Support provided by grant AA019462 to DAH and AA019884 to DDS.

Toutes les procédures décrites ici et dans la vidéo qui l&#39;accompagne ont été approuvés par les soins et l&#39;utilisation des comités institutionnels animaux de la Health Sciences Center et le campus principal de l&#39;Université du Nouveau-Mexique. 1. prénatale éthanol exposition <ol><li> Obtenir tous les matériaux et produits chimiques nécessaires: saccharine hydrate de sel de sodium, éthanol 190 proof (95% d&#39;alcool par volume), tubes de boire de verre perles, caoutchouc naturel blanc # 4 bouchon à un trou, une «point de pliage tubes-ball, les dirigeants de papier imprimées à partir de www .vendian.org / mncharity / rep3 / paper_rulers /. </li><li> Obtenir éprouvées rats surgénérateurs adulte auprès d&#39;un fournisseur ou d&#39;une source alternative. Utilisez éleveurs Long-Evans pour les méthodes et les données représentatives présentées dans ce protocole. Les femelles pèsent de 125 à 150 g et 6-7 semaines d&#39;âge à l&#39;arrivée de telle sorte qu&#39;ils sont environ 9-10 semaines au moment de la reproduction (étape 1.5). Veiller à ce que tous les barrages potentiels sont mères pour la première fois. Assurez-vous que les hommes sont 12semaines d&#39;âge à l&#39;arrivée et 15 semaines vieux au début du protocole d&#39;élevage. </li><li> Maison les animaux individuellement dans des cages en plastique à 22 ° C sur 12 heures de lumière / obscurité horaire inverse (allume 21h00-9h00 h). Fournir un accès à la nourriture et l&#39;eau du robinet ad libitum pendant toute l&#39;étude, y compris pendant toutes les sessions de consommation. Prévoyez au moins 1 semaine pour l&#39;acclimatation à l&#39;installation avant de procéder à l&#39;étape 1.4. </li><li> Obtenir le poids corporel de référence pour chaque rat femelle. </li><li> Évaluer les niveaux de consommation d&#39;alcool avant la grossesse chez les rats femelles pendant 2 semaines. Suivez les étapes 1.5.1-1.5.6 dans l&#39;ordre. <ol><li> Les jours 1 et 2 Remplir un tube potable contenant 0,066% de la saccharine solution (pas d&#39;éthanol) dans l&#39;eau du robinet. Pour quantifier la consommation apposer une règle de papier avec précision mm au tube potable avant de le remplir. Utilisez cette méthode car elle réduit erreur de mesure associée à la pesée des tubes de quantifier la consommation d&#39;éthanol. Remplissez le tube jusqu&#39;à la marque de 20 mm sur la règle. Commencez drinki-quatre heuressessions ng (étapes 1.5.1-1.5.6 et 1,7) 1 h après le début de la phase d&#39;obscurité (10:00 h) lorsque les niveaux d&#39;activité et de consommation sont les plus élevés. </li><li> A la fin de chaque session de boisson quantifier le volume de la solution de saccharine qui a été consommé. Pour faciliter la mesure, de déterminer le volume de solution par mm sur la règle à l&#39;avance et à convertir mm volumes. Pour les tubes recommandés ici chaque mm correspond à 0,366 ml. </li><li> Les jours 3 et 4 remplir un tube avec 2,5% d&#39;éthanol (v / v) et une solution de saccharine 0,066% dans l&#39;eau du robinet. A la fin de chaque session de quantifier la quantité de solution d&#39;éthanol (poids par kg de poids corporel) qui a été consommé. </li><li> Au jour 5 et ensuite remplir un tube avec 5% d&#39;éthanol (v / v) et une solution de saccharine 0,066% dans l&#39;eau du robinet. A la fin de chaque session de quantifier la quantité de solution d&#39;éthanol (poids par kg de poids corporel) qui a été consommé. </li><li> À la fin de la phase de pré-grossesse potable peser les rats et calculer la consom éthanol moyenneption et l&#39;écart type pour le groupe entier. Retirer les rats dont la consommation moyenne est supérieure à 1 écart-type au-dessus ou en dessous de la moyenne du groupe de l&#39;étude pour réduire la variabilité dans l&#39;eau potable volontaire pendant la grossesse. </li><li> Affectez les rats restants soit le contrôle de la saccharine ou PAE conditions telles que les niveaux de consommation d&#39;alcool avant la grossesse sont appariés aussi étroitement que possible pour les deux groupes. </li></ol></li><li> Dans 1-14 jours paire chaque rat femelle avec un mâle reproducteur prouvé. Des rats femelles ne consomment pas d&#39;éthanol pendant la phase de reproduction. Confirmer la grossesse par la présence d&#39;un bouchon vaginal, peser le rat femelle, et la loger individuellement. Ceci est défini comme jour de gestation 1. En option, laisser les rats femelles avec un mâle reproducteur pour un maximum de cinq jours, après quoi enlever les femmes de l&#39;étude. NOTE: Parce que la consommation d&#39;éthanol pendant la grossesse commence à 10:00 h sur