<ol>
	<li>Kirino, T., Sano, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+vulnerability+in+the+gerbil+hippocampus+following+transient+ischemia.">Selective vulnerability in the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 62, 201-208 (1984).</li><li>Smith, M. L., Auer, R. N., Siesjo, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+density+and+distribution+of+ischemic+brain+injury+in+the+rat+following+2-10+min+of+forebrain+ischemia.">The density and distribution of ischemic brain injury in the rat following 2-10 min of forebrain ischemia.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 64, 319-332 (1984).</li><li>Sanderson, T. H., Kumar, R., Sullivan, J. M., Krause, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+blocks+cytochrome+c+release+in+the+reperfused+brain+through+PI3-K+signaling+and+by+promoting+Bax/Bcl-XL+binding.">Insulin blocks cytochrome c release in the reperfused brain through PI3-K signaling and by promoting Bax/Bcl-XL binding.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 106, 1248-1258 (2008).</li><li>Sanderson, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+activates+the+PI3K-Akt+survival+pathway+in+vulnerable+neurons+following+global+brain+ischemia.">Insulin activates the PI3K-Akt survival pathway in vulnerable neurons following global brain ischemia.</a> Neurological Research. 31, 947-958 (2009).</li><li>Sanderson, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PKR-like+endoplasmic+reticulum+kinase+(PERK)+activation+following+brain+ischemia+is+independent+of+unfolded+nascent+proteins.">PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activation following brain ischemia is independent of unfolded nascent proteins.</a> Neuroscience. 169, 1307-1314 (2010).</li><li>Hazelton, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperoxic+reperfusion+after+global+cerebral+ischemia+promotes+inflammation+and+long-term+hippocampal+neuronal+death.">Hyperoxic reperfusion after global cerebral ischemia promotes inflammation and long-term hippocampal neuronal death.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 27, 753-762 (2010).</li><li>Lloyd-Jones, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2010+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 121, e46-e215 (2010).</li><li>Krause, G. S., Kumar, K., White, B. C., Aust, S. D., Wiegenstein, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemia,+resuscitation,+and+reperfusion:+mechanisms+of+tissue+injury+and+prospects+for+protection.">Ischemia, resuscitation, and reperfusion: mechanisms of tissue injury and prospects for protection.</a> American Heart Journal. 111, 768-780 (1986).</li><li>Krause, G. S., White, B. C., Aust, S. D., Nayini, N. R., Kumar, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+cell+death+following+ischemia+and+reperfusion:+a+proposed+biochemical+sequence.">Brain cell death following ischemia and reperfusion: a proposed biochemical sequence.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 16, 714-726 (1988).</li><li>Bloom, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+survival+after+successful+inhospital+cardiac+arrest+resuscitation.">Long-term survival after successful inhospital cardiac arrest resuscitation.</a> American Heart Journal. 153, 831-836 (2007).</li><li>Longa, E. Z., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., Cummins, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+without+craniectomy+in+rats.">Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.</a> Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 20, 84-91 (1989).</li><li>Uluc, K., Miranpuri, A., Kujoth, G. C., Akture, E., Baskaya, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focal+cerebral+ischemia+model+by+endovascular+suture+occlusion+of+the+middle+cerebral+artery+in+the+rat.">Focal cerebral ischemia model by endovascular suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (48), e1978 (2011).</li><li>Neumar, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calpain+mediates+eukaryotic+initiation+factor+4G+degradation+during+global+brain+ischemia.">Calpain mediates eukaryotic initiation factor 4G degradation during global brain ischemia.</a> J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18, 876-881 (1998).</li><li>Paine, M. G., Che, D., Li, L., Neumar, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+Purkinje+Cell+Neurodegeneration+After+Cardiac+Arrest:+Effect+of+Therapeutic+Hypothermia.">Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Neurodegeneration After Cardiac Arrest: Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia.</a> Resuscitation. , (2012).</li><li>Pulsinelli, W. A., Brierley, J. B., Plum, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+profile+of+neuronal+damage+in+a+model+of+transient+forebrain+ischemia.">Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia.</a> Annals of Neurology. 11, 491-498 (1982).</li><li>Edinger, A. L., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Death+by+design:+apoptosis,+necrosis+and+autophagy.">Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 16, 663-669 (2004).</li><li>Kirino, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+neuronal+death+in+the+gerbil+hippocampus+following+ischemia.">Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia.</a> Brain Research. 239, 57-69 (1982).</li><li>Yager, J. Y., Brucklacher, R. M., Vannucci, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+energy+metabolism+during+hypoxia-ischemia+and+early+recovery+in+immature+rats.">Cerebral energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia and early recovery in immature rats.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 262, 672-677 (1992).</li><li>Sugawara, T., Fujimura, M., Morita-Fujimura, Y., Kawase, M., Chan, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+release+of+cytochrome+c+corresponds+to+the+selective+vulnerability+of+hippocampal+CA1+neurons+in+rats+after+transient+global+cerebral+ischemia.">Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c corresponds to the selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats after transient global cerebral ischemia.</a> J. Neurosci. 19, RC39 (1999).</li><li>Nishino, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiological+process+after+transient+ischemia+of+the+middle+cerebral+artery+in+the+rat.">Pathophysiological process after transient ischemia of the middle cerebral artery in the rat.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 35, 51-56 (1994).</li><li>Ross, D. T., Ebner, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalamic+retrograde+degeneration+following+cortical+injury:+an+excitotoxic+process.">Thalamic retrograde degeneration following cortical injury: an excitotoxic process.</a> Neuroscience. 35, 525-550 (1990).</li><li>Soriano, M. A., Ferrer, I., Rodriguez-Farre, E., Planas, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+and+c-Jun+in+the+thalamus+of+the+rat+following+cortical+infarction.">Apoptosis and c-Jun in the thalamus of the rat following cortical infarction.</a> Neuroreport. 7, 425-428 (1996).</li><li>Watanabe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+synthesis+inhibitor+transiently+reduces+neuronal+death+in+the+thalamus+of+spontaneously+hypertensive+rats+following+cortical+infarction.">Protein synthesis inhibitor transiently reduces neuronal death in the thalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats following cortical infarction.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 233, 25-28 (1997).</li><li>Wei, L., Ying, D. J., Cui, L., Langsdorf, J., Yu, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necrosis,+apoptosis+and+hybrid+death+in+the+cortex+and+thalamus+after+barrel+cortex+ischemia+in+rats.">Necrosis, apoptosis and hybrid death in the cortex and thalamus after barrel cortex ischemia in rats.</a> Brain Research. 1022, 54-61 (2004).</li><li>Zong, W. X., Thompson, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necrotic+death+as+a+cell+fate.">Necrotic death as a cell fate.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 20, 1-15 (2006).</li><li>Ito, U., Spatz, M., Walker, J. T., Klatzo, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+cerebral+ischemia+in+mongolian+gerbils.+I.+Light+microscopic+observations.">Experimental cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbils. I. Light microscopic observations.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 32, 209-223 (1975).</li><li>Saver, J. L., Albers, G. W., Dunn, B., Johnston, K. C., Fisher, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+Therapy+Academic+Industry+Roundtable+(STAIR)+recommendations+for+extended+window+acute+stroke+therapy+trials.">Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) recommendations for extended window acute stroke therapy trials.</a> Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 40, 2594-2600 (2009).</li><li>Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y., Ginsberg, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+brain+temperature+in+cerebral+ischemic+injury.">The importance of brain temperature in cerebral ischemic injury.</a> Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 20, 1113-1114 (1989).</li><li>Voll, C. L., Auer, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postischemic+seizures+and+necrotizing+ischemic+brain+damage:+neuroprotective+effect+of+postischemic+diazepam+and+insulin.">Postischemic seizures and necrotizing ischemic brain damage: neuroprotective effect of postischemic diazepam and insulin.</a> Neurology. 41, 423-428 (1991).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Calvert, J. W., Kusaka, G., Zhang, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-stage+anterior+approach+for+four-vessel+occlusion+in+rat.">One-stage anterior approach for four-vessel occlusion in rat.</a> Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 36, 2212-2214 (2005).</li><li>Gionet, T. X., Warner, D. S., Verhaegen, M., Thomas, J. D., Todd, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+intra-ischemic+blood+pressure+on+outcome+from+2-vessel+occlusion+forebrain+ischemia+in+the+rat.">Effects of intra-ischemic blood pressure on outcome from 2-vessel occlusion forebrain ischemia in the rat.</a> Brain Research. 586, 188-194 (1992).</li><li>Sugawara, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hypotension+severity+on+hippocampal+CA1+neurons+in+a+rat+global+ischemia+model.">Effect of hypotension severity on hippocampal CA1 neurons in a rat global ischemia model.</a> Brain Research. 877, 281-287 (2000).</li></ol>

