Name: transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach for thyroid lobectomy
Uploaded: 2023-05-12T12:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy at JoVE.com

We thank all the patients who participated in this study for their cooperation. This research was supported by the project fund of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province. (Grant No. 2021YFS0103).

The study was approved by the medical ethics committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (2018[457]), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
1. Preoperative preparation
<ol>
	<li>Patient eligibility
	<ol>
		<li>Select patients who have stringent cosmetic requirements and meet the following criteria: (1) a benign nodule &#60;4 cm in diameter; (2) a differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) &#60;2 cm in diameter without clinical lateral lymph node m...

<ol>
	<li>Latifi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outcomes+of+1,327+patients+operated+on+through+twelve+multispecialty+surgical+volunteerism+missions:+A+retrospective+cohort+study.">Outcomes of 1,327 patients operated on through twelve multispecialty surgical volunteerism missions: A retrospective cohort study.</a> International Journal of Surgery. 60, 15-21 (2018).</li><li>Liao, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+neck+surgery+prevents+attentional+bias+towards+the+neck+compared+to+open+neck+surgery.">Transoral neck surgery prevents attentional bias towards the neck compared to open neck surgery.</a> Laryngoscope. 130 (6), 1603-1608 (2020).</li><li>Best, A. R., Shipchandler, T. Z., Cordes, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midcervical+scar+satisfaction+in+thyroidectomy+patients.">Midcervical scar satisfaction in thyroidectomy patients.</a> Laryngoscope. 127 (5), 1247-1252 (2017).</li><li>Choi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+postthyroidectomy+scar+on+the+quality+of+life+of+thyroid+cancer+patients.">Impact of postthyroidectomy scar on the quality of life of thyroid cancer patients.</a> Annals of Dermatology. 26 (6), 693-699 (2014).</li><li>Kang, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+thyroid+surgery+using+a+gasless,+transaxillary+approach+and+the+da+Vinci+S+system:+The+operative+outcomes+of+338+consecutive+patients.">Robotic thyroid surgery using a gasless, transaxillary approach and the da Vinci S system: The operative outcomes of 338 consecutive patients.</a> Surgery. 146 (6), 1048-1055 (2009).</li><li>Choe, J. 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Clinical feasibility and safety.</a> Laryngoscope. 121 (8), 1636-1641 (2011).</li><li>Russell, J. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+thyroid+and+parathyroid+surgery+via+the+vestibular+approach-a+2020+update.">Transoral thyroid and parathyroid surgery via the vestibular approach-a 2020 update.</a> Gland Surgery. 9 (2), 409-416 (2020).</li><li>Chai, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+for+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma:+Initial+experience+of+a+single+surgeon.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Initial experience of a single surgeon.</a> Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research. 93 (2), 70-75 (2017).</li><li>Anuwong, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+vestibular+approach:+A+series+of+the+first+60+human+cases.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach: A series of the first 60 human cases.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 40 (3), 491-497 (2016).</li><li>Arora, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perception+of+scar+cosmesis+following+thyroid+and+parathyroid+surgery:+A+prospective+cohort+study.">The perception of scar cosmesis following thyroid and parathyroid surgery: A prospective cohort study.</a> International Journal of Surgery. 25, 38-43 (2016).</li><li>Dionigi, G., Chai, Y. J., Tufano, R. P., Anuwong, A., Kim, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+a+vestibular+approach:+Why+and+how.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via a vestibular approach: Why and how.</a> Endocrine. 59 (2), 275-279 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implementation+of+intraoperative+neuromonitoring+for+transoral+endoscopic+thyroid+surgery:+A+preliminary+report.">Implementation of intraoperative neuromonitoring for transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery: A preliminary report.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 26 (12), 965-971 (2016).</li><li>Wu, G. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+central+lymph+node+dissection+via+breast+combined+with+oral+approach+for+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma:+A+preliminary+study.">Endoscopic central lymph node dissection via breast combined with oral approach for papillary thyroid carcinoma: A preliminary study.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 41 (9), 2280-2282 (2017).</li><li>Yang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+oral+vestibular+approach+versus+areola+approach+for+treatment+of+thyroid+diseases.">Complete endoscopic thyroidectomy via oral vestibular approach versus areola approach for treatment of thyroid diseases.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 25 (6), 470-476 (2015).</li><li>Su, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+number+of+parathyroid+glands+autotransplanted+affect+the+incidence+of+hypoparathyroidism+and+recovery+of+parathyroid+function.">Does the number of parathyroid glands autotransplanted affect the incidence of hypoparathyroidism and recovery of parathyroid function.</a> Surgery. 164 (1), 124-129 (2018).</li><li>Doyle, D. J., Hendrix, J. M., Garmon, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+Society+of+Anesthesiologists+Classification.">American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification.</a> StatPearls. , (2022).</li><li>Park, J. O., Kim, M. R., Kim, D. H., Lee, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+the+trivestibular+route.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trivestibular route.