Nous remercions le laboratoire O&#39;Bryan à l&#39;UIC pour l&#39;évaluation expérimentale critique et à la discussion. Ce travail a été soutenu par l&#39;American Heart Association Grant 11SDG5230003 à GKC et National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences - Centre des sciences de l&#39;UIC clinique et translationnelle Grant UL1TR000050.

1. La transfection cellulaire <ol><li> Cellules de la plaque le jour avant la transfection, le placage moins de cellules pour immunofluorescence. <ol><li> Pour immunofluorescence: dans un des lamelles de verre manteau plaque à 6 puits (1 par puits) avec 0,02% de gélatine à 37 ° C pendant au moins 4 heures, laver une fois avec le milieu, et pour chaque puits, la plaque 1 x 10 5 HEK 293T cellules dans 2 ml de milieu de croissance complet [media de Eagle modifié par Dulbecco (DMEM) plus 10% de FBS]. </li><li> Pour des analyses par transfert de cytométrie et de l&#39;Ouest flux: plaque 1,2 x 10 5 cellules HEK 293T / puits dans 2 ml de milieu de croissance complet en plaque de 6 puits (0,3 x 10 5 cellules HEK 293T dans un milieu de croissance complet de 0,5 ml par puits dans une plaque de 24 puits ). </li></ol></li><li> Préparer l&#39;ADN pour la transfection selon le protocole de fabrication: Effectene (Qiagen) est utilisé pour immunofluorescence. TransIT-LT1 (Mirus) est utilisé pour des analyses par transfert de cytométrie et de l&#39;Ouest débit. Montant de l&#39;ADN utilisé est répertorié ci-dessous. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td&gt; </td><td> Plaque de 24 puits (ng) </td><td> Plaque de 6 puits (ng) </td></tr><tr><td> CFP-vecteur </td><td> 10 </td><td> 50 </td></tr><tr><td> VN N-AKAP-Lbc </td><td> 200 </td><td> 1000 </td></tr><tr><td> VC N-PDE4D3-FL (full-length PDE4D3) </td><td> 2,5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 </td><td> 100 </td></tr><tr><td> VC N-PDE4D3-DUC1 (un fragment N-terminal PDE4D3 contenant le domaine DUC1) </td><td></td><td> 100 </td></tr><tr><td> VC N-PDE4D3-DUC 2 + CAT (un fragment C-terminal PDE4D3 contenant les domaines du Programme DUC 2 et catalytique) </td><td></td><td> 100 </td></tr></tbody></table> Transfection en utilisant Effectene (6 puits): <ol><li> Ajouter la quantité indiquée d&#39;ADN plasmidique + 4 pl activateur à 100 pi de tampon CE, mélanger et incuber pendant 5 min à température ambiante. </li><li> Ajouter 5 ul Effectene, mélanger et incuber pendant 10 min àla température ambiante. Ajouter goutte à goutte aux cellules. </li></ol> Transfection en utilisant le transport en commun LT1 (6-well/24-well): <ol><li> Ajouter la quantité indiquée d&#39;ADN plasmidique à 250 μl/50 ul d&#39;Opti-MEM I milieu sans sérum dans un tube stérile. </li><li> Ajouter transit LT1 réactif au mélange d&#39;ADN dilué et la pipette doucement pour mélanger. (Transit-LT1 réactif: rapport de l&#39;ADN est de 3 pi de transit LT1 réactif par 1 pg d&#39;ADN). </li><li> Incuber pendant 30 min à température ambiante et ajouter goutte à goutte aux cellules. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Préparation des cellules pour la cytométrie en flux, Western blot et immunofluorescence <ol><li> 24 h après la transfection, vérifiez fluorescence sous microscope à épifluorescence avant la récolte des cellules. </li><li> La préparation des cellules pour l&#39;analyse par cytométrie de flux: <ol><li> Laver les cellules avec 0,5 ml / 2 ml de PBS glacé pour les plaques 24-well/6-well. </li><li> Détacher les cellules à l&#39;aide de 50 μl/250 ul 0,05% de trypsine. </li><li> Neutraliser la trypsine avec 200 pl / 1 ml du milieu DMEM. </li><li> Collect 250 pi de cellules (à la fois pour plaque de 24 puits et 6 puits) par centrifugation à 500 g pendant 5 min, utilisent les cellules restantes (1 ml) pour analyse par Western blot. </li><li> Reprendre les cellules dans 250 ul de tampon FACS [PBS + 0,5% (p / v) de BSA + 2 mM EDTA], un magasin sur la glace pour l&#39;analyse par cytométrie de flux. Les