私たちは、畜産用のユタ大学のゼブラフィッシュ施設にお世話になっている。 RIDは、NIH R56NS053897によってサポートされ、LKBはハワードヒューズマックイントゥ·グラッドイニシアティブでサポートされている博士号を取得する前の研修生だった。

ゼブラフィッシュは、標準的な手順に従って上昇して飼育した。実験は、ユタ大学の機関動物実験委員会によって承認された。 外科プレートの1。準備<ol><li>製造者の指示に従って、60ミリメートルペトリ皿とシルガード184シリコーンエラストマーキットを使用した手術プレートを作成します。ハーフフル超えない料理を記入し、重合させることができます。ストアは、室温でカバーした。 </li></ol>マイクロピペットの2。準備<ol><li>加熱およびマイクロインジェクションの針を作るために同じ設定を使用してマイクロピペットプラーで薄肉ホウケイ酸キャピラリーチューブを引っ張ってマイクロピペットを製作。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下では、ピンセットで直径約200μmのマイクロピペットの先端をオフにスナップします。 </li><li> 25℃で第二面取りが続く35°に最初にmicrogrinderとベベル壊れエッジ。先端が鋭く、SMOであることを確認してくださいOTH。ストアは、粘土を少量にペトリ皿に傾斜したマイクロピペットを終えた。 </li></ol>ゼブラフィッシュ幼生の3。準備<ol><li>手術前7日間は、男性と女性のゼブラフィッシュの合わせタンクを設置しました。 </li><li>ライトは最大収率を確保するために点灯3時間後、翌朝の胚を収集します。 28.5℃で、E3の25ミリリットル中knu3、ソート受精胚100/100 mmプレート：などのTg（EGFP elevl3）トランスジェニックレポーターラインを使用している場合28.5℃で、E3の25ミリリットル中の野生型を使用している場合は、ソート受精胚100分の25 mmプレート</li><li>リポーターラインを使用している場合は、48 HPFの蛍光式の胚を選別。識別された胚は28.5℃で、E3の25ミリリットルで100分の25 mmプレートの密度で成熟することができます</li><li>幼虫は5 DPFである場合には、E2 + 10 mg / Lの硫酸ゲンタマイシン（GS）+トリカインでシルガードを覆うことにより、手術プレートを準備します。 <ol><li> 100ミリメートルペトリDISに25ミリリットルのE2 + GSを追加することで、回復の料理を準備しますH。 </li><li>一緒に3綿棒をテーピングでメスを準備します。これは、3つの溝を有する三角形のツールを形成する。 </li><li>溝の1にそれをテープで綿棒に準備されたマイクロピペットをマウントします。 </li></ol></li><li> 1ミリリットル注射器や綿棒に取り付ける前に27 G針を使用して、E2 + GSで透明になるまでフラッシュ、マイクロピペットを再利用する場合。 </li></ol> 4。手術<ol><li>トリカインとの時間（25 FISH）で幼虫の1プレートを麻酔。彼らはもはやタッチ応答を示さないときに魚が十分に麻酔する。それは、メスが接触した場合に、それ以外の場合はけいれんし、魚が完全に手術前に麻酔をかけることが重要です。手術は、解剖顕微鏡下で行われる。 </li><li>手術プレートに幼虫を移します。 <ol><li>それはメスを持つ手に、その背中に最も近いとの側にあるように、最大​​倍率の下では、一度に1幼虫を回転させる。 </li><li>それらはシルガードに載るように位置が、鉗子幼虫の幅にわたって傾斜し。 </li><li>鉗子のアームの1に対するガラスメスをブレー​​ス、必ず脊索の腹側縁部を越えて切らないようなので、肛門毛穴のレベルで幼虫の背側面にカット。脊髄を切断するメスをねじります。 </li><li>残りの幼虫を繰り返します。 注意：幼虫出血した場​​合、それは手術から回復しません。すぐに手術プレートから幼虫を削除し、トリカインの過剰摂取を経由して、それを安楽死させる。 </li></ol></li><li>幼虫のバッチの手術が完了すると、転送が回復板に動物が負傷した。これは麻酔のクリアをサポートすることです。 <ol><li>注意：転送のため負傷した幼虫を収集する際、彼らが最初に頭や尾を収集していることを確認してください。幼虫を折り曲げて損傷部位を圧迫することはありません。 注：手術のために使用するすべてのデバイスは、マイクロピペットを含め、再利用することができます。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5。復旧<ol><li> TR25/plateの密度で、25ミリリットルE2 + GSが充填された100mmプレートに回収プレートからansfer負傷幼虫。 28.5℃のインキュベーターで回復することができます。 </li><li>病気や死んだ動物を除去し、日々のプレートを確認してください。 Coleps（淡水原虫）がメディアに表示されるまで、メディアを変更しないでください。メディアを変更する場合は、新しいプレートに魚を転送しない。代わりに、可能な限り多くのメディアを削除し、新しいメディアと同じプレートをあふれさせる。 Colepsの人口を減らすために、必要に応じて繰り返します。 </li><li>粉末状の稚魚食品の少量を毎日食べます。 注意：ライブ食品（ 例えば 、ゾウリムシやワムシ）は、彼らが運動を回復した後まで負傷した幼虫に供給することができません。それ以外の場合は、ライブ食べ物は損傷部位を植民地化し、幼虫を殺すでしょう。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Houweling, D. A., B&#228;r, P. R., Gispen, W. H., Joosten, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+injury:+bridging+the+lesion+and+the+role+of+neurotrophic+factors+in+repair.">Spinal cord injury: bridging the lesion and the role of neurotrophic factors in repair.</a> Progress in brain research. 117, 455-471 (1998).</li><li>Mikami, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implantation+of+dendritic+cells+in+injured+adult+spinal+cord+results+in+activation+of+endogenous+neural+stem/progenitor+cells+leading+to+de+novo+neurogenesis+and+functional+recovery.">Implantation of dendritic cells in injured adult spinal cord results in activation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells leading to de novo neurogenesis and functional recovery.