gestationnel jours une inspection de la présence d&#39;un bouchon vaginal doit être réaliséeavant cette heure. </li><li> Fournir des solutions d&#39;éthanol ou la saccharine pendant 4 heures par jour (1000 à 1400 hr) pendant la durée de la grossesse. <ol><li> À partir du jour de gestation fournir une le rat femelle à 0% ou 5% d&#39;éthanol et une solution de saccharine 0,066% dans l&#39;eau du robinet sur la base de l&#39;attribution de groupe. Assurez-vous que le volume de solution d&#39;éthanol à 0% prévu pour les rats témoins saccharine est adaptée au volume moyen de la solution de 5% d&#39;éthanol consommée par les rats de l&#39;éthanol. A la fin de chaque session quantifier la quantité de solution d&#39;éthanol (poids par kg de poids corporel) ou la saccharine, qui a été consommé. </li><li> Peser barrages de rat par semaine pour évaluer le gain de poids de la mère. </li><li> Fournir de la nourriture et de l&#39;eau du robinet en tout temps, y compris les beuveries. </li><li> Cesser les procédures d&#39;exposition d&#39;éthanol lorsque la progéniture est né. Notez le nombre de chiots vivants et du poids des petits à la naissance. Désigner le jour de naissance jour postnatal 0. </li><li> Cull la litière à 10 chiots autour de jour postnatal 2-3. Tentative to maintenir un ratio égal d&#39;hommes aux animaux femelles dans chaque portée. Si ce ne est pas possible, abattre 10 chiots avec un nombre inégal de mâles et les femelles. </li><li> Enregistrez poids des ratons 2-3 jours après la naissance. </li><li> Sevrer les animaux au jour environ 21-24 postnatale et la maison de paires de même sexe avec un animal de la même condition de traitement prénatal. Ne utilisez pas plus de 1-2 rats de chaque portée par expérience pour limiter les effets de la litière potentiels. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Comportement social <ol><li> Obtenir et préparer tous les matériaux et l&#39;équipement nécessaires. <ol><li> Obtenir un appareil pour l&#39;interaction sociale. Utilisez une chambre avec un sommet ouvert construit d&#39;un matériau qui est facile à nettoyer et désinfecter. La face avant de l&#39;appareil devrait être recouverte de plastique rigide transparent (~ de 2 mm d&#39;épaisseur) pour le tournage. Ligne les murs intérieurs et le sol avec du plastique transparent (~ de 2 mm d&#39;épaisseur) pour aider dans le nettoyage et le contrôle des odeurs. miroirs de place le long de la wa intérieur retourll pour faciliter l&#39;analyse. NOTE: Pour les données représentatives rapportés ici une chambre de mesure (95 cm de long x 47 cm de large x 43 cm de hauteur) avec un sommet ouvert et plastique transparente rigide (de 2 mm d&#39;épaisseur) couvrant les côtés intérieurs et le plancher de l&#39;appareil a été utilisé. Miroirs ont été placés le long de la paroi arrière. Les dimensions et les matériaux spécifiques ne sont pas critiques pour la mesure du comportement social, cependant, il est recommandé que les dimensions soient suffisamment grands pour se assurer que l&#39;interaction sociale réelle peut être distingué d&#39;autres comportements. Autrement dit, l&#39;appareil doit être suffisamment grand pour que les animaux ne sont pas toujours à proximité immédiate de l&#39;autre. </li><li> Obtenir caméras vidéo capable d&#39;enregistrer en conditions de faible ou de non-légers tout le tournage est réalisé avec un éclairage peu ou pas ambiante dans le spectre visible. Veiller à ce que la caméra a une haute résolution dans le spectre infrarouge, cependant, ne importe quel appareil capable d&#39;enregistrer dans des conditions sombres dans son natifmode nuit ou avec des projecteurs à infrarouge supplémentaires devrait être suffisante. </li><li> Position illuminateurs infrarouges proches de l&#39;appareil en vue d&#39;améliorer l&#39;éclairage de l&#39;appareil dans l&#39;enregistrement vidéo. </li><li> Obtenir des copeaux de bois de qualité de laboratoire (de copeaux de peuplier faux-tremble). </li><li> Obtenir une brosse, pelle, le dioxyde de chlore et d&#39;alcool isopropylique (70%) pour le nettoyage de l&#39;appareil entre les sessions et le contrôle des odeurs. </li></ol></li><li> Appareil acclimatation et le comportement social <ol><li> Pour cette phase de l&#39;expérience, effectuer des mesures chez des rats adultes qui sont au moins 90 jours d&#39;âge. </li><li> Avant chaque session enlever les bois puces, essuyez l&#39;appareil propre avec de l&#39;alcool isopropylique pour contrôler les odeurs entre les sessions et les copeaux de bois frais. Se assurer que les copeaux de bois couvrent entièrement le fond de l&#39;appareil. Nettoyer et désinfecter l&#39;appareil avec un agent