cellules peuvent également être fixés en paraformaldéhyde à 1% (en PBS) si l&#39;analyse de cytométrie de flux ne sera pas immédiate. </li></ol></li><li> La préparation des cellules pour l&#39;analyse Western blot: menée en parallèle avec la préparation de la cellule d&#39;analyse de cytométrie en flux. <ol><li> Laver les cellules 1x avec 2 ml de PBS glacé, lyse des cellules par addition de 100 pi de tampon de lyse cellulaire [tampon de 10 mM de phosphate de sodium, pH 6,95, NaCl 150 mM, EDTA 5 mM, 5 mM EGTA, 1% de Triton X-100] . </li><li> Recueillir lysat cellulaire par centrifugation pendant 10 min à 21000 g à 4 ° C. </li><li> Quantifier la concentration de la protéine par dosage des protéines de Bradford, charger des quantités égales de protéines par voie de SDS-PAGE et transfert sur nitrocellulose pour immunoblot. </li></ol&gt; </li><li> La préparation des cellules pour immunofluorescence. <ol><li> Rincer les cellules 3x avec 2 ml de PBS, réparer les cellules dans 1 ml de 3,7% de paraformaldéhyde (dans PBS) pendant 10 min à température ambiante, puis laver 3x avec 2 ml de PBS pendant 5 min. </li><li> Montez couvrir glissement sur une lame de verre, en utilisant un milieu de montage. Sceller les bords de la lamelle à l&#39;aide de vernis à ongles si nécessaire. </li><li> Stocker les lames à 4 ° C avant l&#39;examen. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. cytométrie de flux et immunofluorescence <ol><li> La cytométrie en flux est réalisée à l&#39;aide d&#39;un Beckman Coulter Cyan ADP, équipé de 488 nm, 405 nm et 642 nm lasers à semi-conducteurs. logiciel Summit est utilisé pour l&#39;acquisition et l&#39;analyse. <ol><li> Calibrer cytomètre de flux en utilisant des billes standard. </li><li> Terrain diffusion vers l&#39;avant (FSC) / latéral scatter (SSC) sur une échelle linéaire pour la population de cellules vivantes de déclenchement. </li><li> Terrain FSC / tension largeur d&#39;impulsion pour la population de cellules vivantes non agrégées déclenchement. </li><li> Terrain count/FL6 (PCP fluorescence, 405 nm) sur une échelle logarithmique pour les cellules vivantes CFP-positifs non agrégées déclenchement. </li><li> Terrain count/FL1 (YFP fluorescence, 488 nm) sur une échelle logarithmique pour l&#39;intensité BiFC. </li><li> Exécuter des échantillons YFP-CFP-Double Negative, ajuster FSC, SSC, FL1 et FL6 tube photomultiplicateur (PMT) de tension de fixer le seuil pour chaque signal. </li><li> Exécuter positif unique (à la fois YFP + et + PCP) échantillons pour la rémunération future off-line </li><li> Acquérir au moins 10.000 événements dépendants (+ cellules vivantes PCP non agrégées) pour analyse. </li></ol></li><li> Immunofluorescence est réalisée en utilisant un Zeiss LSM 510 microscope confocal. Remarque: il est important de garder tous les paramètres (comme le zoom, sténopé, gain du détecteur, amplificateur de décalage, la taille d&#39;image, vitesse de balayage, balayage moyenne, et la puissance du laser) cohérente entre des échantillons de comparaison correcte de toutes les données. </li></ol> 4. Analyse des données (réalisées avec le logiciel Summit) <ol><li> Mettre en place le protocole d&#39;analyse similaire à celle de acquisition avec déclenchement approprié: Porte 1 à FSC / SSC en points pour les cellules vivantes. Porte 2 au FSC / largeur d&#39;impulsion de la porte 1 pour les cellules vivantes non agrégées. Porte 3 de la numération / CFP de la porte 3 pour PCP non agrégées + cellules vivantes. </li><li> Compenser YFP et le signal YFP PCP en utilisant + et + PCP cellules positives simples. </li><li> Lignes réexamen de coupure pour les cellules CFP / YFP-positif. </li><li> Export YFP intensité moyenne de fluorescence (MFI) de PCP + cellules dans Excel pour les données de traçage. </li><li> Normaliser YFP IMF à des niveaux d&#39;expression de AKAP-Lbc, PDE4D3, et le chargement contrôle α-tubuline, tel que déterminé par Western blot. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Collura, V., Boissy, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+protein-protein+complexes+to+interactomics.">From protein-protein complexes to interactomics.</a> Subcell Biochem. 43, 135-183 (2007).</li><li>Stumpf, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+the+size+of+the+human+interactome.">Estimating the size of the human interactome.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 6959-6964 (2008).</li><li>Shekhawat, S. S., Ghosh, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Split-protein+systems:+beyond+binary+protein-protein+interactions.">Split-protein systems: beyond binary protein-protein interactions.</a> Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 15, 789-797 (2011).</li><li>Dwane, S., Kiely, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tools+used+to+study+how+protein+complexes+are+assembled+in+signaling+cascades.">Tools used to study how protein complexes are assembled in signaling cascades.</a> Bioeng. Bugs. 2, 247-259 (2011).</li><li>Piehler, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+methodologies+for+measuring+protein+interactions+in+vivo+and+in+vitro.">New methodologies for measuring protein interactions in vivo and in vitro.</a> Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 15, 4-14 (2005).</li><li>Kerppola, T. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+implementation+of+bimolecular+fluorescence+complementation+(BiFC)+assays+for+the+visualization+of+protein+interactions+in+living+cells.">Design and implementation of bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays for the visualization of protein interactions in living cells.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 1278-1286 (2006).</li><li>Shyu, Y. J., Suarez, C. D., Hu, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+ternary+complexes+in+living+cells+by+using+a+BiFC-based+FRET+assay.">Visualization of ternary complexes in living cells by using a BiFC-based FRET assay.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3, 1693-1702 (2008).</li><li>Wong, K. A., O'Bryan, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bimolecular+fluorescence+complementation.">Bimolecular fluorescence complementation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (50), e2643 (2011).</li><li>Sugarbaker, E. V., Thornthwaite, J. T., Temple, W. T., Ketcham, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry:+general+principles+and+applications+to+selected+studies+in+tumor+biology.">Flow cytometry: general principles and applications to selected studies in tumor biology.</a> Int. Adv. Surg. Oncol. 2, 125-153 (1979).</li><li>Koshy, S., Alizadeh, P., Timchenko, L. T., Beeton, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+measurement+of+GLUT4+translocation+to+the+plasma+membrane+by+flow+cytometry.">Quantitative measurement of GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane by flow cytometry.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (45), e2429 (2010).</li><li>Smith, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+confocal+microscopy.">Basic confocal microscopy.</a> Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 14 (Unit 14), 11 (2008).</li><li>Westwick, J. K., Lamerdin, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+drug+discovery+with+contextual+assays+and+cellular+systems+analysis.">Improving drug discovery with contextual assays and cellular systems analysis.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 756, 61-73 (2011).</li><li>Kilpatrick, L. E., Holliday, N. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+the+pharmacology+of+G+protein-coupled+receptor+signaling+complexes+using+bimolecular+fluorescence+complementation.">Dissecting the pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptor signaling complexes using bimolecular fluorescence complementation.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 897, 109-138 (2012).</li></ol>