Les auteurs n&#39;ont pas de conflits d&#39;intérêts financiers.

Le modèle décrit ici produit un accident ischémique dans le cerveau qui peuvent survenir à la suite de l&#39;arrestation et de réanimation cardiaque, fournissant une blessure similaire à celle trouvée chez l&#39;homme. Ce procédé de fabrication ischémie globale du cerveau est l&#39;un des protocoles multiples. Nous utilisons ce protocole avant tout pour son taux relativement bas de mortalité, une récupération rapide et des résultats reproductibles. Le modèle d&#39;arrêt / réanimation cardiaque est sans ...

Les lésions cérébrales à la suite d&#39;une arrestation et d&#39;AVC cardiaque est une cause majeure de décès et d&#39;invalidité à long terme. Alors que la réanimation cardiorespiratoire pour les victimes d&#39;un arrêt cardiaque réussit à rétablir la circulation spontanée dans environ 70.000 patients par an aux Etats-Unis 7,8 au moins 60% de ces patients décèdent par la suite à l&#39;hôpital à la suite d&#39;importants dommages au cerveau et seulement 3-10% des patients réanimés peuvent reprendre leurs anciens modes de vie 9,10. De toute évidence, la compréhension des mécanismes qui conduisent à des lésions cérébrales suite à une ischémie globale du cerveau et de concevoir des interventions thérapeutiques visant à minimiser le traumatisme neurologique est d&#39;une importance critique. ischémie cérébrale peut être modélisée en utilisant plusieurs méthodes. Le plus souvent, l&#39;ischémie cérébrale est produite chez le rongeur par occlusion d&#39;un vaisseau sanguin dans le cerveau, l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne, produisant ainsi un accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique focal 11,12. Bien que cliniquement importante,ischémie cérébrale focale n&#39;est pas une méthode précise pour étudier les lésions cérébrales produites par arrêt / réanimation cardiaque. Pour modéliser ce paradigme clinique le cerveau entier doit être effectué ischémique suivie par la réintroduction du flux sanguin. Pour imiter étroitement cette présentation clinique, les chercheurs induisent expérimentalement arrêt cardiaque suivi d&#39;une réanimation avec RCR et la défibrillation 13,14. Ce modèle est cliniquement pertinente, les temps de réanimation cependant imprévisibles peuvent augmenter la variabilité et peuvent faire l&#39;analyse des données difficiles à interpréter. En outre, ce modèle est associé à un taux de mortalité élevé, augmentant encore nombre d&#39;animaux nécessaires pour tester une hypothèse. Etude de la réponse cérébrale à une ischémie globale et / ou de reperfusion dans une insulte plus reproductible, cohérente et survivre peut être préféré. Ischémie globale peut être induite dans le cerveau, tout en préservant une certaine circulation sanguine systémique. Cela permet de réduire la mortalité, tout en permettant investigation des mécanismes de lésions tissulaires dans le cerveau 2. Pour produire une ischémie globale du cerveau, il est nécessaire d&#39;interrompre ou de limiter considérablement l&#39;écoulement dans les quatre vaisseaux qui irriguent le cerveau, les artères carotides internes et les artères vertébrales. Ces navires alimentent le cerveau avec le flux sanguin à travers une structure vasculaire appelé le Cercle de Willis, qui forme une boucle anastomotique. Cette architecture permet vasculaire du cerveau à retenir perfusion en cas d&#39;occlusion vasculaire proximale. Par conséquent, pour induire une ischémie complète du cerveau, le flux sanguin à travers tous les navires de cotisation doit se produire. Carotide occlusion peut être accompli en utilisant un cou ventral minimalement invasive coupe-bas et l&#39;application de clips anévrisme pendant une période désirée. Interruption de la circulation sanguine à travers les artères vertébrales peut être difficile, car ils sont incased dans les trous transversale de la colonne vertébrale. Les enquêteurs se sont penchés sur cette electrocauterizing par les artères vertébrales 24-48 heures avant carotideocclusion et l&#39;ischémie cérébrale (4VO modèle) 15. Contrairement à cette approche, Smith et al. Développé une méthode pour induire une ischémie globale du cerveau en réduisant signifie la pression artérielle (MAP) systémique à 40 mmHg pour réduire perfusion à travers les artères vertébrales à un point où le débit sanguin est perdue ou fortement réduit 2 . Lorsqu&#39;il est couplé avec l&#39;occlusion carotidienne, cette méthode produit tout au long de l&#39;ischémie du cerveau antérieur, résultant en un modèle de lésion cérébrale qui imite étroitement que des survivants d&#39;arrêt cardiaque. Dans un autre raffinement de cette méthode, le modèle que nous présentons ici nécessite une réglementation MAP serré à 30 mmHg ± 1mHg pendant toute la 8 min d&#39;ischémie. Nous avons trouvé cette modification améliore la reproductibilité des lésions cérébrales induites par ce modèle tout en préservant le faible taux de mortalité de la technique originale conçue par Smith et al. Le phénotype précise de la mort cellulaire et de l&#39;étendue globale de dommages aux tissus causés parLe modèle présenté ici est directement dépendante de la durée ischémique 16. Après 8 minutes d&#39;ischémie, neurones CA1 présentent des retardé la mort cellulaire, suggérant qu&#39;il existe une fenêtre temporelle pour l&#39;intervention thérapeutique au cours de la phase de reperfusion 15,17. Au début de la reperfusion, les neurones retrouver rapidement la fonction et pas de mort cellulaire immédiate est détectable 18. Cependant, cette insulte provoque l&#39;induction de cascades de mort cellulaire (apoptose) qui aboutissent à la libération de protéines apoptogènes des mitochondries, y