Name: in vivo targeting of xenografted human cancer cells with functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles in zebrafish
Uploaded: 2020-05-08T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Targeting of Xenografted Human Cancer Cells with Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles in Zebrafish at JoVE.com

The authors thank Ms. Kaylee Smith, Ms. Lauren Kwok, and Mr. Alexander Floru for proofreading the manuscript. H.F. acknowledges grant support from the NIH (CA134743 and CA215059), the American Cancer Society (RSG-17-204 01-TBG), and the St. Baldrick&#39;s Foundation. F.J.F.L. acknowledges a fellowship from Boston University Innovation Center-BUnano Cross-Disciplinary Training in Nanotechnology for Cancer (XTNC). I.S acknowledges NSF support (grant CBET 1605405) and NIH R41AI142890.

All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Boston University School of Medicine under the protocol #: PROTO201800543.
1. Generation of Casper zebrafish embryos
<ol>
	<li>Choose adult Casper fish that are at least 3 months of age for natural breeding to generate transparent Casper zebrafish embryos.</li>
	<li>Fill two-chamber mating tanks with fish water in the evening, separate the upper tanks using dividers, p...

<ol>
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R., Ullmann, B., Schilling, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stages+of+embryonic+development+of+the+zebrafish.">Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish.</a> Developmental Dynamics. 203 (3), 253-310 (1995).</li><li>White, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transparent+adult+zebrafish+as+a+tool+for+in+vivo+transplantation+analysis.">Transparent adult zebrafish as a tool for in vivo transplantation analysis.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 2 (2), 183-189 (2008).</li><li>Lam, S. H., Chua, H. L., Gong, Z., Lam, T. J., Sin, Y. 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The protocol described here utilizes the zebrafish as an in vivo system to test the ability of nanoparticles to recognize and target metastatic human cancer cells. Several factors can impact the successful execution of the experiments. First, embryos need to be fully developed at 48 hpf. The correct developmental stage of the embryos enables them to endure and survive the transplantation of human cancer cells. Embryos younger than 48 hpf have a significantly lower survival rate compared to older and more developed embryo...

The development of nanoparticles that are capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest to both physicists and biomedical researchers. The emergence of nanomedicine led to the development of several nanoparticles, such as those conjugated with targeting ligands and/or chemotherapeutic drugs1,2,3. The added properties of nanoparticles enable their interaction with the biological system, sensing and monitoring biological events with high efficiency and accuracy along with therapeutic applications. Gold and iron oxide nanoparticles are primarily used in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging applications, respectively. While the enzymatic activities of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles allow the detection of cancer cells through colorimetric assays, fluorescent nanoparticles are well suited for in vivo imaging applications4. Among them, ultrabright fluorescent nanoparticles are particularly beneficial, due to their ability to detect cancers early with fewer particles and reduced toxicities5.
Despite these advantages, nanoparticles require experimentation using in vivo animal models for the selection of suitable nanomaterials and optimization of the synthesis process. Additionally, just like drugs, nanoparticles rely on animal models for preclinical testing to determine their efficacy and toxicities. The most widely used preclinical model is the mouse, which is a mammal whose upkeep comes at a relatively high cost. For cancer studies, either genetically engineered mice or xenografted mice are typically used6,7. The length of these experiments often spans from weeks to months. In particular, for cancer metastasis studies, cancer cells are directly injected into the circulatory system of the mice at locations such as tail veins and spleens8,9,10. These models only represent the end stages of metastasis when tumor cells extravasate and colonize distant organs. Moreover, due to visibility issues, it is particularly challenging to monitor tumor cell migration and nanoparticle targeting of tumor cells in mice.
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a powerful vertebrate system for cancer research due to its high fecundity, low cost, rapid development, optical transparency, and genetic conservations11,12. Another advantage of the zebrafish over the mouse model is the fertilization of the fish eggs ex utero, which allows the embryos to be monitored throughout their development. Embryonic development is rapid in zebrafish, and within 24 hours postfertilization (hpf), the vertebrate body plane has already formed13. By 72 hpf, eggs are hatched from the chorion, transitioning from the embryonic to the fry stage. The transparency of the zebrafish, the Casper strain in particular14, provides a unique opportunity to visualize the migration of cancer cells and their recognition and targeting by nanoparticles in a living animal. Finally, zebrafish develop their innate immune system by 48 hpf, with the adaptive immune system lagging behind and only becoming functional at 28 days postfertilization15. This time gap is ideal for the transplantation of various types of human cancer cells into zebrafish embryos without experiencing immune rejections.
Described here is a method that takes advantage of the transparency and rapid development of zebrafish to demonstrate the recognition and targeting of human cancer cells by fluorescent nanoparticles in vivo. In this assay, human cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells) genetically engineered to express a red fluorescent protein were injected into the vascularized area in the perivitelline cavity of 48 hpf embryos. After 20-24 h, HeLa cells had already spread throughout the embryos through the fish circulatory system. Embryos with apparent metastasis were microinjected with ~0.5 nL of a nanoparticle solution directly behind the eye, where the rich capillary bed is located. Using this technique, the ultrabright fluorescent silica nanoparticles can target HeLa cells as quickly as 20-30 min postinjection. Due to its simplicity and effectiveness, the zebrafish represents a robust in vivo model to test a variety of nanoparticles for their ability to target specific cancer cells.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>KSE scientific</td>
			<td>BMK-A1705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>1.0 mm O.D. x 0,78 mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer and monitor</td>
			<td>ThinkCentre</td>
			<td>X000335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td>sold by Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0926</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fish incubator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>35960-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Fishersci brand</td>
			<td>02-671-51B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stand</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>M10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microloader tip</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>E5242956003</td>
			<td>sold by Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td>MMPI-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter instruments</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus MVX-10 fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>MVX-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P200 tip</td>
			<td>Fishersci brand</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/corning-universal-fit-pipet-tips-bulk-packed-6/07200293?keyword=true" target="_blank">07-200-293</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Salt Solution 1X)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-030-CV</td>
			<td>sold by Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>SB93102</td>
			<td>sold by Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic pipette</td>
			<td>Fishersci brand</td>
			<td>50-998-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><a href="https://www.addgene.org/113726/" target="_blank">pLenti6.2_miRFP670</a></td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>13726</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pneumatic pico pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>SYSPV820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pronase</td>
			<td>Roche-Sigma-Fisher</td>
			<td>50-100-3275</td>
			<td>Roche product made by Sigma- sold by Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fishersci brand</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SZ51 dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZ51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tricaine methanesulfonate</td>
			<td>Western Chemicals</td>
			<td>NC0872873</td>
			<td>sold by Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>MT25053CI</td>
			<td>sold by Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezer</td>
			<td>Fishersci brand</td>
			<td>12-000-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo targeting of xenografted human cancer cells with functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles in zebrafish