</a> Journal of neuroscience research. 76 (4), 453-465 (2004).</li><li>Chernoff, E. A. G., Sato, K., Corn, A., Karcavich, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+regeneration:+intrinsic+properties+and+emerging+mechanisms.">Spinal cord regeneration: intrinsic properties and emerging mechanisms.</a> Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology. 13 (5), 361-368 (2002).</li><li>Kuscha, V., Barreiro-Iglesias, A., Becker, C. G., Becker, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+tyrosine+hydroxylase+and+serotonergic+systems+in+the+regenerating+spinal+cord+of+adult+zebrafish.">Plasticity of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonergic systems in the regenerating spinal cord of adult zebrafish.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 520 (5), 933-951 (2012).</li><li>Becker, C. G., Lieberoth, B. C., Morellini, F., Feldner, J., Becker, T., Schachner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L1.1+is+involved+in+spinal+cord+regeneration+in+adult+zebrafish.">L1.1 is involved in spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 24 (36), 7837-7842 (2004).</li><li>Hui, S. P., Dutta, A., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+response+after+crush+injury+in+adult+zebrafish+spinal+cord.">Cellular response after crush injury in adult zebrafish spinal cord.</a> Developmental Dynamics: An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 239 (11), 2962-2979 (2010).</li><li>Goldshmit, Y., Sztal, T. E., Jusuf, P. R., Hall, T. E., Nguyen-Chi, M., Currie, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fgf-dependent+glial+cell+bridges+facilitate+spinal+cord+regeneration+in+zebrafish.">Fgf-dependent glial cell bridges facilitate spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 32 (22), 7477-7492 (2012).</li><li>Reimer, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+neuron+regeneration+in+adult+zebrafish.">Motor neuron regeneration in adult zebrafish.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 28 (34), 8510-8516 (2008).</li><li>Hale, M. E., Ritter, D. A., Fetcho, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+confocal+study+of+spinal+interneurons+in+living+larval+zebrafish.">A confocal study of spinal interneurons in living larval zebrafish.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 437 (1), 1-16 (2001).</li><li>Bhatt, D. H., Otto, S. J., Depoister, B., Fetcho, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+AMP-induced+repair+of+zebrafish+spinal+circuits.">Cyclic AMP-induced repair of zebrafish spinal circuits.</a> Science. 305 (5681), 254-258 (2004).</li><li>McClenahan, P., Troup, M., Scott, E. 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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

当初はこの手法を学習するとき、我々は、単一のセッションにはもう50〜100以上の離断をしようとしてお勧めします。このテクニックをマスターした後、我々は時間当たり300胚まで横断することができます。しかし、スループットのレベルは、毎週の練習の数ヶ月を必要とします。また、レポーター線と練習および不完全脊髄切断の発生率が1％未満になるまで完全に離断を検証することをお?...

