, then import the images into Fiji using the bio formats importer.In vivo multicolor time-lapse imaging was used to show Brainbow color coded clones of cells in the proliferative ventricular zone of the developing zebrafish hindbrain. Brainbow labeled cells arranged along a particular radial fiber shared the same color. Which can be quantified as the relative RGB channel weights.This suggests that these radio groups were clones of dividing cells and that their similar color could be used to identify them as being clonally related. A quantitative color analysis showed that daughter cells express the same color as their mother's cell. But that neighboring radio clusters of cells can be distinguished from one another.Numerous clones of related cells can be followed simultaneously over hours in vivo, allowing for a multiplex lineage analysis and comparison. Quantification of color expression in clones at two and then again at three days post fertilization showed that Brainbow expression remained relatively constant from two to three days. Time-lapse imaging revealed numerous cells undergoing interkinetic nuclear migration and cell division from one to two days post fertilization, making it possible to study the cell cycle.An average cell cycle of 8.4 hours was calculated which is comparable to previous measurements in zebrafish. Furthermore, this imaging technique was used to observe individual cells undergoing the stereotypical morphological changes associated with apoptosis, such as membrane blebbing and cell fragmentation. Because this method is performed in vivo, zebrafish can be rescued from the imaging chamber and maintained for imaging or other experiments at later time points.The use of this technique allows us to explore new questions about the roles of clonally related cells during neural development.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Measuring Protein Stability in Living Zebrafish Embryos Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion (FDAP)

Protein stability influences many aspects of biology, and measuring the clearance kinetics of proteins can provide important insights into biological systems. In FDAP experiments, the clearance of proteins within living organisms can be measured. A protein of interest is tagged with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, expressed in vivo and photoconverted, and the decrease in the photoconverted signal over time is monitored. The data is then fitted with an appropriate clearance model to determine the protein half-life. Importantly, the clearance kinetics of protein populations in different compartments of the organism can be examined separately by applying compartmental masks. This approach has been used to determine the intra- and extracellular half-lives of secreted signaling proteins during zebrafish development. Here, we describe a protocol for FDAP experiments in zebrafish embryos. It should be possible to use FDAP to determine the clearance kinetics of any taggable protein in any optically accessible organism.

Measuring Protein Stability in Living Zebrafish Embryos Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion FDAP

Protein levels in cells and tissues are often tightly regulated by the balance of protein production and clearance. Using Fluorescence Decay After Photoconversion (FDAP), the clearance kinetics of proteins can be experimentally measured in vivo.

Protein stability influences many aspects of biology, and measuring the clearance kinetics of proteins can provide important insights into biological ...

Capturing Tissue Repair in Zebrafish Larvae with Time-lapse Brightfield Stereomicroscopy

The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two layers of skin that enclose undifferentiated mesenchyme, and because the larval tail fin regenerates rapidly within 2-3 days. Using this system, we demonstrate a method for capturing the repair dynamics of the amputated tail fin with time-lapse video brightfield stereomicroscopy. We demonstrate that fin amputation triggers a contraction of the amputation wound and extrusion of cells around the wound margin, leading to their subsequent clearance. Fin regeneration proceeds from proximal to distal direction after a short delay. In addition, developmental growth of the larva can be observed during all stages. The presented method provides an opportunity for observing and analyzing whole tissue-scale behaviors such as fin development and growth in a simple microscope setting, which is easily adaptable to any stereomicroscope with time-lapse capabilities.

We present a protocol for capturing the dynamics of zebrafish larval tail fin regeneration on a whole-tissue scale using brightfield-based stereomicroscopy. This technique enables capturing the regeneration dynamics with single cell resolution. This methodology can be adapted to any stereomicroscope equipped with a CCD camera and time-lapse software.

The zebrafish larval tail fin is ideal for studying tissue regeneration due to the simple architecture of the larval fin-fold, which comprises of two ...