Les auteurs déclarent qu&#39;ils n&#39;ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

BiFC est un procédé simple et sensible pour étudier l&#39;interaction protéine-protéine. Cette méthode ne peut être utilisée pour identifier de nouvelles interactions protéine-protéine, cependant, il est particulièrement utile pour confirmer l&#39;interaction protéine-protéine dans les cellules et d&#39;étudier les propriétés fonctionnelles, telles que la localisation subcellulaire des complexes de protéines, la cartographie des sites d&#39;interaction protéine-protéine, et pour le criblage de petites...

650.000 interactions protéine-protéine sont estimés à exister dans le Interactome humaine, jouent des rôles cruciaux dans le maintien des fonctions normales 1,2 cellulaire. Outre co-immunoprécipitation (co-IP), l&#39;étalon-or pour étudier l&#39;interaction protéine-protéine de lysat cellulaire, plusieurs essais de complémentation de fragments de protéines (PCA) ont été développés pour améliorer la sensibilité dans la détection des interactions protéine-protéine dans les cellules 3. Les techniques comprennent Förster transfert de résonance de l&#39;énergie (FRET), Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET), et complémentation de fluorescence bimoléculaire (BiFC) 4,5. BiFC est basé sur l&#39;association facilité de deux fragments d&#39;une protéine fluorescente (ici nous utilisons Vénus; une variante YFP) qui sont fusionnées chacune à un partenaire de protéine d&#39;interaction potentielle (dans cet exemple, nous utilisons AKAP-Lbc et PDE4D3). L&#39;interaction des deux protéines d&#39;intérêt dans les cellules en résulte fluorescence fonctionnel, qui peut être visualisée par fmicroscopie luorescence en utilisant soit des cellules vivantes ou fixe 6,7,8. Comparé à d&#39;autres ACI, BiFC est sensible et techniquement moins difficile, avec un potentiel d&#39;étudier la localisation cellulaire dans les cellules vivantes. Un inconvénient majeur de cette technique est cependant que, une fois formé, le complexe protéine fluorescente peut pas être inversée. Par conséquent, il n&#39;est pas une bonne méthode pour étudier l&#39;interaction dynamique de la protéine-protéine. Dans cet article, nous utilisons BiFC pour cartographier les sites d&#39;interaction de PDE4D3 avec AKAP-Lbc en contrôlant l&#39;intensité de fluorescence de Vénus. Par rapport à l&#39;analyse traditionnelle en utilisant la microscopie à fluorescence, qui prend beaucoup de temps et de main-d&#39;œuvre (si elle n&#39;est pas effectuée en utilisant des machines à haut débit automatisé), la cytométrie en flux permet une analyse quantitative simple de milliers de cellules dans une population hétérogène sur une courte période 9, 10. Ici, en effectuant une comparaison côte-à-côte de l&#39;écoulement cytométrie-BiFC et co-IP traditionnel, nous démontrons que les deux mes méthodes fournissent des données comparables, toutefois, analyse des flux BiFC cytométrie prend moins de temps et utilise moins de matériaux qui peuvent être plus utiles lorsque les cellules d&#39;intérêt sont limités.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's modified Eagle's media (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin-Streptomycin (pen/strep), 100x</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15070-063</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Flag antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2, F1804</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-HA antibody</td>
			<td>Covance</td>
			<td>16B12, MMS-101R</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&alpha;-tubulin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DM1A, T9026</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>632569</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates, 6-well tissue culture treated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130184</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK 293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-11268</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maxiprep plasmid purification kit, high speed</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12663</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's Phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), sterile 1x</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA, 0.05% (w/v)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25300</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene round-bottom tubes for FACS staining</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352052</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S74337MF</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong gold antifade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P-36931</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost plus Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherfinest premium cover glass</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-548-5P</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 air-jacketed Incubator</td>
			<td>NuAIR DH autoflow</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope LSM510 META</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss, Inc</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis and transfer unit</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyan ADP Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flow cytometric analysis of bimolecular fluorescence complementation: a high throughput quantitative method to study protein-protein interaction

Parmi les méthodes d&#39;étude des interactions protéine-protéine dans les cellules, complémentation de fluorescence bimoléculaire (BiFC) est relativement simple et sensible. BiFC est basée sur la production de fluorescence à l&#39;aide de deux fragments non fluorescents d&#39;une protéine fluorescente (Venus, une variante de la protéine fluorescente jaune, est utilisé ici). Venus fragments non fluorescents (VN et VC) sont fusionnés à deux protéines interagissant (dans ce cas, AKAP-Lbc et PDE4D3), ce qui donne fluorescence due à l&#39;interaction VN-AKAP-Lbc-VC-PDE4D3 et la formation d&#39;une protéine fluorescente fonctionnelle à l&#39;intérieur des cellules. BiFC fournit des informations sur la localisation subcellulaire des complexes de protéines et de la force des interactions de protéines sur la base de l&#39;intensité de fluorescence. Cependant, l&#39;analyse BiFC utilisant la microscopie à quantifier la force de l&#39;interaction protéine-protéine est longue et quelque peu subjective en raison de l&#39;hétérogénéité dans l&#39;expression des protéines et de l&#39;interaction. Par cytométrie de flux couplageanalyse à la méthodologie BiFC, le signal d&#39;interaction protéine-protéine fluorescente BiFC peut être mesuré avec précision pour une grande quantité de cellules dans un court laps de temps. Ici, nous démontrons une application de cette méthodologie pour cartographier les régions en PDE4D3 qui sont nécessaires à l&#39;interaction avec AKAP-Lbc. Cette méthode à haut débit peut être appliquée aux éléments de criblage qui régulent l&#39;interaction protéine-protéine.