人間の脊髄への大きな外傷は、しばしば軸索を再成長や神経新生1,2を再開することができないことに、永続的な麻痺や損傷のレベル以下の感覚の損失をもたらす。哺乳類とは対照的に、しかし、サンショウウオやゼブラフィッシュ（ ゼブラフィッシュ ）を含むanamniotesでも、完全な脊髄切断の3,4の後に強固な回復を示している。 大人のゼブラフィッシュは、脊髄損傷の5-7次の回復過程を研究するための十分に確立されたモデルである。完全な脊髄切断後、感覚や機関車の機能の再構築は、損傷後8 6週間で成人のゼブラフィッシュで観察される。 インビボでの再生過程を調べるために、我々は、透明な幼虫のゼブラフィッシュ9になった。 ここでは、5日後に受精（DPF）幼虫ゼブラフィッシュUSIの脊髄を横断するための方法を提示バットから変更小刀などの面取りマイクロインジェクションピペットを、、Ng ら。10この方法は、高スループット、低死亡率、および再現性をサポートしています。練習すれば300幼虫/ HRは横に切開することができ、3600以上の動物を含む離断の6ヶ月間にわたって、0.72％±98.75パーセントは、7日間、損傷後（DPI）まで生存した。我々のデータは、同様に、感覚と運動の急速な回復を示しています。1 dpiで、負傷した魚にすべての動きだけ胸びれ運動によって駆動される。しかし、幼虫は、2解像度によって離断にタッチ尾針タングステンに反応する3解像度によるC曲げ運動を再確立し、5解像度11で捕食水泳を表示し始める。アセチル化チューブリンに対する抗体染色を用いて、我々は、軸索は1 dpiで損傷部位には存在しないことを確認したが、5解像度によって損傷部位を横断している。我々は、このプロトコルは、損傷後の脊髄における軸索再生および神経発生の研究のための貴重な技術を提供すると確信しています。 </p&gt;

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:733px;" width="733">
	<colgroup>
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">60mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82050-544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">100mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89038-968</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9644388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">borosilicate capillary tubing: OD 1.00mm ID 0.78mm</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Warner Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">64-0778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">forceps</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fine Scientific Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">disssection microscope</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ6454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">microgrinder</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EG-44</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Gentamycin Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Amresco Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0304-5G</td>
			<td>dissolve in water 10mg/ml, store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Tricaine</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">118000100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">cotton tipped applicator, wood, 6-inch</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">1ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">309625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">27 ga. needle</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Fry food</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Argent Labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-ARGE-PTL-CN</td>
			<td>store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">micropipette puller</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sutter Instrument Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model P-97</td>
			<td>Box Filament FB330B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">20x E2 (1L)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">17.5g NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S671-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">0.75g KCl</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P217-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">2.90g CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7902-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">4.90g MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MX0070-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.41g KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P285-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.12g Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0876-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">500x NaCO3 (10ml)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>make fresh, discard extra</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.35g NaCO3</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">1x E2 (1L)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">50ml 20x E2</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">2ml fresh 500x NaCO3</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