</a> Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research. 91 (5), 269-272 (2016).</li><li>Dionigi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy:+Preliminary+experience+in+Italy.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy: Preliminary experience in Italy.</a> Updates in Surgery. 69 (2), 225-234 (2017).</li><li>Udelsman, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trans-oral+vestibular+endocrine+surgery:+A+new+technique+in+the+United+States.">Trans-oral vestibular endocrine surgery: A new technique in the United States.</a> Annals of Surgery. 264 (6), 13-16 (2016).</li><li>Choe, J. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+thyroidectomy+using+a+new+bilateral+axillo-breast+approach.">Endoscopic thyroidectomy using a new bilateral axillo-breast approach.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 31 (3), 601-606 (2007).</li><li>Son, S. K., Kim, J. H., Bae, J. S., Lee, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+safety+and+oncologic+effectiveness+in+robotic+versus+conventional+open+thyroidectomy+in+thyroid+cancer:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Surgical safety and oncologic effectiveness in robotic versus conventional open thyroidectomy in thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 22 (9), 3022-3032 (2015).</li><li>Lee, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+thyroidectomy+by+bilateral+axillo-breast+approach:+Review+of+1,026+cases+and+surgical+completeness.">Robotic thyroidectomy by bilateral axillo-breast approach: Review of 1,026 cases and surgical completeness.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 27 (8), 2955-2962 (2013).</li><li>Kim, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yonsei+experience+of+5000+gasless+transaxillary+robotic+thyroidectomies.">Yonsei experience of 5000 gasless transaxillary robotic thyroidectomies.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 42 (2), 393-401 (2018).</li><li>Jitpratoom, P., Ketwong, K., Sasanakietkul, T., Anuwong, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+vestibular+approach+(TOETVA)+for+Graves'+disease:+A+comparison+of+surgical+results+with+open+thyroidectomy.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for Graves' disease: A comparison of surgical results with open thyroidectomy.</a> Gland Surgery. 5 (6), 546-552 (2016).</li><li>Yi, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+surgery+for+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma:+Initial+experiences+of+a+single+surgeon+in+South+Korea.">Transoral endoscopic surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma: Initial experiences of a single surgeon in South Korea.</a> Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research. 95 (2), 73-79 (2018).</li><li>Wang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+thyroidectomy+vestibular+approach+versus+non-transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy:+A+comprehensive+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Transoral thyroidectomy vestibular approach versus non-transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 36 (3), 1739-1749 (2022).</li><li>Wang, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+of+central+compartment+neck+dissection+for+transoral+endoscopic+thyroid+surgery+in+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma.">Safety of central compartment neck dissection for transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma.</a> Japanese journal of clinical oncology. 50 (4), 387-391 (2020).</li><li>Sun, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+vestibular+approach,+total+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+areola+approach,+and+conventional+open+thyroidectomy:+A+retrospective+analysis+of+safety,+trauma,+and+feasibility+of+central+neck+dissection+in+the+treatment+of+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma.">Comparison of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach, total endoscopic thyroidectomy via areola approach, and conventional open thyroidectomy: A retrospective analysis of safety, trauma, and feasibility of central neck dissection in the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 34 (1), 268-274 (2020).</li><li>Tanaka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+on+bacterial+flora+of+oral+cavity+and+upper+pharynx+in+healthy+elderly.">Comparative study on bacterial flora of oral cavity and upper pharynx in healthy elderly.</a> The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics. 54, 19-21 (2001).</li><li>Guo, F., Wang, W., Zhu, X., Xiang, C., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+between+endoscopic+thyroid+surgery+via+the+oral+vestibular+approach+and+the+areola+approach.">Comparative study between endoscopic thyroid surgery via the oral vestibular approach and the areola approach.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. 30 (2), 170-174 (2019).</li><li>Chae, S., Min, S. Y., Park, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+study+of+robotic+thyroidectomies+through+a+bilateral+axillo-breast+approach+and+a+transoral+approach.">Comparison study of robotic thyroidectomies through a bilateral axillo-breast approach and a transoral approach.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. 30 (2), 175-182 (2020).</li><li>Kim, W. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+study+of+the+transoral+and+bilateral+axillo-breast+approaches+in+robotic+thyroidectomy.">A comparison study of the transoral and bilateral axillo-breast approaches in robotic thyroidectomy.</a> Journal of Surgical Oncology. 118 (3), 381-387 (2018).</li><li>Nguyen, H. X., Long, T. N., Nguyen, H. V., Nguyen, H. X., Le, Q. 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TOETVA is characterized by the full exposure and dissection of the central lymph nodes, which is significantly advantageous in the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with cN1a10,13,14,15. However, it should be noted that due to the limited operating space, it is relatively difficult to deal with the big tumors located in the upper pole of the thyroid gland. The surgical indications a...