AKAP-Lbc et PDE4D3 constructions (figure 1B) ont été fusionnées au VN et fragments de capital-risque, respectivement. Interaction des AKAP-Lbc et PDE4D3 résultats en fonction YFP fluorescence (figure 1A). Ici, nous utilisons la méthode BiFC pour cartographier les sites AKAP-Lbc contraignantes dans PDE4D3. Région en amont conservé 1 (DUC1), région en amont conservé 2 (DUC 2) et la région catalytique (CAT) sont conservées parmi PDE4 protéines de la famille, donc, pleine longue...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction at JoVE.com

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

L&#39;analyse par cytométrie de complémentation de fluorescence bimoléculaire fournit une méthode quantitative à haut débit pour étudier l&#39;interaction protéine-protéine. Cette méthode peut être appliquée à des sites de liaison aux protéines de cartographie et de criblage de facteurs qui régulent l&#39;interaction protéine-protéine.

L&#39;analyse par cytométrie de flux par fluorescence bimoléculaire complémentation: une méthode quantitative à haut débit pour étudier l&#39;interaction protéine-protéine

Among methods to study protein-protein interaction inside cells, Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) is relatively simple and sensitive. BiFC ...

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18.3K vues.  University of Illinois at Chicago. L'analyse par cytométrie de complémentation de fluorescence bimoléculaire fournit une méthode quantitative à haut débit pour étudier l'interaction protéine-protéine. Cette méthode peut être appliquée à des sites de liaison aux protéines de cartographie et de criblage de facteurs qui régulent l'interaction protéine-protéine.

Vidéo: Flow Cytometric Analysis of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: A High Throughput Quantitative Method to Study Protein-protein Interaction

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

Un neuronale et astrocytes de co-culture de dosage pour l&#39;analyse du contenu haute de la neurotoxicité

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

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Biologie

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help achieve an comprehensive understanding of molecular pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the development of the non-essential gene deletion array, we can globally study the morphology of different organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria using GFP (or variant)-markers in different gene backgrounds. However, incorporating GFP markers in each single mutant individually is a labor-intensive process. Here, we describe a procedure that is routinely used in our laboratory. By using a robotic system to handle high-density yeast arrays and drug selection techniques, we can significantly shorten the time required and improve reproducibility. In brief, we cross a GFP-tagged mitochondrial marker (Apc1-GFP) to a high-density array of 4,672 nonessential gene deletion mutants by robotic replica pinning.  Through diploid selection, sporulation, germination and dual marker selection, we recover both alleles. As a result, each haploid single mutant contains Apc1-GFP incorporated at its genomic locus. Now, we can study the morphology of mitochondria in all non-essential mutant background. Using this high-throughput approach, we can conveniently study and delineate the pathways and genes involved in the inheritance and the formation of organelles in a genome-wide setting.

GFP-fusion proteins are widely used to visualize organelles by confocal microscopy. However, screening for mutations that affect the morphology of organelles generally requires individual mutagenesis and is time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a method to simultaneously incorporate organelle-GFP markers in almost 5,000 non-essential genes in yeast.

Une méthode à haut débit pour étudier la morphologie globalement organite chez S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) Assay for Protein-Protein Interaction in Onion Cells Using the Helios Gene Gun

Investigation of gene function in diverse organisms relies on knowledge of how the gene products interact with each other in their normal cellular environment. The Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) Assay1 allows researchers to visualize protein-protein interactions in living cells and has become an essential research tool. This assay is based on the facilitated association of two fragments of a fluorescent protein (GFP) that are each fused to a potential interacting protein partner. The interaction of the two protein partners would facilitate the association of the N-terminal and C-terminal fragment of GFP, leading to fluorescence. For plant researchers, onion epidermal cells are an ideal experimental system for conducting the BiFC assay because of the ease in obtaining and preparing onion tissues and the direct visualization of fluorescence with minimal background fluorescence. The Helios Gene Gun (BioRad) is commonly used for bombarding plasmid DNA into onion cells. We demonstrate the use of Helios Gene Gun to introduce plasmid constructs for two interacting Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors, SEUSS (SEU) and LEUNIG HOMOLOG (LUH)2 and the visualization of their interactions mediated by BiFC in onion epidermal cells.