Imaging Subcellular Structures in the Living Zebrafish Embryo

In vivo imaging provides unprecedented access to the dynamic behavior of cellular and subcellular structures in their natural context. Performing such imaging experiments in higher vertebrates such as mammals generally requires surgical access to the system under study. The optical accessibility of embryonic and larval zebrafish allows such invasive procedures to be circumvented and permits imaging in the intact organism. Indeed the zebrafish is now a well-established model to visualize dynamic cellular behaviors using in vivo microscopy in a wide range of developmental contexts from proliferation to migration and differentiation. A more recent development is the increasing use of zebrafish to study subcellular events including mitochondrial trafficking and centrosome dynamics. The relative ease with which these subcellular structures can be genetically labeled by fluorescent proteins and the use of light microscopy techniques to image them is transforming the zebrafish into an in vivo model of cell biology. Here we describe methods to generate genetic constructs that fluorescently label organelles, highlighting mitochondria and centrosomes as specific examples. We use the bipartite Gal4-UAS system in multiple configurations to restrict expression to specific cell-types and provide protocols to generate transiently expressing and stable transgenic fish. Finally, we provide guidelines for choosing light microscopy methods that are most suitable for imaging subcellular dynamics.

Imaging the dynamic behavior of organelles and other subcellular structures in vivo can shed light on their function in physiological and disease conditions. Here, we present methods for genetically tagging two organelles, centrosomes and mitochondria, and imaging their dynamics in living zebrafish embryos using wide-field and confocal microscopy.

In vivo imaging provides unprecedented access to the dynamic behavior of cellular and subcellular structures in their natural context. Performing such ...

Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing developmental processes as they happen in the living animal. Cells of interest can be labeled by using a tissue specific promoter to drive the expression of a fluorescent protein (FP) for the generation of transgenic lines. Using fluorescent photoconvertible proteins for this purpose additionally allows to precisely follow defined structures within the expression domain. Illuminating the protein in the region of interest, changes its emission spectrum and highlights a particular cell or cell cluster leaving other transgenic cells in their original color. A major limitation is the lack of known promoters for a large number of tissues in the zebrafish. Conversely, gene- and enhancer trap screens have generated enormous transgenic resources discretely labeling literally all embryonic structures mostly with GFP or to a lesser extend red or yellow FPs. An approach to follow defined structures in such transgenic backgrounds would be to additionally introduce a ubiquitous photoconvertible protein, which could be converted in the cell(s) of interest. However, the photoconvertible proteins available involve a green and/or less frequently a red emission state1 and can therefore often not be used to track cells in the FP-background of existing transgenic lines. To circumvent this problem, we have established the PSmOrange system for the zebrafish2,3. Simple microinjection of synthetic mRNA encoding a nuclear form of this protein labels all cell nuclei with orange/red fluorescence. Upon targeted photoconversion of the protein, it switches its emission spectrum to far red. The quantum efficiency and stability of the protein makes PSmOrange a superb cell-tracking tool for zebrafish and possibly other teleost species.

We established the photoconvertible PSmOrange system as a powerful, straight-forward and cost inexpensive tool for in vivo cell tracking in GFP transgenic backgrounds. This protocol describes its application in the zebrafish model system.

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing ...

Analyzing In Vivo Cell Migration using Cell Transplantations and Time-lapse Imaging in Zebrafish Embryos

Cell migration is key to many physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular bases of cell migration have been thoroughly analyzed in vitro. However, in vivo cell migration somehow differs from in vitro migration, and has proven more difficult to analyze, being less accessible to direct observation and manipulation. This protocol uses the migration of the prospective prechordal plate in the early zebrafish embryo as a model system to study the function of candidate genes in cell migration. Prechordal plate progenitors form a group of cells which, during gastrulation, undergoes a directed migration from the embryonic organizer to the animal pole of the embryo. The proposed protocol uses cell transplantation to create mosaic embryos. This offers the combined advantages of labeling isolated cells, which is key to good imaging, and of limiting gain/loss of function effects to the observed cells, hence ensuring cell-autonomous effects. We describe here how we assessed the function of the TORC2 component Sin1 in cell migration, but the protocol can be used to analyze the function of any candidate gene in controlling cell migration in vivo.

