We thank all the patients who participated in this study for their cooperation. This research was supported by the project fund of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province. (Grant No. 2021YFS0103).

The study was approved by the medical ethics committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (2018[457]), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
1. Preoperative preparation
<ol>
	<li>Patient eligibility
	<ol>
		<li>Select patients who have stringent cosmetic requirements and meet the following criteria: (1) a benign nodule &#60;4 cm in diameter; (2) a differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) &#60;2 cm in diameter without clinical lateral lymph node m...

<ol>
	<li>Latifi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outcomes+of+1,327+patients+operated+on+through+twelve+multispecialty+surgical+volunteerism+missions:+A+retrospective+cohort+study.">Outcomes of 1,327 patients operated on through twelve multispecialty surgical volunteerism missions: A retrospective cohort study.</a> International Journal of Surgery. 60, 15-21 (2018).</li><li>Liao, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+neck+surgery+prevents+attentional+bias+towards+the+neck+compared+to+open+neck+surgery.">Transoral neck surgery prevents attentional bias towards the neck compared to open neck surgery.</a> Laryngoscope. 130 (6), 1603-1608 (2020).</li><li>Best, A. R., Shipchandler, T. Z., Cordes, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midcervical+scar+satisfaction+in+thyroidectomy+patients.">Midcervical scar satisfaction in thyroidectomy patients.</a> Laryngoscope. 127 (5), 1247-1252 (2017).</li><li>Choi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+postthyroidectomy+scar+on+the+quality+of+life+of+thyroid+cancer+patients.">Impact of postthyroidectomy scar on the quality of life of thyroid cancer patients.</a> Annals of Dermatology. 26 (6), 693-699 (2014).</li><li>Kang, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+thyroid+surgery+using+a+gasless,+transaxillary+approach+and+the+da+Vinci+S+system:+The+operative+outcomes+of+338+consecutive+patients.">Robotic thyroid surgery using a gasless, transaxillary approach and the da Vinci S system: The operative outcomes of 338 consecutive patients.</a> Surgery. 146 (6), 1048-1055 (2009).</li><li>Choe, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+thyroidectomy+using+a+new+bilateral+axillo-breast+approach.">Endoscopic thyroidectomy using a new bilateral axillo-breast approach.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 31 (3), 601-606 (2007).</li><li>Inukai, M., Usui, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+evaluation+of+gasless+endoscopic+thyroid+surgery.">Clinical evaluation of gasless endoscopic thyroid surgery.</a> Surgery Today. 35 (3), 199-204 (2005).</li><li>Terris, D. J., Singer, M. C., Seybt, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+facelift+thyroidectomy:+II.+Clinical+feasibility+and+safety.">Robotic facelift thyroidectomy: II. Clinical feasibility and safety.</a> Laryngoscope. 121 (8), 1636-1641 (2011).</li><li>Russell, J. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+thyroid+and+parathyroid+surgery+via+the+vestibular+approach-a+2020+update.">Transoral thyroid and parathyroid surgery via the vestibular approach-a 2020 update.</a> Gland Surgery. 9 (2), 409-416 (2020).</li><li>Chai, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+for+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma:+Initial+experience+of+a+single+surgeon.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Initial experience of a single surgeon.</a> Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research. 93 (2), 70-75 (2017).</li><li>Anuwong, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+vestibular+approach:+A+series+of+the+first+60+human+cases.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach: A series of the first 60 human cases.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 40 (3), 491-497 (2016).</li><li>Arora, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perception+of+scar+cosmesis+following+thyroid+and+parathyroid+surgery:+A+prospective+cohort+study.">The perception of scar cosmesis following thyroid and parathyroid surgery: A prospective cohort study.</a> International Journal of Surgery. 25, 38-43 (2016).</li><li>Dionigi, G., Chai, Y. J., Tufano, R. P., Anuwong, A., Kim, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+a+vestibular+approach:+Why+and+how.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via a vestibular approach: Why and how.</a> Endocrine. 59 (2), 275-279 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implementation+of+intraoperative+neuromonitoring+for+transoral+endoscopic+thyroid+surgery:+A+preliminary+report.">Implementation of intraoperative neuromonitoring for transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery: A preliminary report.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 26 (12), 965-971 (2016).</li><li>Wu, G. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+central+lymph+node+dissection+via+breast+combined+with+oral+approach+for+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma:+A+preliminary+study.">Endoscopic central lymph node dissection via breast combined with oral approach for papillary thyroid carcinoma: A preliminary study.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 41 (9), 2280-2282 (2017).</li><li>Yang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+oral+vestibular+approach+versus+areola+approach+for+treatment+of+thyroid+diseases.">Complete endoscopic thyroidectomy via oral vestibular approach versus areola approach for treatment of thyroid diseases.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 25 (6), 470-476 (2015).</li><li>Su, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+number+of+parathyroid+glands+autotransplanted+affect+the+incidence+of+hypoparathyroidism+and+recovery+of+parathyroid+function.">Does the number of parathyroid glands autotransplanted affect the incidence of hypoparathyroidism and recovery of parathyroid function.</a> Surgery. 164 (1), 124-129 (2018).</li><li>Doyle, D. J., Hendrix, J. M., Garmon, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+Society+of+Anesthesiologists+Classification.">American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification.</a> StatPearls. , (2022).