compris cytochrome c, entre 4-6 heures de reperfusion 3,19. Entre 6 et 24 heures de reperfusion, les neurones de l&#39;hippocampe CA1 se sont engagés à mort de la cellule, et le programme de mort cellulaire par apoptose est exécutée 19. Il convient de noter que le phénotype de mort cellulaire responsable de la lésion ischémique est très controversée. Les premières études ont suggéré nécrose est la principale phénotype de mort cellulaire 20,21, tandis que d&#39;autres d&#39;autres rapportent apoptosis comme le principal mécanisme de 22,23. Au total, les données actuelles suggèrent que les cellules meurent d&#39;un spectre de phénotypes de mort cellulaire allant de l&#39;apoptose classique à la nécrose. Le mode précis de la mort cellulaire dépend de nombreux facteurs, avec le degré de contribution de chaque phénotype en fonction de la gravité de l&#39;insulte, parmi d&#39;autres facteurs 24,25. En 24 heures de reperfusion, les cellules meurent possèdent noyaux pycnotiques, cytosol condensée avec une preuve claire de contenus cellulaires globales, et la perte de la morphologie mitochondriale fonctionnel. Les cellules mortes sont ventilés, engloutis par les cellules immunitaires comme les macrophages et / ou de la microglie, et effacées de la région hippocampique CA1. En 4-7 jours de reperfusion, les cellules mortes sont éliminées, et tout ce qui reste sont des cellules inflammatoires et les cellules gliales activées 17,26. Par conséquent, les 7 jours de reperfusion représente un moment optimal où CA1 mort neuronale hippocampique peut être quantifiée en utilisant des taches de cellules simples, non spécifiques, eny compris Le violet de crésyl ou hématoxyline-éosine et comptés sur la base de critères d&#39;inclusion morphologiques. Les cellules restantes à cet intervalle de reperfusion tardive peuvent être considérés comme des cellules survivantes, fournissant ainsi un indice de lésions cérébrales. Si ce modèle doit être utilisé pour tester des interventions thérapeutiques, il est suggéré que le protocole expérimental suivi des critères d&#39;escalier (Stroke Therapy Industrie Académique Table ronde) 27. Ces directives doivent être suivies lors de la conception et la réalisation d&#39;une étude, mais ne sont pas discutés ici.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Material Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5-0 VICRYL suture, reverse cutting </td>
 <td>Ethicon</td>
 <td>J391H</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel, No.10</td>
 <td>Swann-Morton</td>
 <td>6601</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gauze Sponges</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>22-362-178</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18G x 1 &frac12; in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>23G x 1 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305145</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>26 G x 3/8 in needle</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>305110</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18 G x 1 &frac14; catheter</td>
 <td>EXEL</td>
 <td>26735</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309659</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309604</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>60 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>309653</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgilube</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1152666</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>.9% Saline, plastic IV bag</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1537468</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Suture 3-0 Silk</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>1007842</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>3390017</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>6903564</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile Towel Drape</td>
 <td>Moore Medical</td>
 <td>14170</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polyethylene Tubing, 50</td>
 <td>Intramedic</td>
 <td>427411</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stopcock, 3 way</td>
 <td>Smiths medical</td>
 <td>MX9311L</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Drug Name</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>AERRANE (isoflurane)</td>
 <td>Henry Schein</td>
 <td>2091966</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mapap Liquid (Tylenol)</td>
 <td>Major Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>1556</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Kedavet (ketamine)</td>
 <td>Ketathesia Butney</td>
 <td>NDC 50989-996-06</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Butorphic (butorphanol)</td>
 <td>Lloyd Labs</td>
 <td>4881</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heparin</td>
 <td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
 <td>504011</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Chemical Name </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraformaldehyde prills</td>
 <td>Elecron Microscopy Sci.</td>
 <td>19202</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2-methylbutane</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>270342</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cresyl Violet Acetate</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C5042</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sucrose</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S9378</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Software</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ImageJ</td>
 <td>NIH</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