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC Assay for Protein-Protein Interaction in Onion Cells Using the Helios Gene Gun

This article illustrates how to properly use the BioRad Helios Gene Gun to introduce plasmid DNA into onion epidermal cells and how to test for protein-protein interactions in onion cells based on the principle of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC)

Bimoléculaire complémentation de fluorescence (BiFC) Dosage pour les interactions protéine-protéine dans les cellules d&#39;oignon Utilisation du pistolet à gènes Helios

Investigation of gene function in diverse organisms relies on knowledge of how the gene products interact with each other in their normal cellular ...

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Defining the subcellular distribution of signaling complexes is imperative to understanding the output from that complex. Conventional methods such as immunoprecipitation do not provide information on the spatial localization of complexes. In contrast, BiFC monitors the interaction and subcellular compartmentalization of protein complexes. In this method, a fluororescent protein is split into amino- and carboxy-terminal non-fluorescent fragments which are then fused to two proteins of interest. Interaction of the proteins results in reconstitution of the fluorophore (Figure 1)1,2. A limitation of BiFC is that once the fragmented fluorophore is reconstituted the complex is irreversible3. This limitation is advantageous in detecting transient or weak interactions, but precludes a kinetic analysis of complex dynamics. An additional caveat is that the reconstituted flourophore requires 30min to mature and fluoresce, again precluding the observation of real time interactions4. BiFC is a specific example of the protein fragment complementation assay (PCA) which employs reporter proteins such as green fluorescent protein variants (BiFC), dihydrofolate reductase, b-lactamase, and luciferase to measure protein:protein interactions5,6. Alternative methods to study protein:protein interactions in cells include fluorescence co-localization and F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)7. For co-localization, two proteins are individually tagged either directly with a fluorophore or by indirect immunofluorescence. However, this approach leads to high background of non-interacting proteins making it difficult to interpret co-localization data. In addition, due to the limits of resolution of confocal microscopy, two proteins may appear co-localized without necessarily interacting. With BiFC, fluorescence is only observed when the two proteins of interest interact. FRET is another excellent method for studying protein:protein interactions, but can be technically challenging. FRET experiments require the donor and acceptor to be of similar brightness and stoichiometry in the cell. In addition, one must account for bleed through of the donor into the acceptor channel and vice versa. Unlike FRET, BiFC has little background fluorescence, little post processing of image data, does not require high overexpression, and can detect weak or transient interactions. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a method similar to FRET except the donor is an enzyme (e.g. luciferase) that catalyzes a substrate to become bioluminescent thereby exciting an acceptor. BRET lacks the technical problems of bleed through and high background fluorescence but lacks the ability to provide spatial information due to the lack of substrate localization to specific compartments8. Overall, BiFC is an excellent method for visualizing subcellular localization of protein complexes to gain insight into compartmentalized signaling.

The subcellular localization of proteins is important in determining the spatio-temporal regulation of cell signaling. Here, we describe bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) as a straightforward method for monitoring the spatial interactions of proteins in the cell.

Bimoléculaire complémentation de fluorescence

Defining the subcellular distribution of signaling complexes is imperative to understanding the output from that complex. Conventional methods such as ...

Detection of Protein Interactions in Plant using a Gateway Compatible Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) System

We have developed a BiFC technique to test the interaction between two proteins in vivo. This is accomplished by splitting a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) into two non-overlapping fragments. Each fragment is cloned in-frame to a gene of interest. These constructs can then be co-transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana via Agrobacterium mediated transformation, allowing the transit expression of fusion proteins. The reconstitution of YFP signal only occurs when the inquest proteins interact 1-7. To test and validate the protein-protein interactions, BiFC can be used together with yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assay. This may detect indirect interactions which can be overlooked in the Y2H. Gateway technology is a universal platform that enables researchers to shuttle the gene of interest (GOI) into as many expression and functional analysis systems as possible8,9. Both the orientation and reading frame can be maintained without using restriction enzymes or ligation to make expression-ready clones. As a result, one can eliminate all the re-sequencing steps to ensure consistent results throughout the experiments. We have created a series of Gateway compatible BiFC and Y2H vectors which provide researchers with easy-to-use tools to perform both BiFC and Y2H assays10. Here, we demonstrate the ease of using our BiFC system to test protein-protein interactions in N. benthamiana plants.

