Name: mammary transplantation of stromal cells and carcinoma cells in c57bl/6j mice
Uploaded: 2011-08-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mammary Transplantation of Stromal Cells and Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J Mice at JoVE.com

This project was funded through by NIH/NCI grant number R00 CA127357 and University of Kansas Cancer Center Endowment.

1. Isolation and extraction of donor collagen from C57BL/6J mice
<ol>
 <li>Sacrifice mature normal female C57BL/6J mice using approved IACUC methods.</li>
 <li>Harvest the tails and soak in 70% ethanol for 45 minutes to sterilize tissues. Dry the tails with tissue paper, wrap in aluminum foil. Store the tails in -20&deg;C until needed.</li>
 <li>Place the tails in a sterile environment such as a laminar flow hood. Using scissors, split the skin at the tail root and peel away from the tail. Remove 0.5 to 1 cm from...

<ol>
	<li>Hayward, S., Haughney, P. C., Rosen, M. A., Greulich, K. M., Weier, H. U., Dahiya, R., Cunha, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+between+adult+human+prostatic+epithelium+and+rat+urogenital+sinus+mesenchyme+in+a+tissue+recombination+model.">Interactions between adult human prostatic epithelium and rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme in a tissue recombination model.</a> Differentiation. 63, 131-131 (1998).</li><li>Cunha, G., Hom, Y. K., Young, P., Brody, J., Asch, B. B., Ip, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Mammary Gland Biology. , (2000).</li><li>Ethier, S. P., Ammerman, C. A., Dziubinski, M. L., Asch, B. B., Ip, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Mammary Gland Biology. , (2000).</li><li>Medina, D., Kittrell, F., Asch, B. B., Ip, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Mammary Gland Biology. , (2000).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Zeisberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts+in+cancer.">Fibroblasts in cancer.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 6, 392-401 (2006).</li><li>DeNardo, D. G., Johansson, M., Coussens, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+cells+as+mediators+of+solid+tumor+metastasis.">Immune cells as mediators of solid tumor metastasis.</a> Cancer Metastasis. 27, 11-18 (2008).</li><li>Naito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+differentiation+and+function+in+health+and+disease.">Macrophage differentiation and function in health and disease.</a> Pathol Int. 58, 143-155 (2008).</li><li>Firestein, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+T+cell+cometh:+interplay+between+adaptive+immunity+and+cytokine+networks+in+rheumatoid+arthritis.">The T cell cometh: interplay between adaptive immunity and cytokine networks in rheumatoid arthritis.</a> J Clin Invest. 114, 471-474 (2004).</li><li>Cheng, N., Chytil, A., Shyr, Y., Joly, A., Moses, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Hepatocyte+Growth+Factor+Signaling+by+Type+II+Transforming+Growth+Factor-{beta}+Receptor+Knockout+Fibroblasts+Promotes+Mammary+Tumorigenesis.">Enhanced Hepatocyte Growth Factor Signaling by Type II Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Receptor Knockout Fibroblasts Promotes Mammary Tumorigenesis.</a> Cancer Res. 67, 4869-4877 (2007).</li><li>Qiu, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+expression+profiling+identifies+signatures+of+tumor+virulence+in+MMTV-PyMT-transgenic+mice:+correlation+to+human+disease.">Global expression profiling identifies signatures of tumor virulence in MMTV-PyMT-transgenic mice: correlation to human disease.</a> Cancer Res. 64, 5973-5981 (2004).