2-vessel occlusion/hypotension: a rat model of global brain ischemia

L&#39;arrêt cardiaque suivi d&#39;une réanimation se traduit souvent par des dommages au cerveau dramatique causée par l&#39;ischémie et la reperfusion subséquente du cerveau. Ischémie globale du cerveau produit des dommages à des régions spécifiques du cerveau révélés être très sensible à l&#39;ischémie 1. Neurones de l&#39;hippocampe ont une plus grande sensibilité aux agressions ischémiques par rapport à d&#39;autres populations de cellules, et en particulier, la région CA1 de l&#39;hippocampe est particulièrement vulnérable à l&#39;ischémie / reperfusion 2. La conception des interventions thérapeutiques, ou l&#39;étude des mécanismes impliqués dans la lésion cérébrale, nécessite un modèle qui produit des dommages semblables à l&#39;état clinique et de façon reproductible. Occlusion du vaisseau carotide bilatérale avec hypotension (2VOH) est un modèle qui produit une ischémie du cerveau antérieur réversible, imitant les événements cérébraux qui peuvent survenir lors de l&#39;arrestation et de réanimation cardiaque. Nous décrivons un modèle modifié de Smith et al. (1984) 2, En tant que premier présenté sous sa forme actuelle en 3 Sanderson et al. (2008), qui produit des blessures reproductible sélectivement les régions du cerveau vulnérables 3-6. La fiabilité de ce modèle est dicté par un contrôle précis de la pression artérielle systémique pendant hypotension appliquée, la durée de l&#39;ischémie, un contrôle étroit de la température, un régime d&#39;anesthésie spécifique, et diligent soins post-opératoires. Un accident ischémique 8 minutes produit la mort cellulaire des neurones CA1 hippocampique qui progresse au cours de 6 à 24 heures de reperfusion, tandis que les régions du cerveau les moins vulnérables sont épargnés. Cette mort cellulaire progressive est facilement quantifiable après 7-14 jours de reperfusion, comme une perte presque complète des neurones CA1 est évident en ce moment. En plus de ce modèle de lésion cérébrale, nous présentons une méthode de quantification des dommages CA1 l&#39;aide d&#39;un simple, mais complète, de la méthodologie. Surtout, la quantification peut être réalisée à l&#39;aide d&#39;un simple microscope caméra montée, unda gratuit ImageJ (NIH) plugin, éliminant ainsi la nécessité pour les logiciels stéréologie coûts prohibitifs et une scène microscopique motorisé pour l&#39;évaluation des dommages.