</li><li>Park, J. O., Kim, M. R., Kim, D. H., Lee, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+the+trivestibular+route.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trivestibular route.</a> Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research. 91 (5), 269-272 (2016).</li><li>Dionigi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy:+Preliminary+experience+in+Italy.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy: Preliminary experience in Italy.</a> Updates in Surgery. 69 (2), 225-234 (2017).</li><li>Udelsman, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trans-oral+vestibular+endocrine+surgery:+A+new+technique+in+the+United+States.">Trans-oral vestibular endocrine surgery: A new technique in the United States.</a> Annals of Surgery. 264 (6), 13-16 (2016).</li><li>Choe, J. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+thyroidectomy+using+a+new+bilateral+axillo-breast+approach.">Endoscopic thyroidectomy using a new bilateral axillo-breast approach.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 31 (3), 601-606 (2007).</li><li>Son, S. K., Kim, J. H., Bae, J. S., Lee, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+safety+and+oncologic+effectiveness+in+robotic+versus+conventional+open+thyroidectomy+in+thyroid+cancer:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Surgical safety and oncologic effectiveness in robotic versus conventional open thyroidectomy in thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 22 (9), 3022-3032 (2015).</li><li>Lee, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+thyroidectomy+by+bilateral+axillo-breast+approach:+Review+of+1,026+cases+and+surgical+completeness.">Robotic thyroidectomy by bilateral axillo-breast approach: Review of 1,026 cases and surgical completeness.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 27 (8), 2955-2962 (2013).</li><li>Kim, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yonsei+experience+of+5000+gasless+transaxillary+robotic+thyroidectomies.">Yonsei experience of 5000 gasless transaxillary robotic thyroidectomies.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 42 (2), 393-401 (2018).</li><li>Jitpratoom, P., Ketwong, K., Sasanakietkul, T., Anuwong, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+vestibular+approach+(TOETVA)+for+Graves'+disease:+A+comparison+of+surgical+results+with+open+thyroidectomy.">Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for Graves' disease: A comparison of surgical results with open thyroidectomy.</a> Gland Surgery. 5 (6), 546-552 (2016).</li><li>Yi, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+endoscopic+surgery+for+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma:+Initial+experiences+of+a+single+surgeon+in+South+Korea.">Transoral endoscopic surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma: Initial experiences of a single surgeon in South Korea.</a> Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research. 95 (2), 73-79 (2018).</li><li>Wang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transoral+thyroidectomy+vestibular+approach+versus+non-transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy:+A+comprehensive+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Transoral thyroidectomy vestibular approach versus non-transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 36 (3), 1739-1749 (2022).</li><li>Wang, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+of+central+compartment+neck+dissection+for+transoral+endoscopic+thyroid+surgery+in+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma.">Safety of central compartment neck dissection for transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery in papillary thyroid carcinoma.</a> Japanese journal of clinical oncology. 50 (4), 387-391 (2020).</li><li>Sun, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+transoral+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+vestibular+approach,+total+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+areola+approach,+and+conventional+open+thyroidectomy:+A+retrospective+analysis+of+safety,+trauma,+and+feasibility+of+central+neck+dissection+in+the+treatment+of+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma.">Comparison of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach, total endoscopic thyroidectomy via areola approach, and conventional open thyroidectomy: A retrospective analysis of safety, trauma, and feasibility of central neck dissection in the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 34 (1), 268-274 (2020).</li><li>Tanaka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+on+bacterial+flora+of+oral+cavity+and+upper+pharynx+in+healthy+elderly.">Comparative study on bacterial flora of oral cavity and upper pharynx in healthy elderly.</a> The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics. 54, 19-21 (2001).</li><li>Guo, F., Wang, W., Zhu, X., Xiang, C., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+between+endoscopic+thyroid+surgery+via+the+oral+vestibular+approach+and+the+areola+approach.">Comparative study between endoscopic thyroid surgery via the oral vestibular approach and the areola approach.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. 30 (2), 170-174 (2019).</li><li>Chae, S., Min, S. Y., Park, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+study+of+robotic+thyroidectomies+through+a+bilateral+axillo-breast+approach+and+a+transoral+approach.">Comparison study of robotic thyroidectomies through a bilateral axillo-breast approach and a transoral approach.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. 30 (2), 175-182 (2020).</li><li>Kim, W. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+study+of+the+transoral+and+bilateral+axillo-breast+approaches+in+robotic+thyroidectomy.">A comparison study of the transoral and bilateral axillo-breast approaches in robotic thyroidectomy.</a> Journal of Surgical Oncology. 118 (3), 381-387 (2018).</li><li>Nguyen, H. X., Long, T. N., Nguyen, H. V., Nguyen, H. X., Le, Q. 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TOETVA is characterized by the full exposure and dissection of the central lymph nodes, which is significantly advantageous in the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with cN1a10,13,14,15. However, it should be noted that due to the limited operating space, it is relatively difficult to deal with the big tumors located in the upper pole of the thyroid gland. The surgical indications a...