</li><li>Schaffhausen, B. S., Roberts, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+from+polyoma+middle+T+antigen+on+signaling+and+transformation:+A+DNA+tumor+virus+contribution+to+the+war+on+cancer.">Lessons from polyoma middle T antigen on signaling and transformation: A DNA tumor virus contribution to the war on cancer.</a> Virology. 384, 304-316 (2009).</li><li>Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+of+neural+cells+via+retrovirus-mediated+oncogene+transduction.">Immortalization of neural cells via retrovirus-mediated oncogene transduction.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 12, 47-65 (1989).</li><li>O'Hare, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+immortalization+of+freshly+isolated+human+mammary+fibroblasts+and+endothelial+cells.">Conditional immortalization of freshly isolated human mammary fibroblasts and endothelial cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98, 646-651 (2001).</li><li>Shay, J. W., Wright, W. E., Werbin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+molecular+mechanisms+of+human+cell+immortalization.">Defining the molecular mechanisms of human cell immortalization.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1072, 1-7 (1991).</li><li>Gudjonsson, T., Villadsen, R., Ronnov-Jessen, L., Petersen, O. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+protocols+used+in+cell+culture+models+of+human+breast+morphogenesis.">Immortalization protocols used in cell culture models of human breast morphogenesis.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 61, 2523-2534 (2004).</li><li>Raschke, W. C., Baird, S., Ralph, P., Nakoinz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+macrophage+cell+lines+transformed+by+Abelson+leukemia+virus.">Functional macrophage cell lines transformed by Abelson leukemia virus.</a> Cell. 15, 261-267 (1978).</li><li>Shen, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+of+endothelial+cells+differentiated+from+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Immortalization of endothelial cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Shi Yan Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 35, 218-228 (2002).</li><li>Wang, S. J., Greer, P., Auerbach, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+propagation+of+yolk-sac-derived+endothelial+cells+from+a+hypervascular+transgenic+mouse+expressing+a+gain-of-function+fps/fes+proto-oncogene.">Isolation and propagation of yolk-sac-derived endothelial cells from a hypervascular transgenic mouse expressing a gain-of-function fps/fes proto-oncogene.</a> In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 32, 292-299 (1996).</li><li>Tiede, B. J., Owens, L. A., Li, F., DeCoste, C., Kang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+mouse+model+for+non-invasive+single+marker+tracking+of+mammary+stem+cells+in+vivo+reveals+stem+cell+dynamics+throughout+pregnancy.">A novel mouse model for non-invasive single marker tracking of mammary stem cells in vivo reveals stem cell dynamics throughout pregnancy.</a> PLoS One. 4, e8035-e8035 (2009).</li><li>Guzman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracarotid+injection+of+fluorescence+activated+cell-sorted+CD49d-positive+neural+stem+cells+improves+targeted+cell+delivery+and+behavior+after+stroke+in+a+mouse+stroke+model.">Intracarotid injection of fluorescence activated cell-sorted CD49d-positive neural stem cells improves targeted cell delivery and behavior after stroke in a mouse stroke model.</a> Stroke. 39, 1300-1306 (2008).</li><li>Duda, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+transplantability+of+tumor-associated+stromal+cells.">Differential transplantability of tumor-associated stromal cells.</a> Cancer Res. 64, 5920-5924 (2004).</li></ol>