Le modèle 2VOH d&#39;ischémie / reperfusion cérébrale globale provoque la mort des neurones dans la région CA1 de l&#39;hippocampe. Figure 2 représente la blessure produite par 8 min d&#39;ischémie globale du cerveau, traitement 14 jours après la reperfusion. Figures 2A et 2B comparer les hippocampes d&#39;imposture et cerveaux post-ischémiques, colorées avec du violet de crésyl. Figure 2a montre un hippocampe d&#39;un rat opération fictive ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia at JoVE.com

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Occlusion carotidienne bilatérale associée à une hypotension systémique produit ischémie globale du cerveau chez le rat, causant des dommages à l&#39;hippocampe avec sévérité reproductible. sujets animaux sont altérées avec des modèles prévisibles de lésions cérébrales, ils récupèrent opportunément, et les taux de mortalité sont relativement faibles.

Occlusion 2 Navire / Hypotension: un modèle de rat d&#39;ischémie cérébrale globale

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

2-vessel-occlusionhypotension-a-rat-model-of-global-brain-ischemia

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.8K vues.  Wayne State University School of Medicine. Occlusion carotidienne bilatérale associée à une hypotension systémique produit ischémie globale du cerveau chez le rat, causant des dommages à l'hippocampe avec sévérité reproductible. sujets animaux sont altérées avec des modèles prévisibles de lésions cérébrales, ils récupèrent opportunément, et les taux de mortalité sont relativement faibles.

Vidéo: 2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a significant obstacle to pharmaceutical treatments of brain disorders as it limits the passage of molecules from the vasculature into the brain tissue to molecules less than approximately 500 Da in size6. FUS induced BBB disruption (BBBD) is temporary and reversible4 and has an advantage over chemical means of inducing BBBD by being highly localized. FUS induced BBBD provides a means for investigating the effects of a wide range of therapeutic agents on the brain, which would not otherwise be deliverable to the tissue in sufficient concentration. While a wide range of ultrasound parameters have proven successful at disrupting the BBB2,5,7, there are several critical steps in the experimental procedure to ensure successful disruption with accurate targeting. This protocol outlines how to achieve MRI-guided FUS induced BBBD in a rat model, with a focus on the critical animal preparation and microbubble handling steps of the experiment.

Microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a promising technique for non-invasive targeted drug delivery in the brain1-3. This protocol outlines the experimental procedure for MRI-guided transcranial BBB disruption in a rat model.

Guidée par IRM rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique en utilisant transcrânienne d&#39;ultrasons focalisés dans un modèle de rat

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Recherche

Médecine

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

Un murin à thorax fermé Modèle d&#39;ischémie myocardique et la reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Rat Model of Blood-brain Barrier Disruption to Allow Targeted Neurovascular Therapeutics

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier1. The barrier selectively excludes molecules from crossing between the blood and the brain based upon their size and charge. This function can impede the delivery of therapeutics for neurological disorders. A number of chemotherapeutic drugs, for example, will not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumor cells2. Thus, improving the delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier is an area of interest.
The most prevalent methods for enhancing the delivery of drugs to the brain are direct cerebral infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption3. Direct intracerebral infusion guarantees that therapies reach the brain; however, this method has a limited ability to disperse the drug4. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) allows drugs to flow directly from the circulatory system into the brain and thus more effectively reach dispersed tumor cells. Three methods of barrier disruption include osmotic barrier disruption, pharmacological barrier disruption, and focused ultrasound with microbubbles. Osmotic disruption, pioneered by Neuwelt, uses a hypertonic solution of 25% mannitol that dehydrates the cells of the blood-brain barrier causing them to shrink and disrupt their tight junctions. Barrier disruption can also be accomplished pharmacologically with vasoactive compounds such as histamine5 and bradykinin6. This method, however, is selective primarily for the brain-tumor barrier7. Additionally, RMP-7, an analog of the peptide bradykinin, was found to be inferior when compared head-to-head with osmotic BBBD with 25% mannitol8. Another method, focused ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubble ultrasound contrast agents, has also been shown to reversibly open the blood-brain barrier9. In comparison to FUS, though, 25% mannitol has a longer history of safety in human patients that makes it a proven tool for translational research10-12.
In order to accomplish BBBD, mannitol must be delivered at a high rate directly into the brain's arterial circulation. In humans, an endovascular catheter is guided to the brain where rapid, direct flow can be accomplished. This protocol models human BBBD as closely as possible. Following a cut-down to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, a catheter is inserted retrograde into the ECA and used to deliver mannitol directly into the internal carotid artery (ICA) circulation. Propofol and N2O anesthesia are used for their ability to maximize the effectiveness of barrier disruption13. If executed properly, this procedure has the ability to safely, effectively, and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier and improve the delivery of drugs that do not ordinarily reach the brain 8,13,14.