Conventional open thyroidectomy has been safely performed using a cervical incision for more than 100 years1. Although most patients have efficient scar healing and the cosmetic effect is generally acceptable, a permanent scar on the neck always draws immediate attention from common observers2. Nearly 20% of post-thyroidectomy patients experience self-awareness, and more than 10% consider further treatments to remove the scar3. Moreover, a negative impact of the cervical incision on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has also been reported4. Varied remote-access approaches for thyroid surgery, such as axillobreast, transaxillary, retroauricular, and subclavian approaches, have been developed to avoid a visible neck scar5,6,7,8 by moving the cutaneous incision to less conspicuous locations.9 However, these approaches require wide-flap dissection to access the thyroid gland and still leave cutaneous scars at the incision sites10.
Since 2008, techniques for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery for transoral thyroid surgery have been developed. These can be performed via the oral vestibular approach or the sublingual approach. The former is more popular because it is associated with fewer complications. In 2016, Anuwong published the first case series of 60 patients undergoing the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) and identified an excellent prognosis11. In comparison with the remote-access methods, TOETVA is considered truly minimally invasive because the area of the flap dissection is similar to conventional open thyroidectomy, and it does not leave any scars on the body10.
TOETVA, a revolutionary endoscopic method, meets women&#39;s cosmetic needs and allows easy access to the bilateral thyroid and central compartment12. It is distinguished by the complete exposure and dissection of the central lymph nodes, which is beneficial in treating differentiated thyroid cancer with cN1a10,13,14,15. However, because of the limited operating space, dealing with large tumors in the upper pole of the thyroid gland is relatively challenging. The current study describes the step-by-step procedures of TOETVA.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Allis Grasping Forceps,310 mm x 5 mm</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>PO111R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Button Electrode Tip</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>GK385R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic Electrode</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>GK384R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Trocar</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>EJ751R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>WA53005A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IONM</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>NIM-3.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Transmitting Bundle</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>WA03310A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maryland Dissecting Forceps, 310 mm x 5 mm</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>PO102R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monopolar Handle (5 mm diameter, 33 cm working length)</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>GK372R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pneumoperitoneum tube,4 m</td>
			<td>STRYKE</td>
			<td>620-240-223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyramidal Tip Obturator</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>EJ755R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reusable Monopolar Cable</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>GK245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>P0004R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction irrigation tube</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>PG027R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Righting Needle Holder, 5 mm</td>
			<td>AESCULAP</td>
			<td>PL414R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veress</td>
			<td>TianSong</td>
			<td>E2014.6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach for thyroid lobectomy

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine position with extension and fixation of the neck. One 20 mm transverse incision and two 5 mm incisions are made through the mucosa of the oral vestibule for camera and instrument placement after disinfection of the skin and oral cavity. The workspace is established and maintained by the skin suspension device, which is made of unabsorbable string (3-0) and rubber bands, and the CO2 insufflation pressure. Lobectomy using a medial-to-lateral technique and prophylactic ipsilateral central neck dissection is performed simultaneously on patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The specimen is extracted through the 20 mm incision. The parathyroid gland is immediately searched for in the specimen and auto-transplanted to the left brachioradialis. A drainage tube is inserted through the retractor hole into the bed of the thyroid gland, and absorbable sutures are used to close the mucosal incisions in the oral vestibule and the linea alba cervicalis. Prophylactics administered intravenously are recommended for the first 24 h after surgery, and oral antibiotics are used for 7 days postoperatively.