approprié, tel que le dioxyde de chlore, le cas échéant. </li><li> Pendant trois jours consécutifs placer un animal et sa cage-mate dans lechambre pendant 30 minutes pour acclimater les animaux dans l&#39;appareil. Pendant les séances d&#39;acclimatation toutes lumières de la salle sont éteintes. </li><li> À la fin de la troisième maison de la session d&#39;acclimatation des animaux individuellement dans de nouvelles cages avec litière fraîche, la nourriture et l&#39;eau pour 24 heures pour motiver l&#39;interaction sociale. </li><li> Interaction sociale inscrits le jour 24 heures après les animaux ont été séparées. <ol><li> Retirer les copeaux de bois de l&#39;appareil, nettoyer et désinfecter avec du dioxyde de chlore, essuyer avec de l&#39;alcool isopropylique pour contrôler les odeurs, et de remplacer les copeaux de bois avant la session. </li><li> Placez une ou plusieurs caméras pour enregistrer l&#39;interaction. Position au moins une caméra en face de l&#39;appareil de sorte que les miroirs sur la paroi arrière de l&#39;appareil peut fournir une perspective supplémentaire pour l&#39;analyse. </li><li> Récupérer animaux un à la fois et de tenir l&#39;animal en face de la caméra de sorte que les caractéristiques uniques de la structure de la fourrure peuvent être notées. Ces caractéristiques d&#39;identification dela fourrure peut être utilisé pour distinguer les rats au cours de l&#39;analyse au lieu de marquage artificiellement les animaux. NOTE: Parce que de nombreux aspects de rongeurs interaction sociale impliquent signaux olfactifs et sentir le partenaire, chaque fois que possible l&#39;introduction d&#39;odeurs étrangères doivent être évités. Rats Long-Evans ont typiquement une caractéristique du motif de fourrure qui peut être utilisé pour distinguer ne importe quelle paire donnée d&#39;animaux. Pour les autres souches (par exemple, des rats Sprague-Dawley) approches alternatives telles que le marquage de la queue avec un colorant non parfumé pourraient être utilisés. Il est important de reconnaître que de nombreux comportements d&#39;intérêt sont dirigés vers des cibles spécifiques (par exemple., Anogénitale sniffing dirigés près de la base de la queue, les attaques ludiques dirigées à la nuque, ou des attaques agressives dirigées vers les flancs ou le ventre). Le marquage des animaux plus près de la pointe de la queue loin de ces objectifs d&#39;intérêt est recommandé. </li><li> Enregistrement vidéo de l&#39;interaction sociale pendant au moins 12 min.</li><li> De surveiller les animaux pour lutter contre toute la session. Si possible, observer les animaux via un moniteur ou une fenêtre de sorte que l&#39;expérimentateur ne est pas dans la salle au cours de la session. REMARQUE: Les combats ont été que rarement observées dans les études avec les rats adultes, cependant, les animaux doivent être surveillés pendant toute la session. La séance devrait être cessé se il ya des combats excessifs ou se il ya des signes de sévices ou de blessure d&#39;un animal. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Codage et l&#39;analyse comportementale. <ol><li> Identifier les comportements suivants d&#39;intérêt que par des travaux antérieurs avec PAE 1,18. Quantifier la durée, la fréquence et la latence de la première apparition des comportements suivants; lutte (y compris épinglant), la boxe, rampant (traversée) sur / sous le partenaire, anogénitale reniflant, autre reniflement du corps du partenaire (corps sniffing), allotoilettage (toilettage du partenaire), l&#39;élevage, et reniflage / creuser dans les copeaux de bois . Des exemples de chaque comportement sont illustrentd dans le composant vidéo de cet article. </li><li> Quantifier les comportements sociaux d&#39;intérêt de la vidéo. Obtenir la fréquence, la durée totale et la latence de première instance pour chaque comportement d&#39;intérêt. NOTE: L&#39;obtention de ces mesures peut être réalisé manuellement, cependant, la quantification de ces mesures au moyen d&#39;analyses informatisées de vidéo numérisée est recommandé. A Matlab (www.mathworks.com) script pour la lecture de la vidéo et la quantification des comportements est fourni en complément de cet article. </li><li> Après le codage est terminée pour tous les rats les données durée, la fréquence et latence résultant sont analysés avec un logiciel statistique. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hamilton, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prenatal+exposure+to+moderate+levels+of+ethanol+alters+social+behavior+in+adult+rats:+Relationship+to+structural+plasticity+and+immediate+early+gene+expression+in+frontal+cortex.">Prenatal exposure to moderate levels of ethanol alters social behavior in adult rats: Relationship to structural plasticity and immediate early gene expression in frontal cortex.