Analyzing In Vivo Cell Migration using Cell Transplantations and Time-lapse Imaging in Zebrafish Embryos

Combining cell transplantation, cytoskeletal labeling and loss/gain of function approaches, this protocol describes how the migrating zebrafish prospective prechordal plate can be used to analyze the function of a candidate gene in in vivo cell migration.

Cell migration is key to many physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular bases of cell migration ...

Analysis of Zebrafish Kidney Development with Time-lapse Imaging Using a Dissecting Microscope Equipped for Optical Sectioning

In order to understand organogenesis, the spatial and temporal alterations that occur during development of tissues need to be recorded. The method described here allows time-lapse analysis of normal and impaired kidney development in zebrafish embryos by using a fluorescence dissecting microscope equipped for structured illumination and z-stack acquisition. To visualize nephrogenesis, transgenic zebrafish (Tg(wt1b:GFP)) with fluorescently labeled kidney structures were used. Renal defects were triggered by injection of an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide against the Wilms tumor gene wt1a, a factor known to be crucial for kidney development.
The advantage of the experimental setup is the combination of a zoom microscope with simple strategies for re-adjusting movements in x, y or z direction without additional equipment. To circumvent focal drift that is induced by temperature variations and mechanical vibrations, an autofocus strategy was applied instead of utilizing a usually required environmental chamber. In order to re-adjust the positional changes due to a xy-drift, imaging chambers with imprinted relocation grids were employed.
In comparison to more complex setups for time-lapse recording with optical sectioning such as confocal laser scanning&#160;or light sheet microscopes, a zoom microscope is easy to handle. Besides, it offers dissecting microscope-specific benefits such as high depth of field and an extended working distance.
The method to study organogenesis presented here can also be used with fluorescence stereo microscopes not capable of optical sectioning. Although limited for high-throughput, this technique offers an alternative to more complex equipment that is normally used for time-lapse recording of developing tissues and organ dynamics.

The method described here allows time-lapse analysis of organ development in zebrafish embryos by using a fluorescence dissecting microscope capable of performing optical sectioning and simple strategies of readjustment to correct focal and planar drift.

In order to understand organogenesis, the spatial and temporal alterations that occur during development of tissues need to be recorded. The method ...

Visualizing the Interrenal Steroidogenic Tissue and Its Vascular Microenvironment in Zebrafish

This protocol introduces how to detect differentiated interrenal steroidogenic cells through a simple whole-mount enzymatic activity assay. Identifying differentiated steroidogenic tissues through chromogenic histochemical staining of 3-&#946;-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase /&#916;5-4 isomerase (3&#946;-Hsd) activity-positive cells is critical for monitoring the morphology and differentiation of adrenocortical and interrenal tissues in mammals and teleosts, respectively. In the zebrafish model, the optical transparency and tissue permeability of the developing embryos and larvae allow for whole-mount staining of 3&#946;-Hsd activity. This staining protocol, as performed on transgenic fluorescent reporter lines marking the developing pronephric and endothelial cells, enables the detection of the steroidogenic interrenal tissue in addition to the kidney and neighboring vasculature. In combination with vibratome sectioning, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy, we can visualize and assay the vascular microenvironment of interrenal steroidogenic tissues. The 3&#946;-Hsd activity assay is essential for studying the cell biology of the zebrafish interrenal gland because to date, no suitable antibody is available for labeling zebrafish steroidogenic cells. Furthermore, this assay is rapid and simple, thus providing a powerful tool for mutant screens targeting adrenal (interrenal) genetic disorders as well as for determining disruption effects of chemicals on steroidogenesis in pharmaceutical or toxicological studies.

The interrenal gland in zebrafish is the teleostean counterpart of the mammalian adrenal gland. This protocol introduces how to perform the 3-&#946;-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (&#916;5-4 isomerase; 3&#946;-Hsd) enzymatic activity assay, which detects differentiated steroidogenic cells in the developing zebrafish.