We set up a routine clinical pathway for patients with TOETVA at the center. Laryngoscopy and a thyroid ultrasound are carried out on each patient before the operation. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), thyroid function, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-VD), and serum calcium are routinely measured before the operation, and all of them except for thyroid function are remeasured 1 day after the surgery. In our hospital, Foley catheters are routinely used for patients who will have a TOETVA surgery of more than 3 h. The Foley cathet...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy at JoVE.com

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Here, we present a protocol to describe the methodology for the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach in detail.

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine ...

TOETVA has some drawbacks including a narrow operating area and a comparatively challenging external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve exposure. This protocol improves the application of TOETVA IN clinical practice and reduces the learning curve. TOETVA is characterized by the full exposure and dissection of the central lymph nodes which is significantly advantageous in the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with cN1A.After anesthetizing the patient using an ultrasonic scalpel make the working space and widen it to both sternocleidomastoid muscles laterally and along the subplatysmal plane to the sternal notch inferiorly. Divide the linea alba colli with an ultrasonic scalpel and separate part of the strap muscle from the thyroid gland. Then, using a 20 milliliter needle, pierce the skin at the level of the inferior corner of the thyroid cartilage and place a pull hook through the hole to grab the separated part of the strap muscle.Use the ultrasonic scalpel to separate the remaining part of the strap muscle and expose the common carotid artery. Find the vagus nerve and record the signal using intraoperative neuromonitoring. Next, hold the inferior margin of the isthmus using non-traumatic forceps.Then use an ultrasonic scalpel to cut the isthmus from the inferior portion of the cricoid cartilage and expose the trachea. For the lobectomy of the Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach, or TOETVA, locate the trachea first and use it as a reference. Using non-traumatic forceps, hold the upper pole of the thyroid and divide the cricothyroid space with the ultrasonic scalpel.Transect part of the sternothyroid muscle to expose the upper pole of the thyroid. Sever the superior thyroid artery and vein to free the lateral glands from the top down. Lift the upper pole of the gland and find the recurrent laryngeal nerve or RLN under direct visualization.Next, separate the thyroid capsule from the trachea. Then divide the inferior thigh vessels and cut Berry's ligament with the ultrasonic scalpel. Remove the unilateral lobe of the thyroid gland from the trachea.After locating the inferior parathyroid gland, dissect the pretracheal and prelaryngeal lymph nodes using an ultrasonic scalpel. Cut the connective tissue in front of the carotid artery to determine the lateral boundary of the central lymph nodes. End the connective tissue in front of the trachea to determine the medial boundary of the central lymph nodes.Sweep the anterior side of the left RLN, or the anterior and posterior sides of the right RLN to complete the central lymph node dissection. Remove the specimens using endoscopic pouches. Wash the surgical wound repeatedly with warm, sterile distilled water.Place a surgical drain through a small skin puncture in the anterior neck. Reapproximate the strap muscles. Finally, close the oral wounds with 5-O absorbable sutures.Baseline characteristics and representative results of the 32 cases of TOETVA and the 97 cases of open surgery are shown here. The mean age, and gender composition of the patients differed between the two groups. Younger female patients choose the TOETVA method.The operation time of the TOETVA was longer than open surgery. No significant differences in the number of harvested lymph nodes were observed between the two groups. In terms of the metastatic lymph nodes, the ratio of extrathyroidal extension in tumor size differed between the two groups, meaning the characteristics of the tumors differed between the two groups.No significant differences in postoperative parathyroid hormone and postoperative calcium were found between the two groups. When the RLN is in the vicinity of a hemorrhage, using an electrotherm or an ultrasonic scalpel for hemostasis without figuring out the anatomy of the RLN and the surrounding conditions should be avoided.

transoral-endoscopic-thyroidectomy-vestibular-approach-for-thyroid

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

3.3K ビュー.  Sichuan University. TOETVAには、手術領域が狭く、上喉頭神経露出の外枝が比較的難しいなどのいくつかの欠点があります。このプロトコルは、TOETVA IN臨床診療の適用を改善し、学習曲線を短縮します。TOETVAは、中枢リンパ節の完全な曝露と解剖を特徴とし、cN1Aによる分化型甲状腺癌の治療に著しく有利です。超音波メスを使用して患者を麻酔した後、作業スペースを作り、横方向に両...

