Name: ganglioside extraction, purification and profiling
Uploaded: 2021-03-12T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ganglioside Extraction, Purification and Profiling at JoVE.com

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund for Glycoscience grant U01CA241953. MJP was supported by the Chemistry-Biology Interface Program at Johns Hopkins (T32GM080189).

Tissue collection was performed under conditions authorized by the Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Small scale ganglioside extraction and partial purification
CAUTION: Use appropriate ventilation when working with volatile and toxic solvents. Avoid plastic throughout; solvents will extract chemical components from many plastics that interfere with subsequent analyses. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an exception; PTFE-lined closures should be used to...

<ol>
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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gangliosides+of+the+vertebrate+nervous+system.">Gangliosides of the vertebrate nervous system.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 428, 3325-3336 (2016).</li><li>Klenk, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#220;ber+die+Ganglioside,+eine+neue+Gruppe+von+zuckerhaltigen+Gehirnlipoiden+[About+gangliosides,+a+new+group+of+sugar-containing+brain+lipids].">&#220;ber die Ganglioside, eine neue Gruppe von zuckerhaltigen Gehirnlipoiden [About gangliosides, a new group of sugar-containing brain lipids].</a> Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift f&#252;r Physiologische Chemie. 273, 76-86 (1942).</li><li>Uemura, S., Go, S., Shishido, F., Inokuchi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+machinery+of+GM4:+the+excess+amounts+of+GM3/GM4S+synthase+(ST3GAL5)+are+necessary+for+GM4+synthesis+in+mammalian+cells.">Expression machinery of GM4: the excess amounts of GM3/GM4S synthase (ST3GAL5) are necessary for GM4 synthesis in mammalian cells.</a> Glycoconjugate Journal. 31 (2), 101-108 (2014).</li><li>Nimrichter, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E-selectin+receptors+on+human+leukocytes.">E-selectin receptors on human leukocytes.</a> Blood. 112 (9), 3744-3752 (2008).</li><li>Saito, M., Kitamura, H., Sugiyama, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+heptasialosyl+c-series+ganglioside+in+embryonic+chicken+brain:+its+structure+and+stage-specific+expression.">A novel heptasialosyl c-series ganglioside in embryonic chicken brain: its structure and stage-specific expression.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1571 (1), 18-26 (2002).</li><li>Todeschini, A. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biosynthesis+of+the+major+brain+gangliosides+GD1a+and+GT1b.">Biosynthesis of the major brain gangliosides GD1a and GT1b.</a> Glycobiology. 22, 1289-1301 (2012).</li><li>Cavdarli, S., Delannoy, P., Groux-Degroote, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=O-Acetylated+gangliosides+as+targets+for+cancer+immunotherapy.">O-Acetylated gangliosides as targets for cancer immunotherapy.</a> Cells. 9 (3), (2020).</li><li>Varki, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Symbol+nomenclature+for+graphical+representations+of+glycans.">Symbol nomenclature for graphical representations of glycans.</a> Glycobiology. 25 (12), 1323-1324 (2015).</li><li>Schnaar, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+glycosphingolipids.">Isolation of glycosphingolipids.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 230, 348-370 (1994).</li><li>Svennerholm, L., Fredman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+procedure+for+the+quantitative+isolation+of+brain+gangliosides.">A procedure for the quantitative isolation of brain gangliosides.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 617, 97-109 (1980).</li><li>Tettamanti, G., Bonali, F., Marchesini, S., Zambotti, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+procedure+for+the+extraction,+purification+and+fractionation+of+brain+gangliosides.">A new procedure for the extraction, purification and fractionation of brain gangliosides.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 296, 160-170 (1973).</li><li>Gazzotti, G., Sonnino, S., Ghidoni, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal-phase+high-performance+liquid+chromatographic+separation+of+non-derivatized+ganglioside+mixtures.">Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of non-derivatized ganglioside mixtures.</a> Journal of Chromatography. 348, 371-378 (1985).</li><li>Schnaar, R. L., Needham, L. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thin-layer+chromatography+of+glycosphingolipids.">Thin-layer chromatography of glycosphingolipids.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 230, 371-389 (1994).</li><li>Ledeen, R. W., Yu, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gangliosides:+structure,+isolation,+and+analysis.">Gangliosides: structure, isolation, and analysis.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 83, 139-191 (1982).</li><li>Lopez, P. 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The methods for small and large scale ganglioside extraction and isolation reported here are not unique - there are many different solvent extraction and purification approaches that provide excellent results12. The methods reported here for small scale purification from brain, from Fredman and Svennerholm13, were shown to optimize recovery and have proven to be robust and straightforward over many years in our laboratory. Isolation and purification suitable for TLC and MS ...