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 207 (2), 290-304 (2010).</li><li>May, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approaching+the+prevalence+of+the+full+spectrum+of+Fetal+Alcohol+Spectrum+Disorders+in+a+South+African+population-based+study.">Approaching the prevalence of the full spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a South African population-based study.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 37 (5), 818-830 (2013).</li><li>Chasnoff, I. J., Wells, A. M., Telford, E., Schmidt, C., Messer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurodevelopmental+functioning+in+children+with+FAS,+pFAS,+and+ARND.">Neurodevelopmental functioning in children with FAS, pFAS, and ARND.</a> Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 31 (3), 192-201 (2010).</li><li>Disney, E. R., Iacono, W., McGue, M., Tully, E., Legrand, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strengthening+the+case:+Prenatal+alcohol+exposure+is+associated+with+increased+risk+for+conduct+disorder.">Strengthening the case: Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with increased risk for conduct disorder.</a> Pediatrics. 122 (6), E1225-E1230 (2008).</li><li>Kelly, S. J., Goodlett, C. R., Hannigan, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+fetal+alcohol+spectrum+disorders:+Impact+of+the+social+environment.">Animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Impact of the social environment.</a> Dev Disabil Res Rev. 15 (3), 200-208 (2009).</li><li>Kelly, S. J., Day, N., Streissguth, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+prenatal+alcohol+exposure+on+social+behavior+in+humans+and+other+species.">Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 22 (2), 143-149 (2000).</li><li>Thomas, S. E., Kelly, S. J., Mattson, S. N., Riley, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+social+abilities+of+children+with+fetal+alcohol+syndrome+to+those+of+children+with+similar+IQ+scores+and+normal+controls.">Comparison of social abilities of children with fetal alcohol syndrome to those of children with similar IQ scores and normal controls.</a> Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 22 (2), 528-533 (1998).</li><li>Conry, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropsychological+deficits+in+Fetal+Alcohol+Syndrome+and+fetal+alcohol+effects.">Neuropsychological deficits in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and fetal alcohol effects.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 14 (5), 650-655 (1990).</li><li>Streissguth, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fetal+Alcohol+Syndrome+in+adolescents+and+adults.">Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in adolescents and adults.</a> JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association. 265 (15), 1961-1967 (1991).</li><li>Streissguth, A. P., Barr, H. M., Sampson, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderate+prenatal+alcohol+exposure:+effects+on+child+IQ+and+learning+problems+at+age+7+1/2+years.">Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure: effects on child IQ and learning problems at age 7 1/2 years.</a> Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 14 (5), 662-669 (1990).</li><li>Valenzuela, C. F., Morton, R. A., Diaz, M. R., Topper, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+moderate+drinking+harm+the+fetal+brain?+Insights+from+animal+models.">Does moderate drinking harm the fetal brain? Insights from animal models.</a> Trends Neurosci. 35 (5), 284-292 (2012).</li><li>May, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+children+with+severe+Fetal+Alcohol+Spectrum+Disorders+in+communities+near+Rome,+Italy:+New+estimated+rates+are+higher+than+previous+estimates.">Prevalence of children with severe Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in communities near Rome, Italy: New estimated rates are higher than previous estimates.</a> Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health. 8 (6), 2331-2351 (2011).</li><li>Tunc-Ozcan, E., Ullmann, T. M., Shukla, P. K., Redei, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-dose+thyroxine+attenuates+autism-associated+adverse+affects+of+fetal+alcohol+in+male+offspring's+social+behavior+and+hippocampal+gene+expression.">Low-dose thyroxine attenuates autism-associated adverse affects of fetal alcohol in male offspring's social behavior and hippocampal gene expression.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 37 (11), 1986-1995 (2013).