spinal cord transection in the larval zebrafish

哺乳類は軸索損傷のレベル以下の再成長だけでなく、脊髄神経発生を再開することができないことが不足しているため、脊髄損傷後の感覚と運動の回復に失敗します。しかし、脊髄の完全な切断後の感覚と機能回復の両方ゼブラフィッシュゼブラフィッシュの展示を含むいくつかのanamniotes。大人のゼブラフィッシュは、6週間後損傷によって感覚と運動の回復を、脊髄損傷後の再生を研究するための確立されたモデル生物である。透明幼虫ゼブラフィッシュで利用可能な再生過程のin vivo解析だけでなく、大人ではアクセスできません遺伝的なツールを活用するために、我々は脊髄切断後の再生を研究するため、幼虫のゼブラフィッシュを使用しています。ここでは、再現性と検証可能幼虫脊髄を離断するための方法を示しています。切断後、我々のデータは2日後損傷（DPI）から始まる感覚の回復を示しており、ウィット5解像度による自由遊泳の3解像度および再開によって検出可能なH C - 曲げ運動。したがって、私たちは、脊髄損傷後の回復の研究のための大人のゼブラフィッシュのコンパニオンツールとして幼虫のゼブラフィッシュを提案する。

損傷部位の周囲の組織損傷の重症度を低減するために、マイクロピペットを適切に面取りが重要である。 図1（a）は正しくベベル先端を示している。広すぎる先端（ 図1B）を使用することで（ 図1C）が狭すぎる先端ながら、原因背側大動脈のニッキング可能性の増大に高い死亡者が発生する傾向がある肌オフ一目ではなく、組織を切断する傾向がある。 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

脊髄切断後、大人のゼブラフィッシュは、6週間後損傷によって機能回復を持っている。幼虫の透明性と迅速な復旧を活用するために、我々は、幼虫の脊髄を離断するための方法を提示する。切断後、我々は、3日後に傷害によって2日後の傷害、およびC-曲がり動きで始まる感覚の回復を観察します。

幼虫のゼブラフィッシュにおける脊髄切断

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

spinal-cord-transection-in-the-larval-zebrafish

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.7K ビュー.  University of Utah. 脊髄切断後、大人のゼブラフィッシュは、6週間後損傷によって機能回復を持っている。幼虫の透明性と迅速な復旧を活用するために、我々は、幼虫の脊髄を離断するための方法を提示する。切断後、我々は、3日後に傷害によって2日後の傷害、およびC-曲がり動きで始まる感覚の回復を観察します。 

ビデオ: Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

胚の脊髄から交連ニューロンの解剖と文化

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

神経科学

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

脊髄電気生理学II：細胞外吸引電極の作製

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

ゼブラフィッシュ幼生における前脳電気生理学的記録

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene knockdown approaches can be utilized to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying nervous system development. Second, large clutches of developmentally synchronized embryos provide large experimental sample sizes. Third, the optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo permits researchers to visualize progenitor, glial, and neuronal populations. Although zebrafish embryos are transparent, specimen thickness can impede effective microscopic visualization. One reason for this is the tandem development of the spinal cord and overlying somite tissue. Another reason is the large yolk ball, which is still present during periods of early neurogenesis. In this article, we demonstrate microdissection and removal of the yolk in fixed embryos, which allows microscopic visualization while preserving surrounding somite tissue. We also demonstrate semipermanent mounting of zebrafish embryos. This permits observation of neurodevelopment in the dorso-ventral and anterior-posterior axes, as it preserves the three-dimensionality of the tissue.

Developmental processes such as proliferation, patterning, differentiation, and axon guidance can be readily modeled in the zebrafish spinal cord. In this article, we describe a mounting procedure for zebrafish embryos, which optimizes visualization of these events.

解剖やゼブラフィッシュ胚の横方向の取付：脊髄発達の解析

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene ...

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by short distance regeneration (a few mm) of propriospinal axons and spinal-projecting axons from the brainstem. Among the 36 large identifiable spinal-projecting neurons, some are good regenerators and others are bad regenerators. These neurons can most easily be identified in wholemount CNS preparations. In order to understand the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that favor or inhibit axon regeneration after injury in the vertebrates CNS, we determine differences in gene expression between the good and bad regenerators, and how expression is influenced by spinal cord transection. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing larval and recently transformed adult sea lampreys in fresh water tanks, producing complete spinal cord transections under microscopic vision, and preparing brain and spinal cord wholemounts for in situ hybridization. Briefly, animals are kept at 16&#160;&#176;C and anesthetized in 1% Benzocaine in lamprey Ringer. The spinal cord is transected with iridectomy scissors via a dorsal approach and the animal is allowed to recover in fresh water tanks at 23 &#176;C. For in situ hybridization, animals are reanesthetized and the brain and cord removed via a dorsal approach.

