Nous sommes redevables à l&#39;établissement Université de l&#39;Utah de poisson zèbre pour l&#39;élevage. RID a été soutenu par le NIH R56NS053897, et LKB était un stagiaire pré-doctorale soutenue par l&#39;initiative HHMI Med-Dans-Grad.

Poisson zèbre ont été soulevées et élevés selon des procédures standard; expériences ont été approuvés par l&#39;Université de comité de protection et d&#39;utilisation des animaux dans l&#39;Utah. 1. Préparation de chirurgie plaques <ol><li> Fabriquer des plaques de chirurgie à l&#39;aide de 60 mm des boîtes de Pétri et Sylgard 184 Kit d&#39;élastomère silicone, suivant les instructions du fabricant. Remplissez plats pas plus de la moitié-plein et laisser polymériser. Magasin couvert à la température ambiante. </li></ol> 2. Préparation de Micropipettes <ol><li> Fabriquer micropipettes en chauffant et en tirant à paroi mince tube borosilicate capillaire dans un extracteur micropipette utilisant les mêmes paramètres pour faire des aiguilles de microinjection. </li><li> Sous un microscope de dissection, casser pointe de micropipette à environ 200 m de diamètre avec une pince. </li><li> Biseau bord cassé avec un micromoteur initialement à 35 °, suivie d&#39;une deuxième biseautage à 25 °. Assurez-pointe est forte et SMOOTH. Magasin terminé micropipette biseauté dans une boîte de Pétri sur une petite quantité d&#39;argile. </li></ol> 3. Préparation du poisson zèbre larves <ol><li> 7 jours avant l&#39;intervention chirurgicale, mis en place des réservoirs d&#39;accouplement de poisson zèbre mâle et femelle. </li><li> Recueillir des embryons le lendemain matin, 3 heures après les lumières s&#39;allument pour assurer un rendement maximal. Si vous utilisez une ligne de reporter transgénique comme Tg (elevl3: eGFP) knu3, embryons fécondés genre 100/100 mm de plaque de 25 ml de l&#39;E3 à 28,5 ° C. Si vous utilisez de type sauvage, sorte fécondé embryons 25/100 mm plaque dans 25 ml de l&#39;E3 à 28,5 ° C. </li><li> Si vous utilisez une ligne de journaliste, l&#39;écran d&#39;embryons pour l&#39;expression de fluorescence à 48 HPF. Permettre aux embryons identifiés à échéance à une densité de 25/100 mm plaque dans 25 ml de l&#39;E3 à 28,5 ° C. </li><li> Lorsque les larves sont 5 dpf, préparer la plaque de la chirurgie en couvrant Sylgard avec E2 + 10 mg / L de sulfate de gentamycine (GS) + Tricaine. <ol><li> Préparer bac de récupération en ajoutant 25 ml E2 + GS à un 100 mm dis Petrih. </li><li> Préparer scalpel en collant ensemble trois tampons. Cela formera un outil triangulaire avec trois rainures. </li><li> Monter une micropipette sur les écouvillons préparé en collant dans l&#39;une des rainures. </li></ol></li><li> En cas de réutilisation micropipettes, rincer jusqu&#39;à ce clair avec E2 + GS en utilisant une seringue de 1 ml et une aiguille de calibre 27 avant de monter sur écouvillons. </li></ol> Chirurgie 4. <ol><li> Anesthésier une plaque de larves à la fois (25 poissons) avec Tricaine. Les poissons sont suffisamment anesthésiée quand ils ne présentent plus la réponse au toucher. Il est important que les poissons sont complètement anesthésiés avant la chirurgie, sinon ils vont se contracter lorsque le scalpel les touche. La chirurgie est réalisée sous un microscope à dissection. </li><li> Transférer les larves à la plaque de la chirurgie. <ol><li> Sous grossissement maximum, tourner une larve à un moment de sorte qu&#39;il se trouve sur le côté avec le dos plus proche de l&#39;exploitation, le scalpel à la main. </li><li> Pince de position de sorte qu&#39;elles reposent sur le Sylgard,coudé sur la largeur de la chenille. </li><li> Fixation du scalpel de verre contre l&#39;un des bras de la pince, couper dans la face latérale dorsale de la larve au niveau de l&#39;anus, en étant sûr de ne pas couper au-delà du bord ventral de la notochorde. Tournez le scalpel pour sectionner la moelle épinière. </li><li> Répéter avec le reste des larves. Remarque: si une larve saigne, il ne se relèvera pas de la chirurgie. Retirer immédiatement la larve de la plaque de la chirurgie et de l&#39;euthanasier par surdosage Tricaine. </li></ol></li><li> Une fois la chirurgie sur le lot de larves est terminé, le transfert des animaux blessés à la plaque de recouvrement. C&#39;est pour soutenir la clairière de l&#39;anesthésie. <ol><li> Attention: lors de la collecte de larves blessés pour le transfert, assurez-vous qu&#39;ils sont collectées queue ni tête première: ne pas insister sur le site de la lésion par flexion des larves. Remarque: Tous les appareils utilisés pour la chirurgie peuvent être réutilisés, y compris les micro-pipettes. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Recovery <ol><li> Transfer blessé larves à partir de la plaque de recouvrement de 100 mm remplis de plaques 25 ml E2 + GS à une densité de 25/plate. Permettre de récupérer dans un incubateur à 28,5 ° C. </li><li> Vérifiez plaques quotidienne, retrait des animaux malades ou morts. Ne pas modifier le support jusqu&#39;à Coleps (eau douce protozoaires) sont visibles dans les médias. Lors du changement de support, ne pas transférer le poisson à une nouvelle plaque; à la place, retirer autant que possible des médias et inonder la même plaque avec les nouveaux médias. Répéter au besoin pour réduire la population Coleps. </li><li> Nourrir tous les jours avec une petite quantité de poudre de nourriture frite. Remarque: La nourriture vivante (par exemple, paramécie ou rotifères) ne peuvent pas être envoyés à des larves blessé avant d&#39;avoir récupéré la locomotion. Sinon, la nourriture vivante sera coloniser le site de la lésion et de tuer les larves. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Houweling, D. A., B&#228;r, P. R., Gispen, W. H., Joosten, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+injury:+bridging+the+lesion+and+the+role+of+neurotrophic+factors+in+repair.">Spinal cord injury: bridging the lesion and the role of neurotrophic factors in repair.</a> Progress in brain research. 117, 455-471 (1998).</li><li>Mikami, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implantation+of+dendritic+cells+in+injured+adult+spinal+cord+results+in+activation+of+endogenous+neural+stem/progenitor+cells+leading+to+de+novo+neurogenesis+and+functional+recovery.">Implantation of dendritic cells in injured adult spinal cord results in activation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells leading to de novo neurogenesis and functional recovery.</a> Journal of neuroscience research. 76 (4), 453-465 (2004).</li><li>Chernoff, E. A. G., Sato, K., Corn, A., Karcavich, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+regeneration:+intrinsic+properties+and+emerging+mechanisms.">Spinal cord regeneration: intrinsic properties and emerging mechanisms.</a> Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology. 13 (5), 361-368 (2002).</li><li>Kuscha, V., Barreiro-Iglesias, A., Becker, C. G., Becker, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+tyrosine+hydroxylase+and+serotonergic+systems+in+the+regenerating+spinal+cord+of+adult+zebrafish.">Plasticity of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonergic systems in the regenerating spinal cord of adult zebrafish.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 520 (5), 933-951 (2012).</li><li>Becker, C. G., Lieberoth, B. C., Morellini, F., Feldner, J., Becker, T., Schachner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L1.1+is+involved+in+spinal+cord+regeneration+in+adult+zebrafish.">L1.1 is involved in spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 24 (36), 7837-7842 (2004).</li><li>Hui, S. P., Dutta, A., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+response+after+crush+injury+in+adult+zebrafish+spinal+cord.">Cellular response after crush injury in adult zebrafish spinal cord.</a> Developmental Dynamics: An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 239 (11), 2962-2979 (2010).</li><li>Goldshmit, Y., Sztal, T. E., Jusuf, P. R., Hall, T. E., Nguyen-Chi, M., Currie, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fgf-dependent+glial+cell+bridges+facilitate+spinal+cord+regeneration+in+zebrafish.">Fgf-dependent glial cell bridges facilitate spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 32 (22), 7477-7492 (2012).</li><li>Reimer, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+neuron+regeneration+in+adult+zebrafish.">Motor neuron regeneration in adult zebrafish.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 28 (34), 8510-8516 (2008).</li><li>Hale, M. E., Ritter, D. A., Fetcho, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+confocal+study+of+spinal+interneurons+in+living+larval+zebrafish.">A confocal study of spinal interneurons in living larval zebrafish.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 437 (1), 1-16 (2001).</li><li>Bhatt, D. H., Otto, S. J., Depoister, B., Fetcho, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+AMP-induced+repair+of+zebrafish+spinal+circuits.">Cyclic AMP-induced repair of zebrafish spinal circuits.</a> Science. 305 (5681), 254-258 (2004).</li><li>McClenahan, P., Troup, M., Scott, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fin-tail+coordination+during+escape+and+predatory+behavior+in+larval+zebrafish.">Fin-tail coordination during escape and predatory behavior in larval zebrafish.</a> PloS one. 7 (2), (2012).</li><li>Kim, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repressor+activity+of+Headless/Tcf3+is+essential+for+vertebrate+head+formation.">Repressor activity of Headless/Tcf3 is essential for vertebrate head formation.</a> Nature. 407 (6806), 913-916 (2000).</li></ol>

Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

Lors de l&#39;apprentissage d&#39;abord cette technique, nous vous recommandons d&#39;essayer pas plus de 50-100 transections en une seule séance. Après avoir maîtrisé cette technique, nous sommes en mesure de transect de 300 embryons par heure; Toutefois, ce niveau de débit nécessite quelques mois de pratique hebdomadaire. Nous vous recommandons également de pratiquer avec une ligne de journaliste et de vérifier section complète jusqu&#39;à ce que l&#39;incidence de la résection incomplète de la moelle épi...

Traumatisme majeur à la moelle épinière humaine se traduit souvent par une paralysie permanente et la perte de sensation au-dessous du niveau de la lésion, en raison de l&#39;incapacité de repousser les axones ou relancer la neurogenèse 1,2. Contrairement aux mammifères, cependant, anamniotes y compris les salamandres et le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) montrent reprise robuste, même après résection complète de la moelle épinière 3,4. Le poisson zèbre adulte est un modèle bien établi pour étudier le processus de récupération après lésion médullaire 5-7. Après résection complète de la moelle épinière, le rétablissement de la fonction sensorielle et de la locomotive est observé chez le poisson zèbre adulte 6 semaines après la lésion 8. Afin d&#39;examiner le processus de régénération in vivo, nous avons tourné à le poisson zèbre larvaire transparent 9. Nous présentons ici une méthode pour sectionner la moelle épinière d&#39;un 5 jours après la fécondation (DPF) de poisson zèbre larvaire using une pipette de micro-injection biseauté comme un scalpel, modifié de Bhatt, et al. 10 Cette méthode prend en charge un débit élevé, une faible mortalité, et la reproductibilité. Avec la pratique, 300 larves / h peut être sectionné, et plus de 6 mois transections, y compris plus de 3600 animaux, 98,75% ± 0,72% ont survécu jusqu&#39;à 7 jours après la lésion (dpi). Nos données montrent une reprise rapide de locomotion sensorielle et ainsi: à 1 dpi, tout mouvement par les poissons blessés est entraîné par pectoral locomotion fin seulement. Cependant, les larves commencent à répondre au tungstène aiguille touche caudale à sectionnement par 2 dpi, rétablir mouvement C-virage par 3 dpi, et afficher la natation prédateur de 5 dpi 11. Utilisation de la coloration des anticorps contre la tubuline acétylée, nous avons confirmé que les axones sont absents du site de la lésion à 1 dpi, mais nous avons traversé le site de la lésion par 5 dpi. Nous croyons que ce protocole permettra une technique précieuse pour l&#39;étude de la repousse axonale et la neurogenèse dans la moelle épinière suite à une blessure. </p&gt;

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:733px;" width="733">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">60mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82050-544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">100mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89038-968</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9644388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">borosilicate capillary tubing: OD 1.00mm ID 0.78mm</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Warner Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">64-0778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">forceps</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fine Scientific Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">disssection microscope</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ6454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">microgrinder</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EG-44</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Gentamycin Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Amresco Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0304-5G</td>
			<td>dissolve in water 10mg/ml, store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Tricaine</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">118000100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">cotton tipped applicator, wood, 6-inch</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">1ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">309625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">27 ga. needle</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Fry food</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Argent Labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-ARGE-PTL-CN</td>
			<td>store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">micropipette puller</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sutter Instrument Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model P-97</td>
			<td>Box Filament FB330B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">20x E2 (1L)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">17.5g NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S671-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">0.75g KCl</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P217-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">2.90g CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7902-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">4.90g MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MX0070-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.41g KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P285-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.12g Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0876-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">500x NaCO3 (10ml)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>make fresh, discard extra</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.35g NaCO3</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">1x E2 (1L)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">50ml 20x E2</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">2ml fresh 500x NaCO3</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