ビデオ: Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Here, we present a protocol to describe the methodology for the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach in detail.

transoral robotic total thyroidectomy and bilateral central regional lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

The transoral robotic total thyroidectomy and bilateral central regional lymph node dissection using three ports without axillary incision are feasible and safe for early-stage papillary thyroid carcinoma. Here we present the operative techniques of this...

gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trans-axillary approach

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

This protocol presents the procedure for conducting thyroidectomy using the gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach...

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

combined endoscopic and transoral approach for total maxillectomy

Combined Endoscopic and Transoral Approach for Total Maxillectomy

The technique of maxillectomy has been revised since it was first described in the 1820s. During the past decade, the endoscopic approach has been widely ...

an endoscopic transcanal transpromontorial approach for vestibular schwannomas using a computer-based three-dimensional imaging system

An Endoscopic Transcanal Transpromontorial Approach for Vestibular Schwannomas using a Computer-Based Three-Dimensional Imaging System

Here, we present a transcanal transpromontorial approach for vestibular schwannomas using a computer-based three-dimensional (3D) imaging system combined with a two-dimensional (2D) endoscope. This system provided stereoscopic vision, better depth perception and reduced visual fatigue. This 3D imaging system enabled the application of 3D vision technology in endoscopic lateral skull base...

full-endoscopic transforaminal approach for lumbar discectomy

Full-Endoscopic Transforaminal Approach for Lumbar Discectomy

The present protocol describes the full-endoscopic transforaminal approach for lumbar discectomy, which is a safe technique that does not require muscle retraction or bone...

endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal approach: minimally invasive surgery for pituitary adenomas

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

The aim of this paper is to describe the different steps of the endoscopic endonasal approach to the sella...

full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for decompression of lateral recess stenosis

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis

Technical advances and increased experience in full-endoscopic spinal surgeries enable these procedures to be performed with minimal incision, muscle retraction, and bone...

percutaneous endoscopic unilateral-approach bilateral decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis

Author Spotlight: Scope of LE-ULBD as a Safe, Effective, and Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

The present protocol describes the steps and key points of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal...

Percutaneous Endoscopic Unilateral-Approach Bilateral Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

endoscopic third ventriculostomy and pineal biopsy from a single entry point

Author Spotlight: A Single-Entry Point Endoscopic Intraventricular Approach for Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy

Pineal neoplasms frequently cause obstructive hydrocephalus and require histopathological diagnosis to decide the treatment regimen. They might be treated by surgical resection or chemoradiotherapy according to the pathological diagnosis. As a minimally invasive initial treatment, an endoscopic approach from Kocher's point enables both third ventriculostomy and biopsy.

Endoscopy from Kocher&amp;#39;s Point Enabling Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy

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full endoscopic interlaminar approach for paracentral l5-s1 disc herniation

Full Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Paracentral L5-S1 Disc Herniation

Here, we present a protocol to describe the full endoscopic interlaminar approach (FEILA) technique, including every cutoff step required to reach technical proficiency. FEILA is a surgery with a relatively steep learning adaptation. Despite this, any surgeon capable of microdiscectomy can perform FEILA with enough practice and suitable patient selection.

minimally invasive murine laryngoscopy for close&#45;up imaging of laryngeal motion during breathing and swallowing

Longitudinal Assessment of Laryngeal Function and Airway Protection in Rodent Models

This protocol describes a serial transoral laryngoscopy approach for mice and rats that permits close-up, unobstructed video imaging of the larynx during breathing and swallowing using an optimized anesthetic regimen and finely tuned endoscopic manipulation...

Endoscopic Approach for Studying Laryngeal Dysfunction in Rodents

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step-by-step stapedotomy through transcanal exclusive endoscopic approach

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

The aim of this article is to provide a step-by-step method for endoscopic stapes surgery from operating room setting and patient positioning to post-operative care. This work would represent a guide for any otologic surgeon who is willing to treat otosclerosis with endoscopic transcanal...

using unidirectional rotations to improve vestibular system asymmetry in patients with vestibular dysfunction

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

A new rehabilitation method is presented for rebalancing the vestibular system in patients with asymmetric responses, which consists of unidirectional rotations toward the weaker side. By directly modifying the vestibular pathway rather than enhancing the multisensory aspects of compensation, asymmetry can be normalized within 1-2 sessions and show lasting effects.

endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery

Endoscopic Cholesteatoma Surgery

The present protocol describes a step-by-step guide for the complete endoscopic removal of epitympanic cholesteatoma with different techniques for cholesteatoma dissection and bone removal for...

endoscopic balloon dilatation of the eustachian tube via the soft palate approach in miniature pigs

Endoscopic Balloon Dilatation of the Eustachian Tube via the Soft Palate Approach in Miniature Pigs

In this study, we present a protocol to explore an eustachian tube surgery approach via the soft palate in miniature pigs. The surgical procedure is simple, with short surgical time, and wound healing is rapid; it is thus a good choice for procedures such as balloon dilation of the eustachian...

orthotopic inoculation of thyroid cancer cells into murine thyroid: a procedure to establish orthotopic thyroid cancer mouse model

Next, make an approximately 2-centimeter incision in the skin and displace the salivary glands to expose the neck. Use dissection forceps and/or scissors to dissect the strap muscles to expose the trachea and thyroid gland, and use a 10-microliter syringe to inject the 5-microliter volume of tumor cells into the right thyroid lobule, located at the side of the cricoid...

Orthotopic Inoculation of Thyroid Cancer Cells into Murine Thyroid: A Procedure to Establish Orthotopic Thyroid Cancer Mouse Model

Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) represent Schwann cell (SC) tumors of the vestibular nerve, compromising 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. VSs occur in either sporadic or familial (neurofibromatosis type 2, NF2) forms, both associated with inactivating defects in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. Treatment for VSs is generally surgical resection or radiosurgery, however the morbidity of such procedures has driven investigations into less invasive treatments. Historically, lack of access to fresh tissue specimens and the fact that schwannoma cells are not immortalized have significantly hampered the use of primary cultures for investigation of schwannoma tumorigenesis. To overcome the limited supply of primary cultures, the immortalized HEI193 VS cell line was generated by transduction with HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes. This oncogenic transduction introduced significant molecular and phenotypic alterations to the cells, which limit their use as a model for human schwannoma tumors. We therefore illustrate a simplified, reproducible protocol for culture of primary human VS cells. This easily mastered technique allows for molecular and cellular investigations that more accurately recapitulate the complexity of VS disease.

Vestibular Schwannomas (VSs) are non-malignant tumors of Schwann cell (SC) origin, associated with mutations in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. We report a reproducible, efficient protocol for primary human VS cell culture that allows for molecular and cellular experimental manipulation and analysis and recapitulates the heterogeneous nature of human disease.

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) represent Schwann cell (SC) tumors of the vestibular nerve, compromising 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. VSs occur in ...

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. Several studies comparing traditional microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery have reported similar hearing results and an overall low rate of complications. The endoscope has unraveled its full potential in demanding settings of stapes surgery, such as unfavorable anatomy of the oval window niche or revision cases. Reduced manipulation of the chorda tympani and low rate of post-operative dysgeusia are further benefits to mention for endoscopic stapes surgery.
Being a one-handed technique, management of bleeding, positioning, and crimping of the prosthesis may be challenging for novice endoscopic surgeons, so some training in endoscopic ear surgery is recommended before performing endoscopic stapedotomy. The problem of sharing the surgical field between the endoscope and the operating instruments could be easily overcome if proper instruments positioning is understood. One-handed bleeding control in the narrow space of the ear canal may represent an issue during the elevation of the tympano-meatal flap, possibly discouraging the surgeon since the preliminary steps of surgery. Following appropriate technique to raise the flap and the collaboration with the anesthesiology team in keeping the blood pressure low guarantee an adequate bleeding control in most cases.
The aim of this article is to describe the entire surgical procedure of a transcanal exclusive endoscopic stapedotomy, from operating room set up and patient positioning to post-operative care. A step-by-step description of the surgical maneuvers with technical hints is reported, to guide the surgeon across the procedure and allow any ear surgeon to perform stapes surgery endoscopically.

The aim of this article is to provide a step-by-step method for endoscopic stapes surgery from operating room setting and patient positioning to post-operative care. This work would represent a guide for any otologic surgeon who is willing to treat otosclerosis with endoscopic transcanal technique.

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. ...