</li><li>Middleton, F. A., Varlinskaya, E. I., Mooney, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+substrates+of+social+avoidance+seen+following+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+and+its+reversal+by+social+enrichment.">Molecular substrates of social avoidance seen following prenatal ethanol exposure and its reversal by social enrichment.</a> Dev. Neurosci. 34 (2-3), 115-128 (2012).</li><li>Varlinskaya, E. I., Mooney, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+exposure+to+ethanol+on+gestational+day+15+affects+social+motivation+of+female+offspring.">Acute exposure to ethanol on gestational day 15 affects social motivation of female offspring.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 261, 106-109 (2014).</li><li>Meyer, L. S., Riley, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+play+in+juvenile+rats+prenatally+exposed+to+alcohol.">Social play in juvenile rats prenatally exposed to alcohol.</a> Teratology. 34 (1), 1-7 (1986).</li><li>Royalty, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+on+juvenile+play-fighting+and+postpubertal+aggression+in+rats.">Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on juvenile play-fighting and postpubertal aggression in rats.</a> Psychol Rep. 66 (2), 551-560 (1990).</li><li>Hamilton, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+moderate+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+and+age+on+social+behavior,+spatial+response+perseveration+errors+and+motor+behavior.">Effects of moderate prenatal ethanol exposure and age on social behavior, spatial response perseveration errors and motor behavior.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 269, 44-54 (2014).</li><li>Kelly, S. J., Dillingham, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexually+dimorphic+effects+of+perinatal+alcohol+exposure+on+social+interactions+and+amygdala+DNA+and+DOPAC+concentrations.">Sexually dimorphic effects of perinatal alcohol exposure on social interactions and amygdala DNA and DOPAC concentrations.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 16 (4), 377-384 (1994).</li><li>Lugo, J. N., Marino, M. D., Cronise, K., Kelly, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+alcohol+exposure+during+development+on+social+behavior+in+rats.">Effects of alcohol exposure during development on social behavior in rats.</a> Physiology and Behavior. 78 (2), 185-194 (2003).</li><li>Lugo, J. N., Marino, M. D., Gass, J. T., Wilson, M. A., Kelly, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ethanol+exposure+during+development+reduces+resident+aggression+and+testosterone+in+rats.">Ethanol exposure during development reduces resident aggression and testosterone in rats.</a> Physiology and Behavior. 87 (2), 330-337 (2006).</li><li>Kelly, S. J., Tran, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alcohol+exposure+during+development+alters+social+recognition+and+social+communication+in+rats.">Alcohol exposure during development alters social recognition and social communication in rats.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19 (5), 383-389 (1997).</li><li>Mooney, S. M., Varlinskaya, E. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+prenatal+exposure+to+ethanol+and+social+behavior:+Effects+of+age,+sex,+and+timing+of+exposure.">Acute prenatal exposure to ethanol and social behavior: Effects of age, sex, and timing of exposure.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 216 (1), 358-364 (2011).</li><li>Savage, D. D., Becher, M., de la Torre, A. J., Sutherland, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose-dependent+effects+of+prenatal+ethanol+exposure+on+synaptic+plasticity+and+learning+in+mature+offspring.">Dose-dependent effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on synaptic plasticity and learning in mature offspring.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26 (11), 1752-1758 (2002).</li><li>Rasmussen, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+daily+ethanol+and+withdrawal:+1.+Long-term+changes+in+the+hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal+axis.">Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 1. Long-term changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24 (12), 1836-1849 (2000).</li><li>Savage, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+Novel+Cognition-Enhancing+Agent+on+Fetal+Ethanol-Induced+Learning+Deficits.">Effects of a Novel Cognition-Enhancing Agent on Fetal Ethanol-Induced Learning Deficits.</a> Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 34 (10), 1793-1802 (2010).