The functional contribution of fibroblasts in tumor progression has been demonstrated through transplantation models, in which carcinoma associated fibroblasts co-transplanted with benign mammary epithelial cells results in increased tumor growth and invasiveness5. Conventional transplantation approaches have involved the use of SCID or nude mice to co-transplant stromal and epithelial cells from different genetic mouse backgrounds or different species. Immunocompromised mice lack functional T cells, which pl...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <th>Name of the reagent</th>
 <th>Company</th>
 <th>Catalogue number</th>
 <th>Comments (optional)</th>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>C57BL/6N mice</td>
 <td>Harlan</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MMTV-PyVmT transgenic mice</td>
 <td>Jackson laboratories</td>
 <td>002374</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 <td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>SH3039603PR</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DMEM</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>10000113873</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>MT-30-001</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>amphotericin</td>
 <td>fisher</td>
 <td>BP2645-20</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Amicon filtration columns ultracel 50k</td>
 <td>Millipore</td>
 <td>UFC905008</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tubes for Beckman TI rotor</td>
 <td>Beckman</td>
 <td>355618</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat tail collagen</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>CB 40236</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10x EBSS</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>E7510-100ML</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Trypsin 1X, 0.25% in HBSS w/o Calcium and Magnesium

</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>MT-25-050-CI</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>A491-212</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Coomasie blue</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>BP101 25</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Trypsin</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>T3924-100ml</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Collagenase A</td>
 <td>Sigma AldrichC0130-50</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>hyalronidase</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>H3884</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DNase</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>D5025</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Kaleidoscope Protein standard</td>
 <td>Biorad</td>
 <td>1610375</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glass slides</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>12545-78</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glass coverslips</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>101400-042</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vimentin antibody S-20</td>
 <td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
 <td>SC-7558

</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>&alpha;-smooth muscle actin antibody</td>
 <td>Abcam</td>
 <td>ab5694</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CK14 antibody</td>
 <td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
 <td>sc-53253</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CK18 antibody</td>
 <td>Abcam</td>
 <td>ab668</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DAPI</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>D9542</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse biotinylated</td>
 <td>Vector laboratories</td>
 <td>BA9200</td>
 <td>Distributed through Fisher</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse-alexa-568</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>A10037</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse- alexa-488</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>A11001</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Streptavidin- alexa-488</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>S11226</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DAPI</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>D21490</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Prolong antifade</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>P-36930</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgical scissors</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>91400-12</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fine spring scissors</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>15000-02</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Blunt forceps</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>11002-12</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td># 5 fine forceps</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>11251-10</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gut chromic suture</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>NC9326254</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 <td>Glass Pasteur pipet</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>22-042-815</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>

 <tr>
 <td>Ethanol</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>A406P 4</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>betadine</td>
 <td>fisher</td>
 <td>NC9386574</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Wound clips</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>12032-07</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Wound staple</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>12031-07</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr> 
 </tbody>
</table>

mammary transplantation of stromal cells and carcinoma cells in c57bl/6j mice

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular through transplantation of stromal cells and epithelial cells in the mammary gland of mice. Current transplantation models often involve the use of immunocompromised mice due to the different genetic backgrounds of stromal cells and epithelial cells. Extracellular matrices are often used to embed the two different cell types for consistent cell-cell interactions, but involve the use of Matrigel or rat tail collagen, which are immunogenic substrates. The lack of functional T cells from immunocompromised mice prevents accurate assessment of stromal cells on mammary tumor progression in vivo, with important implications on drug development and efficacy. Moreover, immunocompromised mice are costly, hard to breed and require special care conditions. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed an approach to orthotopically transplant stromal cell and epithelial cells into mice from the same genetic background to induce consistent tumor formation. This system involves harvesting normal, carcinoma associated fibroblasts, PyVmT mammary carcinoma cells and collagen from donor C57BL/6J mice. The cells are then embedded in collagen and transplanted in the inguinal mammary glands of female C57BL/6J mice. Transplantation of PyVmT cells alone form palpable tumors 30-40 days post transplantation. Endpoint analysis at 60 days indicates that co-transplantation with fibroblasts enhances mammary tumor growth compared to PyVmT cells transplanted alone. While cells and matrix from C57BL/6J mice were used in these studies, the isolation of cells and matrix and transplantation approach may be applied towards mice from different genetic backgrounds demonstrating versatility. In summary, this system may be used to investigate molecular interactions between stromal cells and epithelial cells, and overcomes critical limitations in immunocompromised mouse models.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mammary Transplantation of Stromal Cells and Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J Mice at JoVE.com

Mammary Transplantation of Stromal Cells and Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J Mice

In this report, we demonstrate a system to isolate and culture donor cells from the mouse mammary gland, and orthotopically transplant these cells in recipient mice to analyze stromal: epithelial interactions during mammary tumor development.

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular ...