Blood-brain barrier disruption aids the delivery of certain drugs to the brain. Mannitol delivered intra-arterially shrinks cells surrounding blood vessels in order to physically disrupt the barrier.

Modèle Rat de rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique pour permettre ciblée Therapeutics neurovasculaire

Endothelial cells with tight junctions along with the basement membrane and astrocyte end feet surround cerebral blood vessels to form the blood-brain ...

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

In situ Transverse lambeau de grand droit: un modèle de rat de myocutané ischémie reperfusion

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents account for 80% of all strokes. A common cause of IR injury is the rapid inflow of fluids following an acute/chronic occlusion of blood, nutrients, oxygen to the tissue triggering the formation of free radicals.
Ischemic stroke is followed by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and vasogenic brain edema. Structurally, tight junctions (TJs) between the endothelial cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). IR injury is an early secondary injury leading to a non-specific, inflammatory response. Oxidative and metabolic stress following inflammation triggers secondary brain damage including BBB permeability and disruption of tight junction (TJ) integrity.
Our protocol presents an in vitro example of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) on rat brain endothelial cell TJ integrity and stress fiber formation. Currently, several experimental in vivo models are used to study the effects of IR injury; however they have several limitations, such as the technical challenges in performing surgeries, gene dependent molecular influences and difficulty in studying mechanistic relationships. However, in vitro models may aid in overcoming many of those limitations. The presented protocol can be used to study the various molecular mechanisms and mechanistic relationships to provide potential therapeutic strategies. However, the results of in vitro studies may differ from standard in vivo studies and should be interpreted with caution.

Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation as an In Vitro Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model for Studying Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD-R) described here is to assess the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on a variety of cells, particularly in blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells.

Oxygène-glucose privation et réoxygénation comme un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Ischémie-reperfusion modèle pour étudier la dysfonction barrière hémato-encéphalique

Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is known to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic strokes. Ischemic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

Un modèle de course thrombotique Basé sur cérébrale transitoire hypoxie-ischémie

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

Déficit moteur reproductible suite à une occlusion aortique dans un modèle de rat d&#39;ischémie de la moelle épinière

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

Assessing Therapeutic Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard therapy, a considerable number of CLI patients are not suited for either surgical or endovascular revascularization. Angiogenic therapies are emerging as an option for these patients but are currently still under investigation. Before application in humans, those therapies must be tested in animal models and its mechanisms must be clearly understood. An animal model of hindlimb ischemia (HLI) has been developed by the ligation and excision of the distal external iliac and femoral arteries and veins in mice. A comprehensive panel of tests was assembled to assess the effects of ischemia and putative angiogenic therapies at functional, histologic and molecular levels. Laser Doppler was used for the flow measurement and functional assessment of perfusion. Tissue response was evaluated by the analysis of capillary density after staining with the anti-CD31 antibody on histological sections of gastrocnemius muscle and by measurement of collateral vessel density after diaphonization. Expression of angiogenic genes was quantified by RT-PCR targeting selected angiogenic factors exclusively in endothelial cells (ECs) after laser capture microdissection from mice gastrocnemius muscles. These methods were sensitive in identifying differences between ischemic and non-ischemic limbs and between treated and non-treated limbs. This protocol provides a reproducible model of CLI and a framework for testing angiogenic therapies.

Here, a critical hindlimb ischemia experimental model is presented followed by a battery of functional, histologic and molecular tests&#160;to assess the effectiveness of angiogenic therapies.&#8203;

Évaluation de l'angiogenèse thérapeutique dans un modèle murine de l'ischémie hindlimb

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a serious condition that entails a high risk of lower limb amputation. Despite revascularization being the gold-standard ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Un modèle préclinique de rat pour l'étude des dommages d'ischémie-réperfusion dans la microchirurgie reconstructive

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Acupuncture in a Rat Model of Asthma

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes methods for the fabrication of the high platform, establishes a rat model of asthma and measures changes in respiratory function using a noninvasive and real-time whole-body plethysmography (WBP) system.

Acupuncture dans un modèle de rat de l’asthme

A high platform can fix rats without restriction and completely expose the acupoints on the back during acupuncture manipulation. This article describes ...