</li><li>Goodlett, C. R., Johnson, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+binge+ethanol+exposure+using+intubation:+Timing+and+dose+effects+on+place+learning.">Neonatal binge ethanol exposure using intubation: Timing and dose effects on place learning.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19 (6), 435-446 (1997).</li><li>Staples, M. C., Rosenberg, M. J., Allen, N. A., Porch, M. W., Savage, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Impact of Combined Prenatal Ethanol and Prenatal Stress Exposure on Anxiety and Hippocampal-Sensitive Learning in Adult. 37 (12), 2039-2047 (2013).</li><li>Champagne, F. A., Francis, D. D., Mar, A., Meaney, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variations+in+maternal+care+in+the+rat+as+a+mediating+influence+for+the+effects+of+environment+on+development.">Variations in maternal care in the rat as a mediating influence for the effects of environment on development.</a> Physiol. Behav. 79 (3), 359-371 (2003).</li><li>Hamilton, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+social-experience-related+c-fos+and+Arc+expression+in+the+frontal+cortices+of+rats+exposed+to+saccharin+or+moderate+levels+of+ethanol+during+prenatal+brain+development.">Patterns of social-experience-related c-fos and Arc expression in the frontal cortices of rats exposed to saccharin or moderate levels of ethanol during prenatal brain development.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 214 (1), 66-74 (2010).</li><li>Barnett, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A study in behaviour: Principles of ethology and behavioural physiology displayed mainly in the rat. , (1963).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Play-fighting+differs+from+serious+fighting+in+both+target+of+attack+and+tactics+of+fighting+in+the+laboratory+rat+Rattus-Norvegicus.">Play-fighting differs from serious fighting in both target of attack and tactics of fighting in the laboratory rat Rattus-Norvegicus.</a> Aggressive Behav. 13 (4), 227-242 (1987).</li><li>Meaney, M. J., Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+descriptive+study+of+social-development+in+the+rat+(Rattus-Norvegicus).">A descriptive study of social-development in the rat (Rattus-Norvegicus).</a> Anim. Behav. 29 (1), 34-45 (1981).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prejuvenile+onset+of+play+fighting+in+laboratory+rats+(Rattus+norvegicus).">The prejuvenile onset of play fighting in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus).</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 31 (3), 193-205 (1997).</li><li>Himmler, B. T., Pellis, V. C., Pellis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peering+into+the+dynamics+of+social+interactions:+measuring+play+fighting+in+rats.">Peering into the dynamics of social interactions: measuring play fighting in rats.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (71), e4288-e4288 (2013).</li><li>Panksepp, J., Siviy, S., Normansell, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychobiology+of+play+:+Theoretical+and+methodological+perspectives.">The psychobiology of play : Theoretical and methodological perspectives.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 8 (4), 465-492 (1984).</li><li>Siviy, S. M., Panksepp, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+modulation+of+juvenile+play+in+rats.">Sensory modulation of juvenile play in rats.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 20 (1), 39-55 (1987).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+orbital+frontal+cortex+damage+on+the+modulation+of+defensive+responses+by+rats+in+playful+and+nonplayful+social+contexts.">The effects of orbital frontal cortex damage on the modulation of defensive responses by rats in playful and nonplayful social contexts.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 120 (1), 72-84 (2006).</li><li>Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Takahashi, T., Kelley, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attack+and+defensive+behavior+in+albino-rat.">Attack and defensive behavior in albino-rat.</a> Anim. Behav. 25 (3), 622-634 (1977).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Le paradigme de l&#39;exposition prénatale à l&#39;alcool décrit ici implique la consommation volontaire d&#39;éthanol (5% v / v) par des barrages de rat au cours de la grossesse. Il ya un certain nombre de protocoles pour exposer les animaux non humains à l&#39;éthanol au cours du développement du cerveau représenté dans la littérature, qui diffèrent par rapport au calendrier, la dose, la durée et la voie d&#39;administration de l&#39;éthanol ainsi que les espèces visées par l&#39;enquête. Bien qu&#39;u...