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal models are required for bridging the nanotechnology to its biomedical application. The mouse represents the traditional animal model for preclinical testing; however, mice are relatively expensive to keep and have long experimental cycles due to the limited progeny from each mother. The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful model system for developmental and biomedical research, including cancer research. In particular, due to its optical transparency and rapid development, zebrafish embryos are well suited for real-time in vivo monitoring of the behavior of cancer cells and their interactions with their microenvironment. This method was developed to sequentially introduce human cancer cells and functionalized nanoparticles in transparent Casper zebrafish embryos and monitor in vivo recognition and targeting of the cancer cells by nanoparticles in real time. This optimized protocol shows that fluorescently labeled nanoparticles, which are functionalized with folate groups, can specifically recognize and target metastatic human cervical epithelial cancer cells labeled with a different fluorochrome. The recognition and targeting process can occur as early as 30 min postinjection of the nanoparticles tested. The whole experiment only requires the breeding of a few pairs of adult fish and takes less than 4 days to complete. Moreover, zebrafish embryos lack a functional adaptive immune system, allowing the engraftment of a wide range of human cancer cells. Hence, the utility of the protocol described here enables the testing of nanoparticles on various types of human cancer cells, facilitating the selection of optimal nanoparticles in each specific cancer context for future testing in mammals and the clinic.

The protocol schematic in Figure 1&#160;illustrates the overall procedures for this study. Transparent Casper male and female adult fish were bred to generate embryos (section 1). RFP+ HeLa cells were injected into the vascularized area under the perivitelline cavity of the zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf, with uninjected embryos as controls (section 3). For individuals experienced in microinjection, the survival rate of embryos is often high, with at le...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Targeting of Xenografted Human Cancer Cells with Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles in Zebrafish at JoVE.com

In Vivo Targeting of Xenografted Human Cancer Cells with Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles in Zebrafish

Described here is a method for utilizing zebrafish embryos to study the ability of functionalized nanoparticles to target human cancer cells in vivo. This method allows for the evaluation and selection of optimal nanoparticles for future testing in large animals and in clinical trials.

Developing nanoparticles capable of detecting, targeting, and destroying cancer cells is of great interest in the field of nanomedicine. In vivo animal ...

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