mammary-transplantation-stromal-cells-carcinoma-cells-c57bl6j

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) and a variety of mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and leukocytes 1-3.
The tumour-associated stroma is responsive to substantial paracrine signals released by neighbouring carcinoma cells. During the disease process, the stroma often becomes populated by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) including large numbers of myofibroblasts. These cells have previously been extracted from many different types of human carcinomas for their in vitro culture. A subpopulation of CAFs is distinguishable through their up-regulation of &alpha;-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA) expression4,5. These cells are a hallmark of 'activated fibroblasts' that share similar properties with myofibroblasts commonly observed in injured and fibrotic tissues 6. The presence of this myofibroblastic CAF subset is highly related to high-grade malignancies and associated with poor prognoses in patients.
Many laboratories, including our own, have shown that CAFs, when injected with carcinoma cells into immunodeficient mice, are capable of substantially promoting tumourigenesis 7-10. CAFs prepared from carcinoma patients, however, frequently undergo senescence during propagation in culture limiting the extensiveness of their use throughout ongoing experimentation. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a novel technique to experimentally generate immortalised human mammary CAF cell lines (exp-CAFs) from human mammary fibroblasts, using a coimplantation breast tumour xenograft model.
In order to generate exp-CAFs, parental human mammary fibroblasts, obtained from the reduction mammoplasty tissue, were first immortalised with hTERT, the catalytic subunit of the telomerase holoenzyme, and engineered to express GFP and a puromycin resistance gene. These cells were coimplanted with MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells expressing an activated ras oncogene (MCF-7-ras cells) into a mouse xenograft. After a period of incubation in vivo, the initially injected human mammary fibroblasts were extracted from the tumour xenografts on the basis of their puromycin resistance 11.
We observed that the resident human mammary fibroblasts have differentiated, adopting a myofibroblastic phenotype and acquired tumour-promoting properties during the course of tumour progression. Importantly, these cells, defined as exp-CAFs, closely mimic the tumour-promoting myofibroblastic phenotype of CAFs isolated from breast carcinomas dissected from patients. Our tumour xenograft-derived exp-CAFs therefore provide an effective model to study the biology of CAFs in human breast carcinomas. The described protocol may also be extended for generating and characterising various CAF populations derived from other types of human carcinomas.

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) rich in myofibroblasts present within the tumour stroma, play a major role in driving tumour progression. We developed a coimplantation tumour xengraft model for experimentally generating CAFs from human mammary fibroblasts. The protocol describes how to establish CAF myofibroblasts that acquire an ability to promote tumourigenesis.

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

Human Internal Mammary Artery (IMA) Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel stenting are crucial for translational approaches1,2.
The commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, and pigs3-5. However, the translation of these models into clinical settings remains difficult, since those biological processes are already studied in animal vessels but never performed before in human research models6,7. In this video we demonstrate a new humanized model to overcome this translational gap. The shown procedure is reproducible, easy, and fast to perform and is suitable to study the development of intimal hyperplasia and the applicability of diverse stents.
This video shows how to perform the stent technique in human vessels followed by transplantation into immunodeficient rats, and identifies the origin of proliferating cells as human.

Human Internal Mammary Artery IMA Transplantation and Stenting: A Human Model to Study the Development of In-Stent Restenosis

This video shows a model to study the development of intimal hyperplasia after stent deployment using a human vessel (IMA) in an immunodeficient rat model.

Preclinical in vivo research models to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes in the development of intimal hyperplasia after vessel ...

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Coculture System with an Organotypic Brain Slice and 3D Spheroid of Carcinoma Cells

Patients with cerebral metastasis of carcinomas have a poor prognosis. However, the process at the metastatic site has barely been investigated, in particular the role of the resident (stromal) cells. Studies in primary carcinomas demonstrate the influence of the microenvironment on metastasis, even on prognosis1,2. Especially the tumor associated macrophages (TAM) support migration, invasion and proliferation3. Interestingly, the major target sites of metastasis possess tissue-specific macrophages, such as Kupffer cells in the liver or microglia in the CNS. Moreover, the metastatic sites also possess other tissue-specific cells, like astrocytes. Recently, astrocytes were demonstrated to foster proliferation and persistence of cancer cells4,5. Therefore, functions of these tissue-specific cell types seem to be very important in the process of brain metastasis6,7.
Despite these observations, however, up to now there is no suitable in vivo/in vitro model available to directly visualize glial reactions during cerebral metastasis formation, in particular by bright field microscopy. Recent in vivo live imaging of carcinoma cells demonstrated their cerebral colonization behavior8. However, this method is very laborious, costly and technically complex. In addition, these kinds of animal experiments are restricted to small series and come with a substantial stress for the animals (by implantation of the glass plate, injection of tumor cells, repetitive anaesthesia and long-term fixation). Furthermore, in vivo imaging is thus far limited to the visualization of the carcinoma cells, whereas interactions with resident cells have not yet been illustrated. Finally, investigations of human carcinoma cells within immunocompetent animals are impossible8.
For these reasons, we established a coculture system consisting of an organotypic mouse brain slice and epithelial cells embedded in matrigel (3D cell sphere). The 3D carcinoma cell spheres were placed directly next to the brain slice edge in order to investigate the invasion of the neighboring brain tissue. This enables us to visualize morphological changes and interactions between the glial cells and carcinoma cells by fluorescence and even by bright field microscopy. After the coculture experiment, the brain tissue or the 3D cell spheroids can be collected and used for further molecular analyses (e.g. qRT-PCR, IHC, or immunoblot) as well as for investigations by confocal microscopy. This method can be applied to monitor the events within a living brain tissue for days without deleterious effects to the brain slices. The model also allows selective suppression and replacement of resident cells by cells from a donor tissue to determine the distinct impact of a given genotype. Finally, the coculture model is a practicable alternative to in vivo approaches when testing targeted pharmacological manipulations.