Conventional open thyroidectomy has been safely performed using a cervical incision for more than 100 years1. Although most patients have efficient scar healing and the cosmetic effect is generally acceptable, a permanent scar on the neck always draws immediate attention from common observers2. Nearly 20% of post-thyroidectomy patients experience self-awareness, and more than 10% consider further treatments to remove the scar3. Moreover, a negative impact of the cervical incision on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has also been reported4. Varied remote-access approaches for thyroid surgery, such as axillobreast, transaxillary, retroauricular, and subclavian approaches, have been developed to avoid a visible neck scar5,6,7,8 by moving the cutaneous incision to less conspicuous locations.9 However, these approaches require wide-flap dissection to access the thyroid gland and still leave cutaneous scars at the incision sites10.
Since 2008, techniques for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery for transoral thyroid surgery have been developed. These can be performed via the oral vestibular approach or the sublingual approach. The former is more popular because it is associated with fewer complications. In 2016, Anuwong published the first case series of 60 patients undergoing the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) and identified an excellent prognosis11. In comparison with the remote-access methods, TOETVA is considered truly minimally invasive because the area of the flap dissection is similar to conventional open thyroidectomy, and it does not leave any scars on the body10.
TOETVA, a revolutionary endoscopic method, meets women&#39;s cosmetic needs and allows easy access to the bilateral thyroid and central compartment12. It is distinguished by the complete exposure and dissection of the central lymph nodes, which is beneficial in treating differentiated thyroid cancer with cN1a10,13,14,15. However, because of the limited operating space, dealing with large tumors in the upper pole of the thyroid gland is relatively challenging. The current study describes the step-by-step procedures of TOETVA.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Allis Grasping Forceps,310 mm x 5 mm</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>PO111R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Button Electrode Tip</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>GK385R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic Electrode</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>GK384R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Trocar</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>EJ751R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>WA53005A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IONM</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>NIM-3.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Transmitting Bundle</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>WA03310A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maryland Dissecting Forceps, 310 mm x 5 mm</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>PO102R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monopolar Handle (5 mm diameter, 33 cm working length)</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>GK372R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pneumoperitoneum tube,4 m</td>
			<td>STRYKE</td>
			<td>620-240-223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyramidal Tip Obturator</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>EJ755R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reusable Monopolar Cable</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>GK245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>P0004R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction irrigation tube</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>PG027R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Righting Needle Holder, 5 mm</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>PL414R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veress</td>
			<td>TianSong</td>
			<td>E2014.6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach for thyroid lobectomy

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine position with extension and fixation of the neck. One 20 mm transverse incision and two 5 mm incisions are made through the mucosa of the oral vestibule for camera and instrument placement after disinfection of the skin and oral cavity. The workspace is established and maintained by the skin suspension device, which is made of unabsorbable string (3-0) and rubber bands, and the CO2 insufflation pressure. Lobectomy using a medial-to-lateral technique and prophylactic ipsilateral central neck dissection is performed simultaneously on patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The specimen is extracted through the 20 mm incision. The parathyroid gland is immediately searched for in the specimen and auto-transplanted to the left brachioradialis. A drainage tube is inserted through the retractor hole into the bed of the thyroid gland, and absorbable sutures are used to close the mucosal incisions in the oral vestibule and the linea alba cervicalis. Prophylactics administered intravenously are recommended for the first 24 h after surgery, and oral antibiotics are used for 7 days postoperatively.

We set up a routine clinical pathway for patients with TOETVA at the center. Laryngoscopy and a thyroid ultrasound are carried out on each patient before the operation. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid function, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-VD), and serum calcium are routinely measured before the operation, and all of them except for thyroid function are remeasured 1 day after the surgery. In our hospital, Foley catheters are routinely used for patients who will have a TOETVA surgery of more than 3 h. The Foley cathet...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy at JoVE.com

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Here, we present a protocol to describe the methodology for the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach in detail.

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine ...

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Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. ...

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction often require biliary drainage to decompress the biliary system. Endoscopic Retrograde ...

Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery

Implementation of endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery resulted in considerable changes in the management of cholesteatoma in the last two decades. ...

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery

The anatomic structure of the surgical area of thyroid cancer is complex. It is very important to comprehensively and carefully evaluate the tumor ...

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Currently, the common approaches to thyroid surgery include conventional thyroidectomy, bilateral axillo-breast, axillary, retroauricular, and oral ...

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to ...

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma

Congenital cholesteatoma accounts for 25% of cholesteatoma cases in children. Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery (TEES) is ideal for these patients because ...