spinal cord transection in the larval zebrafish

Mammifères échouent dans la récupération sensitive et motrice après une lésion de la moelle épinière en raison du manque de repousse axonale dessous du niveau de la lésion ainsi que l&#39;incapacité de relancer la neurogenèse vertébrale. Cependant, certains anamniotes y compris le poisson zèbre Danio rerio présentent à la fois sensible et la récupération fonctionnelle, même après section complète de la moelle épinière. Le poisson zèbre adulte est un organisme modèle établi pour l&#39;étude de la régénération après une lésion de la moelle épinière, à la récupération motrice et sensorielle de six semaines après la lésion. Pour profiter de l&#39;analyse in vivo du processus de régénération disponible chez le poisson zèbre larvaire transparent ainsi que des outils génétiques pas accessible chez l&#39;adulte, nous utilisons le poisson zèbre larves d&#39;étudier la régénération de la moelle après résection du cordon. Ici, nous démontrons une méthode pour reproductible et vérifiable sectionnant la moelle épinière larvaire. Après résection, nos données montrent récupération sensorielle début à deux jours après la lésion (ppp), l&#39;esprith le mouvement de C-coude détectable par 3 dpi et la reprise de nage libre par 5 dpi. Ainsi, nous vous proposons le poisson zèbre larvaire comme un outil d&#39;accompagnement pour le poisson zèbre adulte pour l&#39;étude de la récupération après une blessure de la moelle épinière.

Afin de réduire la gravité des lésions des tissus entourant le site de la lésion, bon biseautage de la micropipette est critique. Figure 1A montre une pointe biseautée correctement. En utilisant une pointe qui est trop large (figure 1B) tend à entraîner le décès plus élevés en raison de la probabilité accrue d&#39;entailler l&#39;aorte dorsale, tandis qu&#39;une astuce qui est trop étroite (figure 1C) a tendance à ricocher sur la peau plutôt que couper le...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Après sectionnement de la moelle, le poisson zèbre adulte a la récupération fonctionnelle de six semaines après la lésion. Pour profiter de la transparence des larves et une récupération plus rapide, nous présentons une méthode pour sectionnant la moelle épinière larvaire. Après résection, nous observons la récupération sensorielle à partir de 2 jours après la lésion, et le mouvement C-coude de 3 jours après la lésion.

Spinal Cord Transection dans le poisson zèbre larvaire

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

spinal-cord-transection-in-the-larval-zebrafish

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.8K vues.  University of Utah.  Après sectionnement de la moelle, le poisson zèbre adulte a la récupération fonctionnelle de six semaines après la lésion. Pour profiter de la transparence des larves et une récupération plus rapide, nous présentons une méthode pour sectionnant la moelle épinière larvaire. Après résection, nous observons la récupération sensorielle à partir de 2 jours après la lésion, et le mouvement C-coude de 3 jours après la lésion. 

Vidéo: Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Dissection et la culture de neurones de la moelle épinière commissurales embryonnaires

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Recherche

Neurosciences

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

La moelle épinière électrophysiologie II: fabrication des électrodes extracellulaires d&#39;aspiration

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

Prosencéphale enregistrement électrophysiologique des larves dans le poisson-zèbre

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene knockdown approaches can be utilized to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying nervous system development. Second, large clutches of developmentally synchronized embryos provide large experimental sample sizes. Third, the optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo permits researchers to visualize progenitor, glial, and neuronal populations. Although zebrafish embryos are transparent, specimen thickness can impede effective microscopic visualization. One reason for this is the tandem development of the spinal cord and overlying somite tissue. Another reason is the large yolk ball, which is still present during periods of early neurogenesis. In this article, we demonstrate microdissection and removal of the yolk in fixed embryos, which allows microscopic visualization while preserving surrounding somite tissue. We also demonstrate semipermanent mounting of zebrafish embryos. This permits observation of neurodevelopment in the dorso-ventral and anterior-posterior axes, as it preserves the three-dimensionality of the tissue.

Developmental processes such as proliferation, patterning, differentiation, and axon guidance can be readily modeled in the zebrafish spinal cord. In this article, we describe a mounting procedure for zebrafish embryos, which optimizes visualization of these events.

Dissection et montage latéral embryons de poisson zèbre: Analyse de la moelle épinière développement

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene ...

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by short distance regeneration (a few mm) of propriospinal axons and spinal-projecting axons from the brainstem. Among the 36 large identifiable spinal-projecting neurons, some are good regenerators and others are bad regenerators. These neurons can most easily be identified in wholemount CNS preparations. In order to understand the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that favor or inhibit axon regeneration after injury in the vertebrates CNS, we determine differences in gene expression between the good and bad regenerators, and how expression is influenced by spinal cord transection. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing larval and recently transformed adult sea lampreys in fresh water tanks, producing complete spinal cord transections under microscopic vision, and preparing brain and spinal cord wholemounts for in situ hybridization. Briefly, animals are kept at 16&#160;&#176;C and anesthetized in 1% Benzocaine in lamprey Ringer. The spinal cord is transected with iridectomy scissors via a dorsal approach and the animal is allowed to recover in fresh water tanks at 23 &#176;C. For in situ hybridization, animals are reanesthetized and the brain and cord removed via a dorsal approach.