This protocol introduces how to detect differentiated interrenal steroidogenic cells through a simple whole-mount enzymatic activity assay. Identifying ...

Live Confocal Imaging of Developing Arabidopsis Flowers

The study of plant growth and development has long relied on experimental techniques using dead, fixed tissues and lacking proper cellular resolution. Recent advances in confocal microscopy, combined with the development of numerous fluorophores, have overcome these issues and opened the possibility to study the expression of several genes simultaneously, with a good cellular resolution, in live samples. Live confocal imaging provides plant biologists with a powerful tool to study development, and has been extensively used to study root growth and the formation of lateral organs on the flanks of the shoot apical meristem. However, it has not been widely applied to the study of flower development, in part due to challenges that are specific to imaging flowers, such as the sepals that grow over the flower meristem, and filter out the fluorescence from underlying tissues. Here, we present a detailed protocol to perform live confocal imaging on live, developing Arabidopsis flower buds, using either an upright or an inverted microscope.

Live confocal imaging provides biologists with a powerful tool to study development. Here, we present a detailed protocol for the live confocal imaging of developing Arabidopsis flowers.

The study of plant growth and development has long relied on experimental techniques using dead, fixed tissues and lacking proper cellular resolution. ...

Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos

Here, we introduce a novel system for hypoxia induction, which we developed to study the effects of hypoxia in aquatic organisms such as frog and zebrafish embryos. Our system comprises a chamber featuring a simple setup that is nevertheless robust to induce and maintain a specific oxygen concentration and temperature in any experimental solution of choice. The presented system is very cost-effective but highly functional, it allows induction and sustainment of hypoxia for direct experiments in vivo and for various time periods up to 48 h.
To monitor and study the effects of hypoxia, we have employed two methods - measurement of levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1&#945;) in whole embryos or specific tissues and determination of retinal stem cell proliferation by 5-ethynyl-2&#8242;-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation into the DNA. HIF-1&#945; levels can serve as a general hypoxia marker in the whole embryo or tissue of choice, here embryonic retina. EdU incorporation into the proliferating cells of embryonic retina is a specific output of hypoxia induction. Thus, we have shown that hypoxic embryonic retinal progenitors decrease proliferation within 1 h of incubation under 5% oxygen of both frog and zebrafish embryos.
Once mastered, our setup can be employed for use with small aquatic model organisms, for direct in vivo experiments, any given time period and under normal, hypoxic or hyperoxic oxygen concentration or under any other given gas mixture.

We introduce a novel hypoxic chamber system for use with aquatic organisms such as frog and zebrafish embryos. Our system is simple, robust, cost-effective and allows the induction and sustainment of hypoxia in vivo and for up to 48 h. We present 2 reproducible methods to monitor the effectiveness of hypoxia.

Here, we introduce a novel system for hypoxia induction, which we developed to study the effects of hypoxia in aquatic organisms such as frog and ...

Multi-Photon Time Lapse Imaging to Visualize Development in Real-time: Visualization of Migrating Neural Crest Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to numerous cell types throughout the body. Understanding the biology of the neural crest has been limited, reflecting a lack of genetically tractable models that can be studied in vivo and in real-time. Zebrafish is a particularly important developmental model for studying migratory cell populations, such as the neural crest. To examine neural crest migration into the developing eye, a combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time videos of the developing eye in transgenic zebrafish embryos, namely Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP), as sox10 and foxd3 have been shown in numerous animal models to regulate early neural crest differentiation and likely represent markers for neural crest cells. Multi-photon time-lapse imaging was used to discern the behavior and migratory patterns of two neural crest cell populations contributing to early eye development. This protocol provides information for generating time-lapse videos during zebrafish neural crest migration, as an example, and can be further applied to visualize the early development of many structures in the zebrafish and other model organisms.

A combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time imaging of neural crest migration in Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP) zebrafish embryos.

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to ...