On estime que 1-5% des enfants sont diagnostiqués avec des troubles causés par l&#39;alcoolisation fœtale (ETCAF) 2, qui comprennent le syndrome d&#39;alcoolisation fœtale (SAF), le SAF partiel (SAFp), et liés à l&#39;alcool troubles neurodéveloppementaux (ARNDs) 3. Déficits du comportement et de la cognition sociale sont parmi les résultats indésirables les plus fréquemment observés chez les enfants atteints FASDs 4-7. Conséquences négatives ne sont pas limités à lourde exposition prénatale à l&#39;alcool (PAE), modérée PAE qui ne conduit pas à la remarquable déficits morphologiques, comportementales et cognitives caractéristique du SAF peut causer relativement subtile, mais néanmoins persistante, les déficits dans les humains avec FASDs 8-10 et des animaux non humains exposés à l&#39;éthanol pendant 11 le développement du cerveau. L&#39;importance de comprendre les conséquences neurobiologiques et comportementales correspondantes de modérée PAE est soulignée par les estimations actuelles indiquent que la grande majorité des cas de l&#39;ETCAF relèvent les moins de sEvere gamme du spectre 12. Plusieurs laboratoires indépendants ont signalé des modifications dans le comportement social des rongeurs liés à l&#39;éthanol exposition pendant le développement du cerveau, y compris diminution de l&#39;enquête et de l&#39;interaction 1,13-15, jeu 14,16,17 modifié, augmenté interactions agressives 17,18, modifications de la réactivité aux stimuli sociaux 19-21, et les déficits dans les préférences alimentaires socialement acquises et la mémoire de reconnaissance sociale 22. Déficits de comportement social ont été observés après une exposition à lourds (concentrations d&#39;éthanol dans le sang (BEC) ~ 300 mg / dl) 22,23 ou des niveaux plus modérés de l&#39;éthanol (BEC ~ 80mg / dl) 1, et à travers un large éventail de paramètres pour autre significatif facteurs y compris le calendrier d&#39;exposition, durée d&#39;exposition, et l&#39;âge au moment de la mesure comportementale. Des recherches antérieures ont démontré que des altérations dans des aspects spécifiques de int socialeeraction discrimination à l&#39;âge adulte chez les rats exposés à des niveaux modérés d&#39;alcool provenant d&#39;animaux de contrôle exposés à la saccharine 1,18. En particulier, modérée PAE a toujours été associée à des augmentations robustes en lutte, ce qui suggère une augmentation des comportements agressifs, et des niveaux inférieurs de l&#39;enquête sociale (par exemple, en reniflant du partenaire) à l&#39;âge adulte. Parce que des modifications dans le comportement social sont fiables conséquences de PAE, la quantification du comportement social suivante PAE peut tenir importance pour progresser vers une compréhension plus complète des bases neurales de modifications PAE liées dans le comportement social et le développement d&#39;approches d&#39;intervention. Le but de ce papier et la vidéo associée est de donner des instructions sur le protocole et les méthodes de PAE modérée pour la quantification du comportement social chez les descendants adultes qui ont facilement distingué prénatale exposé à l&#39;alcool à partir enfants non exposés rat.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharin sodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>190 proof ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>493538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaded glass drinking tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-955K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural rubber white #4 stopper one hole</td>
			<td>Plasticoid</td>
			<td>LSG4M181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#34; bend tubes-ball point</td>
			<td>Ancare</td>
			<td>TD-199-3&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper rulers</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers">www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/paper_rulers</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apparatus for social interaction</td>
			<td>Custom built</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>95 cm X 47 cm X 43 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video cameras</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Capable of recording low/no light conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared illuminators</td>
			<td>Vitek</td>
			<td>VT-IR1-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teklad laboratory grade sani-chips</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>7090A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush and dustpan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>W292907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorine Dioxide (1.5 mg Tablets)</td>
			<td>Quiplabs</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Prepare per manufacturer&#39;s recommendation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and quantification of social behavior in adult rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