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

Lampreys recover locomotion after a complete spinal cord injury. However, some spinal-projecting neurons are good regenerators and others are not. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing sea lamprey larvae (and recently transformed adults), producing complete spinal cord transections and preparing wholemount brains and spinal cords for in situ hybridization.

Spinal Cord Injury complète et cerveau Protocole Dissection pour Wholemount suite<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Hybridation dans des larves de la lamproie marine

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cases of disease or injury. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), is sensitive to the thermal motion of water molecules and allows for inferences of tissue microstructure. This report describes a protocol to acquire and analyze DWI of the rat cervical spinal cord on a small-bore animal system. It demonstrates an imaging setup for the live anesthetized animal and recommends a DWI acquisition protocol for high-quality imaging, which includes stabilization of the cord and control of respiratory motion. Measurements with diffusion weighting along different directions and magnitudes (b-values) are used. Finally, several mathematical models of the resulting signal are used to derive maps of the diffusion processes within the spinal cord tissue that provide insight into the normal cord and can be used to monitor injury or disease processes noninvasively.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high-quality diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the rat spinal cord for noninvasive characterization of tissue microstructure. This protocol describes optimizations of the MRI sequence, radiofrequency coil, and analysis methods to enable DWI images free from artifacts.

Diffusion d&#39;imagerie dans la moelle épinière cervicale Rat

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing organisms, combined with the embryonic optical clarity, served as initial compelling attributes of this model. Over the past two decades, the success of this model has been further propelled by its amenability to large-scale mutagenesis screens and by the ease of transgenesis. More recently, gene-editing approaches have extended the power of the model.
For neurodevelopmental studies, the zebrafish embryo and larva provide a model to which multiple methods can be applied. Here, we focus on methods that allow the study of an essential property of neurons, electrical excitability. Our preparation for the electrophysiological study of zebrafish spinal neurons involves the use of veterinarian suture glue to secure the preparation to a recording chamber. Alternative methods for recording from zebrafish embryos and larvae involve the attachment of the preparation to the chamber using a fine tungsten pin1,2,3,4,5. A tungsten pin is most often used to mount the preparation in a lateral orientation, although it has been used to mount larvae dorsal-side up4. The suture glue has been used to mount embryos and larvae in both orientations. Using the glue, a minimal dissection can be performed, allowing access to spinal neurons without the use of an enzymatic treatment, thereby avoiding any resultant damage. However, for larvae, it is necessary to apply a brief enzyme treatment to remove the muscle tissue surrounding the spinal cord. The methods described here have been used to study the intrinsic electrical properties of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons at several developmental stages6,7,8,9.

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

This manuscript describes methods for electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The preparation maintains neurons in situ and often involves minimum dissection. These methods allow for the electrophysiological study of a variety of spinal neurons, from the initial electrical excitability acquisition through the early larval stages.

poisson zèbre<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Préparation à la moelle épinière électrophysiologiques Les enregistrements de la colonne vertébrale et sensorielle motoneurones

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Imagerie de l’activité neuronale dans le Cortex somatosensoriel primaire utilisant Thy1-GCaMP6s des souris transgéniques

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated digital vaporizer is utilized to achieve a stable plane of anesthesia at a low-flow rate of isoflurane. A single vertebral spine is removed, and a commercially available cover-glass is overlaid on a thin agarose bed. A 3D-printed plastic backplate is then affixed to the adjacent vertebral spines using tissue adhesive and dental cement. A stabilization platform is used to reduce motion artifact from respiration and heartbeat. This rapid and clamp-free method is well-suited for acute multi-photon fluorescence microscopy. Representative data are included for an application of this technique to two-photon microscopy of the spinal cord vasculature in transgenic mice expressing eGFP:Claudin-5 &#8212; a tight junction protein.

This protocol describes implantation of a glass window onto the spinal cord of a mouse to facilitate visualization by intravital microscopy.

Laminectomy et implantation de fenêtre de moelle épinière dans la souris

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

Livraison intra-artérielle de cellules souches neuronales au cerveau du rat et de la souris : application à l’ischémie cérébrale

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...