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

Lampreys recover locomotion after a complete spinal cord injury. However, some spinal-projecting neurons are good regenerators and others are not. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing sea lamprey larvae (and recently transformed adults), producing complete spinal cord transections and preparing wholemount brains and spinal cords for in situ hybridization.

その後のホールマウントのための完全な脊髄損傷や脳解剖プロトコル<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;幼虫海ヤツメウナギにおけるハイブリダイゼーション

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cases of disease or injury. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), is sensitive to the thermal motion of water molecules and allows for inferences of tissue microstructure. This report describes a protocol to acquire and analyze DWI of the rat cervical spinal cord on a small-bore animal system. It demonstrates an imaging setup for the live anesthetized animal and recommends a DWI acquisition protocol for high-quality imaging, which includes stabilization of the cord and control of respiratory motion. Measurements with diffusion weighting along different directions and magnitudes (b-values) are used. Finally, several mathematical models of the resulting signal are used to derive maps of the diffusion processes within the spinal cord tissue that provide insight into the normal cord and can be used to monitor injury or disease processes noninvasively.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high-quality diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the rat spinal cord for noninvasive characterization of tissue microstructure. This protocol describes optimizations of the MRI sequence, radiofrequency coil, and analysis methods to enable DWI images free from artifacts.

ラット頸部脊髄の拡散イメージング

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing organisms, combined with the embryonic optical clarity, served as initial compelling attributes of this model. Over the past two decades, the success of this model has been further propelled by its amenability to large-scale mutagenesis screens and by the ease of transgenesis. More recently, gene-editing approaches have extended the power of the model.
For neurodevelopmental studies, the zebrafish embryo and larva provide a model to which multiple methods can be applied. Here, we focus on methods that allow the study of an essential property of neurons, electrical excitability. Our preparation for the electrophysiological study of zebrafish spinal neurons involves the use of veterinarian suture glue to secure the preparation to a recording chamber. Alternative methods for recording from zebrafish embryos and larvae involve the attachment of the preparation to the chamber using a fine tungsten pin1,2,3,4,5. A tungsten pin is most often used to mount the preparation in a lateral orientation, although it has been used to mount larvae dorsal-side up4. The suture glue has been used to mount embryos and larvae in both orientations. Using the glue, a minimal dissection can be performed, allowing access to spinal neurons without the use of an enzymatic treatment, thereby avoiding any resultant damage. However, for larvae, it is necessary to apply a brief enzyme treatment to remove the muscle tissue surrounding the spinal cord. The methods described here have been used to study the intrinsic electrical properties of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons at several developmental stages6,7,8,9.

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

This manuscript describes methods for electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The preparation maintains neurons in situ and often involves minimum dissection. These methods allow for the electrophysiological study of a variety of spinal neurons, from the initial electrical excitability acquisition through the early larval stages.

ゼブラフィッシュ<em&gt;その場での</em&gt;脊髄脊髄感覚運動ニューロンからの電気生理学的記録のための準備

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1を用いた一次体性感覚野における神経活動のイメージング-GCaMP6s トランスジェニック マウス

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated digital vaporizer is utilized to achieve a stable plane of anesthesia at a low-flow rate of isoflurane. A single vertebral spine is removed, and a commercially available cover-glass is overlaid on a thin agarose bed. A 3D-printed plastic backplate is then affixed to the adjacent vertebral spines using tissue adhesive and dental cement. A stabilization platform is used to reduce motion artifact from respiration and heartbeat. This rapid and clamp-free method is well-suited for acute multi-photon fluorescence microscopy. Representative data are included for an application of this technique to two-photon microscopy of the spinal cord vasculature in transgenic mice expressing eGFP:Claudin-5 &#8212; a tight junction protein.

This protocol describes implantation of a glass window onto the spinal cord of a mouse to facilitate visualization by intravital microscopy.

マウスにおける線込みおよび脊髄窓移植

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

ラットおよびマウス脳への神経幹細胞の動脈内デリバリー:脳虚血への応用

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...