Implementation of endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery resulted in considerable changes in the management of cholesteatoma in the last two decades. Compared to the microscopic approach with an excellent but straight-line view and limited illumination, the introduction of endoscopes provides a wide-angled panoramic view. Moreover, angled lenses allow the surgeon to visualize the middle ear and its hidden recesses through a transcanal, minimally-invasive approach. The endoscope enables the surgeon to remove limited cholesteatoma of the middle ear and its recesses using an exclusive endoscopic technique by taking advantage of these benefits. This reduces the rate of residual disease and sparing external incisions and excessive temporal bone drilling as in a transmastoid approach. Since transcanal endoscopic access is mainly a one-handed technique, it implies the need for specific procedures and technical refinements. This article describes a step-by-step guide as a surgical manual for endoscopic removal of epitympanic cholesteatoma. Different techniques for cholesteatoma dissection and bone removal for epitympanectomy, including curettage and powered instruments such as drills and ultrasonic devices with their outcomes, are discussed. This may offer ear surgeons insight into technical refinements and the latest technological developments and open the horizon for different techniques.

The present protocol describes a step-by-step guide for the complete endoscopic removal of epitympanic cholesteatoma with different techniques for cholesteatoma dissection and bone removal for epitympanectomy.

Implementation of endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery resulted in considerable changes in the management of cholesteatoma in the last two decades. ...

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery

The anatomic structure of the surgical area of thyroid cancer is complex. It is very important to comprehensively and carefully evaluate the tumor location and its relation with the capsule, trachea, esophagus, nerves, and blood vessels before operation. This paper introduces an innovative 3D-printed model establishment method based on computerized tomography (CT) DICOM images. We established a personalized 3D-printed model of the cervical thyroid surgery field for each patient who needed thyroid surgery to help clinicians evaluate the key points and difficulties of the surgery and select the operation methods of key parts as a basis. The results showed that this model is conducive to preoperative discussion and the formulation of operation strategies. In particular, as a result of the clear display of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid gland locations in the thyroid operation field, injury to them can be avoided during surgery, the difficulty of thyroid surgery reduced, and the incidence of postoperative hypoparathyroidism and complications related to recurrent laryngeal nerve injury reduced too. Moreover, this 3D-printed model is intuitive and aids communication for the signing of informed consent by patients before surgery.

Here, a new method of establishing a personalized 3D-printed model for preoperative evaluation of thyroid surgery is proposed. It is conducive to preoperative discussion, reducing the difficulty of thyroid surgery.

The anatomic structure of the surgical area of thyroid cancer is complex. It is very important to comprehensively and carefully evaluate the tumor ...

Currently, the common approaches to thyroid surgery include conventional thyroidectomy, bilateral axillo-breast, axillary, retroauricular, and oral vestibule approaches. Essentially, various approaches to thyroid surgery only move the traditional surgical incision to a more concealed position but still leave scars on the body surface. Among them, thyroid surgery via the oral vestibule approach can obtain the best cosmetic outcome through the shortest natural cavity. However, in the early time, thyroid surgery via the oral vestibule approach usually requires three incisions in the mouth and one axillary incision. We have introduced a robotic surgical system into thyroidectomy via the oral vestibule approach and successfully completed total thyroidectomy and bilateral central lymph node dissection. During the operation, only three incisions were made at the oral vestibule without an axillary incision. This article aims to present the unique three-port method of robotic thyroidectomy via oral vestibule for the treatment of patients with papillary thyroid cancer.

The transoral robotic total thyroidectomy and bilateral central regional lymph node dissection using three ports without axillary incision are feasible and safe for early-stage papillary thyroid carcinoma. Here we present the operative techniques of this operation.

Currently, the common approaches to thyroid surgery include conventional thyroidectomy, bilateral axillo-breast, axillary, retroauricular, and oral ...

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to achieve favorable therapeutic outcomes while maintaining excellent cosmetic results. Among the available endoscopic procedures, the Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA) has gained popularity among surgeons. This is attributed to its straightforward cavity construction, spacious operating area, precise visual field exposure, and manageable learning curve. However, few studies have provided detailed descriptions of the specific surgical steps involved in GETTA. Drawing from a synthesis of existing literature and our own clinical expertise, we present a comprehensive outline of the GETTA procedure. This process can be categorized into five distinct stages: positioning and incision planning; establishment of surgical cavities; identification and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior parathyroid gland, and central neck dissection; localization and preservation of the superior laryngeal nerve, superior parathyroid gland, and dissection of the thyroid's superior pole; transection of the thyroid isthmus followed by en bloc resection of the thyroid gland and central neck lymph nodes. The five-step approach of GETTA is easy to learn and can be adapted for resecting both benign and malignant thyroid and parathyroid diseases.