Gangliosides are defined as glycosphingolipids bearing one or more sialic acid residues1. They are expressed primarily at the cell surface with their hydrophobic ceramide lipid moiety embedded in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and their hydrophilic glycans extending into the extracellular space2. Although distributed widely in vertebrate cells and tissues, they are particularly abundant in the vertebrate brain3, where they were first discovered and named4.
The structures of ganglioside glycans vary and are the basis for their nomenclature (Figure 1). Ganglioside glycans are comprised of a neutral sugar core bearing different numbers and distributions of sialic acids. The smallest ganglioside, GM4, has only two sugars (sialic acid bound to galactose)5. Larger naturally occurring gangliosides may contain well over a dozen total sugars6 or up to seven sialic acids on a single neutral core7. Their ceramide lipid moieties also vary, having different sphingosine lengths and a variety of fatty acid amides. In the vertebrate brain four ganglioside species, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b predominate. Ganglioside expression is developmentally regulated, tissue specific, and cell type specific.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/62385/62385fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Major brain gangliosides and their biosynthetic precursors. Structures are shown using Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans11. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/62385/62385fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Gangliosides function at the molecular level by engaging and modulating proteins in their own membranes (cis regulation) or by engaging glycan binding proteins in the extracellular milieu, including bacterial toxins and lectins on other cells (trans recognition)3. Specific binding of gangliosides to regulatory proteins and/or self-association with other molecules into lipid rafts results in changes in cell behavior that impact nervous system structure and function, cancer progression, metabolism, inflammation, neuronal proteinopathies, and infectious diseases8. Because of their diverse cellular roles, methods for their isolation and analysis can provide enhanced insights into the regulation of physiological and pathological processes. Here, validated methods for rapid small-scale extraction and analysis, and preparative scale isolation of gangliosides from brain are provided. Opportunities and challenges for application to other tissues are discussed.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine brain, stripped</td>
			<td>PelFreez</td>
			<td>57105-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ganglioside standards</td>
			<td>Matreya</td>
			<td>GM1, 1061; GD1a, 1062; GD1b, 1501; GT1b, 1063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle with PTFE-lined cap</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-911-739</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass centrifuge bottle</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-586B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass culture tubes, 16 x 125 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>60825-430</td>
			<td>for collecting HPLC fractions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass separatory funnel (2 L)</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td>6400-2L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection syringe - Hamilton 1750 gastight 500 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>81265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-Anisaldehyde, 98%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;A88107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potter-Elvhjem Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-414-14A</td>
			<td>Choose appropriate volume option</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reprosil 100 NH2 10&#181;m 5x4mm guard columns</td>
			<td>Analytics-Shop</td>
			<td>AAVRS1N-100540-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reprospher 100 NH2, 5 &#956;m, 250 mm x 20 mm HPLC column</td>
			<td>Analytics-Shop</td>
			<td>custom packed</td>
			<td>other sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resorcinol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30752-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td>Buchi</td>
			<td>R-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample loop for Model 7725 Injector (5 ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>57632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sep-Pak tC18 Cartidges Vac 35 cc (10 g)</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>WAT043350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sep-Pak tC18 Plus Short Cartridge, 400 mg</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>WAT036810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spotting syringe - Hamilton 701N 10 &#181;l</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>80300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thick-walled 13-mm diameter test tubes with PFTE lined caps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-933A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Threaded 2-ml vials with PFTE lined caps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-955-323</td>
			<td>For ganglioside storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TLC plates, HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254 Multiformat</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M1056350001</td>
			<td>Fluorescence impregnation (F254) stabilizes the sorbent surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TLC reagent sprayer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-723-26A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TLC running chamber for 10 x 10 cm plates</td>
			<td>Camag</td>
			<td>22.5155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waring 1-Liter Stainless Steal Explosion Resistant Blender</td>
			<td>Waring</td>
			<td>E8520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ganglioside extraction, purification and profiling

Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that contain one or more sialic acid residues. They are found on all vertebrate cells and tissues but are especially abundant in the brain. Expressed primarily on the outer leaflet of the plasma membranes of cells, they modulate the activities of cell surface proteins via lateral association, act as receptors in cell-cell interactions and are targets for pathogens and toxins. Genetic dysregulation of ganglioside biosynthesis in humans results in severe congenital nervous system disorders. Because of their amphipathic nature, extraction, purification, and analysis of gangliosides require techniques that have been optimized by many investigators in the 80 years since their discovery. Here, we describe bench-level methods for the extraction, purification, and preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of major gangliosides from tissues and cells that can be completed in a few hours. We also describe methods for larger scale isolation and purification of major ganglioside species from brain. Together, these methods provide analytical and preparative scale access to this class of bioactive molecules.

The methods described in section 1 (small scale) provide gangliosides at sufficient quantity and purity for qualitative and quantitative determination of major brain gangliosides. Recovery from mouse brain is ~ 1 &#181;mol ganglioside per g brain wet weight (1 nmol/&#181;L) when prepared as described. TLC resolution of 1 &#181;L (1 nmol) using section 3 provides ample material for resorcinol detection and resolves all of the major brain gangliosides as shown for wild type and genetically modified mice in <strong class="x...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ganglioside Extraction, Purification and Profiling at JoVE.com

Ganglioside Extraction, Purification and Profiling

Gangliosides are sialic acid-bearing glycosphingolipids that are particularly abundant in the brain. Their amphipathic nature requires organic/aqueous extraction and purification techniques to ensure optimal recovery and accurate analyses. This article provides overviews of analytic and preparative scale ganglioside extraction, purification, and thin layer chromatography analysis.

Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that contain one or more sialic acid residues. They are found on all vertebrate cells and tissues but are especially ...

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