Detection of Protein Interactions in Plant using a Gateway Compatible Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC System

We have developed a technique to test protein-protein interactions in plant. A yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is split into two non-overlapping fragments. Each fragment is cloned in-frame to a gene of interest via Gateway system, enabling expression of fusion proteins. Reconstitution of YFP signal only occurs when the inquest proteins interact.

Détection des interactions des protéines dans les plantes en utilisant une passerelle de complémentation par fluorescence bimoléculaire Compatible (BiFC) Système

We have developed a BiFC technique to test the interaction between two proteins in vivo. This is accomplished by splitting a yellow fluorescent protein ...

A Liquid Phase Affinity Capture Assay Using Magnetic Beads to Study Protein-Protein Interaction: The Poliovirus-Nanobody Example

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. Provided that one protein can be tagged and another protein labeled, this method can be implemented for the investigation of protein-protein interactions. It is based on one hand on the recognition of the tagged protein by cobalt coated magnetic beads and on the other hand on the interaction between the tagged protein and a second specific protein that is labeled. First, the labeled and tagged proteins are mixed and incubated at room temperature. The magnetic beads, that recognize the tag, are added and the bound fraction of labeled protein is separated from the unbound fraction using magnets. The amount of labeled protein that is captured can be determined in an indirect way by measuring the signal of the labeled protein remained in the unbound fraction. The described liquid phase affinity assay is extremely useful when conformational conversion sensitive proteins are assayed. The development and application of the assay is demonstrated for the interaction between poliovirus and poliovirus recognizing nanobodies1. Since poliovirus is sensitive to conformational conversion2 when attached to a solid surface (unpublished results), the use of ELISA is limited and a liquid phase based system should therefore be preferred. An example of a liquid phase based system often used in polioresearch3,4 is the micro protein A-immunoprecipitation test5. Even though this test has proven its applicability, it requires an Fc-structure, which is absent in the nanobodies6,7. However, as another opportunity, these interesting and stable single-domain antibodies8 can be easily engineered with different tags. The widely used (His)6-tag shows affinity for bivalent ions such as nickel or cobalt, which can on their turn be easily coated on magnetic beads. We therefore developed this simple quantitative affinity capture assay based on cobalt coated magnetic beads. Poliovirus was labeled with 35S to enable unhindered interaction with the nanobodies and to make a quantitative detection feasible. The method is easy to perform and can be established with a low cost, which is further supported by the possibility of effectively regenerating the magnetic beads.

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. It is a reliable technique based on the interaction between magnetic beads and tagged proteins (e.g. nanobodies) on one hand and the affinity between the tagged protein and a second, labeled protein (e.g. poliovirus) on the other.

Un essai en phase liquide d&#39;affinité de capture utilisant des billes magnétiques pour étudier interaction protéine-protéine: Le poliovirus Exemple-Nanobodies

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. Provided that one protein can be tagged and another protein ...

Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy using Advanced 3D Fluorescence Microscopy

Prostate cancer is the leading form of malignancies among men in the U.S. While surgery carries a significant risk of impotence and incontinence, traditional chemotherapeutic approaches have been largely unsuccessful. Hormone therapy is effective at early stage, but often fails with the eventual development of hormone-refractory tumors. We have been interested in developing therapeutics targeting specific metabolic deficiency of tumor cells. We recently showed that prostate tumor cells specifically lack an enzyme (argininosuccinate synthase, or ASS) involved in the synthesis of the amino acid arginine1. This condition causes the tumor cells to become dependent on exogenous arginine, and they undergo metabolic stress when free arginine is depleted by arginine deiminase (ADI)1,10. Indeed, we have shown that human prostate cancer cells CWR22Rv1 are effectively killed by ADI with caspase-independent apoptosis and aggressive autophagy (or macroautophagy)1,2,3. Autophagy is an evolutionarily-conserved process that allows cells to metabolize unwanted proteins by lysosomal breakdown during nutritional starvation4,5. Although the essential components of this pathway are well-characterized6,7,8,9, many aspects of the molecular mechanism are still unclear - in particular, what is the role of autophagy in the death-response of prostate cancer cells after ADI treatment? In order to address this question, we required an experimental method to measure the level and extent of autophagic response in cells - and since there are no known molecular markers that can accurately track this process, we chose to develop an imaging-based approach, using quantitative 3D fluorescence microscopy11,12.
Using CWR22Rv1 cells specifically-labeled with fluorescent probes for autophagosomes and lysosomes, we show that 3D image stacks acquired with either widefield deconvolution microscopy (and later, with super-resolution, structured-illumination microscopy) can clearly capture the early stages of autophagy induction. With commercially available digital image analysis applications, we can readily obtain statistical information about autophagosome and lysosome number, size, distribution, and degree of colocalization from any imaged cell. This information allows us to precisely track the progress of autophagy in living cells and enables our continued investigation into the role of autophagy in cancer chemotherapy.