The organotypic brain slice coculture with carcinoma cells enables visualizing morphological changes by fluorescence as well as bright field (video) microscopy during the process of carcinoma cell invasion of brain tissue. This model system also allows for cell exchange and replenishment approaches and offers a wide variety of manipulations and analyses.

Patients with cerebral metastasis of carcinomas have a poor prognosis. However, the process at the metastatic site has barely been investigated, in ...

Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (mRCC) in Mice Following Nephrectomy

One of the key challenges to improved testing of new experimental therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the development of models that faithfully recapitulate early- and late-stage metastatic disease progression. Typical tumor implantation models utilize ectopic or orthotopic primary tumor implantation, but few include systemic spontaneous metastatic disease that mimics the clinical setting. This protocol describes the key steps to develop RCC disease progression stages similar to patients. First, it uses a highly metastatic mouse tumor cell line in a syngeneic model to show orthotopic tumor cell implantation. Methods include superficial and internal implantation into the sub-capsular space with cells combined with matrigel to prevent leakage and early spread. Next it describes the procedures for excision of tumor-bearing kidney (nephrectomy), with critical pre- and post- surgical mouse care. Finally, it outlines the steps necessary to monitor and assess micro-and macro-metastatic disease progression, including bioluminescent imaging as well provides a detailed visual necropsy guide to score systemic disease distribution. The goal of this protocol description is to facilitate the widespread use of clinically relevant metastatic RCC models to improve the predictive value of future therapeutic testing.&#160;

Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma mRCC in Mice Following Nephrectomy

Models of spontaneous metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) disease progression can be used for evaluating treatments in a clinically relevant setting. This protocol demonstrates different procedures for orthotopic kidney tumor cell implantation, proper nephrectomy, and finally outlines a necropsy guide for visual and bioluminescent scoring of metastatic burden and localization.

One of the key challenges to improved testing of new experimental therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the development of models that faithfully ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem cells&#8221; (CSCs) responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and relapse following conventional chemotherapies. Identification of ovarian CSCs is therefore an important goal. A commonly used method to assess CSC potential in vitro is the spheres assay in which cells are plated under non-adherent culture conditions in serum-free medium supplemented with growth factors and sphere formation is scored after a few days. Here, we review currently available protocols for human ovarian cancer spheres assays and perform a side-by-side analysis between commonly used multi cell-based assays and a more accurate system based on single cell plating. Our results indicate that both multi cell-based as well as single cell-based spheres assays can be used to investigate sphere formation in vitro. The more laborious and expensive single cell-based assays are more suitable for functional assessment of individual cells and lead to overall more accurate results while multi cell-based assays can be strongly influenced by the density of plated cells and require titration experiments upfront. Methylcellulose supplementation to multi cell-based assays can be effectively used to reduce mechanical artifacts.

In vitro spheres assays are commonly used to identify cancer stem cells. Here we compare single with multi cell-based spheres assays. The more laborious single cell-based assays or methylcellulose supplementation give more accurate results while multi cell-based assays performed in liquid medium can be highly influenced by cell density.

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...