This protocol presents the procedure for conducting thyroidectomy using the gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach (GETTA).

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to ...

Treating Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with a Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and ligaments. LSS encompasses central canal stenosis (CCS), lateral recess stenosis (LRS), and intervertebral foramen stenosis (IFS). The utilization of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (LE-ULBD) has gained popularity in the treatment of CCS and LRS. This popularity is attributed to the rapid development of endoscopic instruments and the progress of endoscopic philosophy.
In this technical report, a detailed introduction to the steps and key points of LE-ULBD is provided. Simultaneously, a retrospective review of 132 consecutive patients who underwent LE-ULBD for central canal and/or lateral recess stenosis was conducted. The outcomes after more than two years of follow-up were assessed using the visual analogue score (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores, and the modified MacNab criteria to evaluate surgical efficacy. All 132 patients underwent LE-ULBD successfully. Among them, 119 patients were rated as "excellent," while 13 patients were rated as "good" based on the modified MacNab criteria during the last follow-up. Incidental dural tears occurred in four cases, but there were no post-operative epidural hematomas or infections. The experience demonstrates that LE-ULBD is a less invasive, effective, and safe approach. It can be considered as an alternative option for treating patients with lumbar central canal stenosis and/or lateral recess stenosis.

The present protocol describes the steps and key points of lumbar endoscopic unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves the narrowing of the spinal canal due to degenerative changes in the vertebral joints, intervertebral discs, and ...

Synchronous Visualization of Thyroid Structural and Functional Information

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

This paper proposes a novel thyroid examination technique based on five-dimensional (5D) synchronous reconstruction of ultrasound data. The raw temporal sequences are reconstructed into 3D volumetric data reflecting anatomical structure. Triplanar visualization from three orthogonal planes is realized to provide a systematic inspection of the entire gland. Color Doppler imaging is integrated into each triplanar slice to map vascularity changes. This multi-modal fusion enables synchronous display of structural, functional, and blood flow information in the reconstructed 5D space. Compared to conventional scanning, this technique offers the benefits of flexible offline diagnosis, reduced dependency on scanning, enhanced intuitive interpretation, and comprehensive multi-aspect evaluation. By minimizing oversight errors, it could improve diagnostic accuracy, especially for novice practitioners. The proposed 5D fusion method allows rapid and precise localization of lesions for early detection. Future work will explore integration with biochemical markers to further improve diagnostic precision. The technique has considerable clinical value for advancing thyroid examination.

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Here we present a 5D ultrasound technique combining multi-planar 3D reconstruction and color Doppler fusion, which enables synchronous visualization of thyroid structural and functional information. By minimizing blind spots, this method allows rapid, precise localization of lesions to improve diagnostic accuracy, especially benefiting novice practitioners.

This paper proposes a novel thyroid examination technique based on five-dimensional (5D) synchronous reconstruction of ultrasound data. The raw temporal ...

Integrated Synchronization and Triplanar Reconstruction of 4D B-Mode and Color Doppler Thyroid Ultrasound Data for Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

Pineal neoplasms have a significant impact on children although they are relatively uncommon. They account for approximately 3-11% of all childhood brain tumors, which is considerably higher than the &lt;1% seen in adult brain tumors. These tumors can be divided into three main categories: germ cell tumors, parenchymal pineal tumors, and tumors arising from related anatomical structures. Obtaining an accurate and minimally invasive tissue diagnosis is crucial for selecting the most appropriate treatment regimen for patients with pineal gland tumors. This is due to the diverse treatment options available and the potential risks associated with complete resection. In cases where patients present with acute obstructive hydrocephalus caused by a pineal gland tumor, immediate treatment of the hydrocephalus is necessary. The urgency stems from the potential complications of hydrocephalus, including increased intracranial pressure and neurological deficits. To address these challenges, a minimally invasive endoscopic approach provides a valuable opportunity. This technique allows clinicians to promptly relieve hydrocephalus and obtain a histological diagnosis simultaneously. This dual benefit enables a more comprehensive understanding of the tumor and assists in determining the most effective treatment strategy for the patient.

Pineal neoplasms frequently cause obstructive hydrocephalus and require histopathological diagnosis to decide the treatment regimen. They might be treated by surgical resection or chemoradiotherapy according to the pathological diagnosis. As a minimally invasive initial treatment, an endoscopic approach from Kocher's point enables both third ventriculostomy and biopsy.

Pineal neoplasms have a significant impact on children although they are relatively uncommon. They account for approximately 3-11% of all childhood brain ...