Autophagy is a ubiquitous process that enables cells to degrade and recycle proteins and organelles. We apply advanced fluorescence microscopy to visualize and quantify the small, but essential, physical changes associated with the induction of autophagy, including the formation and distribution of autophagosomes and lysosomes, and their fusion into autolysosomes.

Analyse quantitative de l&#39;autophagie en utilisant avancée Fluorescence Microscopy 3D

Prostate cancer is the leading form of malignancies among men in the U.S. While surgery carries a significant risk of impotence and incontinence, ...

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design1,2. Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay is scaled to 384-well format. The scaled down protocol reduces reagent costs by 75% and is higher throughput than previously described 96-well protocols1,3-5. Specifically, the experimental design permits robust and reproducible analysis of up to 15 peptides against one MHC II allele per 384-well ELISA plate. Using a single liquid handling robot, this method allows one researcher to analyze approximately ninety test peptides in triplicate over a range of eight concentrations and four MHC II allele types in less than 48 hr. Others working in the fields of protein deimmunization or vaccine design and development may find the protocol to be useful in facilitating their own work. In particular, the step-by-step instructions and the visual format of JoVE should allow other users to quickly and easily establish this methodology in their own labs.

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design. &#160;Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay scaled to 384-well plates is described. This cost effective format should prove useful in the fields of protein deimmunization and vaccine design and development.

Un essai de liaison à haut débit CMH II pour l&#39;analyse quantitative du peptide épitopes

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or ...

Protein-protein Interactions Visualized by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in Tobacco Protoplasts and Leaves

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is an in vivo method to monitor such interactions in plant cells. In the presented protocol the investigated candidate proteins are fused to complementary halves of fluorescent proteins and the respective constructs are introduced into plant cells via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Subsequently, the proteins are transiently expressed in tobacco leaves and the restored fluorescent signals can be detected with a confocal laser scanning microscope in the intact cells. This allows not only visualization of the interaction itself, but also the subcellular localization of the protein complexes can be determined. For this purpose, marker genes containing a fluorescent tag can be coexpressed along with the BiFC constructs, thus visualizing cellular structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus or the plasma membrane. The fluorescent signal can be monitored either directly in epidermal leaf cells or in single protoplasts, which can be easily isolated from the transformed tobacco leaves. BiFC is ideally suited to study protein-protein interactions in their natural surroundings within the living cell. However, it has to be considered that the expression has to be driven by strong promoters and that the interaction partners are modified due to fusion of the relatively large fluorescence tags, which might interfere with the interaction mechanism. Nevertheless, BiFC is an excellent complementary approach to other commonly applied methods investigating protein-protein interactions, such as coimmunoprecipitation, in vitro pull-down assays or yeast-two-hybrid experiments.

Formation of protein complexes in vivo can be visualized by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Interaction partners are fused to complementary parts of fluorescent tags and transiently expressed in tobacco leaves, resulting in a reconstituted fluorescent signal upon close proximity of the two proteins.

Interactions protéine-protéine visualisés par fluorescence bimoléculaire complémentation en protoplastes de tabac et des feuilles

Many proteins interact transiently with other proteins or are integrated into multi-protein complexes to perform their biological function. Bimolecular ...

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application &#8211; SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min&#160;on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min&#160;on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary &#8220;Manual Initialize&#8221; and &#8220;Hand Draw&#8221; tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.

We present a high-throughput image analysis software application to measure the size of three-dimensional tumor spheroids imaged with bright-field microscopy. This application provides a fast and effective way to examine the effects of therapeutic drugs on spheroids, which is beneficial for researchers who wish to use spheroids in drug screens.

À haut débit d&#39;analyse de l&#39;image de Sphéroïdes tumorales: Une application logicielle conviviale pour mesurer la taille de Sphéroïdes automatiquement et avec précision

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to ...