Au cours de nombreux cycles de reproduction des rats femelles à la condition de l&#39;éthanol boivent régulièrement une moyenne d&#39;environ 2,1 g / kg d&#39;éthanol par session potable de 4 heures. barrages de rats consomment environ la moitié du total de quatre heures au cours de la 15 à 30 premières minutes après l&#39;introduction des tubes de boisson, d&#39;où une concentration maximale de la mère de l&#39;éthanol dans le sérum d&#39;environ 60 mg / dl, mesurée au point de temps 45 min. Au cours de l...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats at JoVE.com

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

Modéré exposition prénatale à l&#39;alcool et la quantification du comportement social chez les rats adultes

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

moderate-prenatal-alcohol-exposure-quantification-social-behavior

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.6K vues.  University of New Mexico. The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood. 

Vidéo: Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

Une procédure pour l&#39;observation de renouvellement induite contexte-de pavlovien conditionné alcool comportement de recherche chez le rat

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Recherche

Sciences du comportement

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

Le Conseil Trou modification - Comportement, cognition et l&#39;interaction sociale souris et des rats de mesure

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

La dimension sociale du stress: Manipulations expérimentales de soutien social et l&#39;identité sociale dans le Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

Une méthode d&#39;évaluation des propriétés de renforcement de l&#39;éthanol chez les rats sans eau Privation, saccharine fading ou formation d&#39;accès étendu

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

Examen Rappel Mémoire du nourrisson et de la petite enfance Utilisation du élicitées Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

Le Rongeur psychomoteur Vigilance Test (RPVT): une méthode d&#39;évaluation des performances neurocomportementales chez les rats et les souris

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies have described the behaviors connected with disease defense, and the associated use of chemicals and antimicrobials, no common visual reference has been made. The main aim of this study was to record short clips of behaviors involved in disease defense, both prophylactically and directly targeted towards an antagonist of the colony following infection. To do so we used an infection experiment, with sub-colonies of the leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex echinatior, and the most significant known pathogenic threat to the ants&#39; fungal crop (Leucoagaricus gongylophorus), a specialized pathogenic fungus in the genus Escovopsis. We filmed and compared infected and uninfected colonies, at both early and more advanced stages of infection. We quantified key defensive behaviors across treatments and show that the behavioral response to pathogen attack likely varies between different castes of worker ants, and between early and late detection of a threat. Based on these recordings we have made a library of behavioral clips, accompanied by definitions of the main individual defensive behaviors. We anticipate that such a guide can provide a common frame of reference for other researchers working in this field, to recognize and study these behaviors, and also provide greater scope for comparing different studies to ultimately help better understand the role these behaviors play in disease defense.

We present a visual guide to disease defense behaviors in leaf-cutting ants, with individual clips and accompanying definitions, illustrated in an experimental infection scenario. Our main aim is to help other researchers recognize key defensive behaviors and to provide a common understanding for future research in this field.

Un Guide visuel pour étudier les défenses comportementales à pathogène s’attaque à fourmis coupe-feuille

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies ...

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

À l’aide de Clicker Training et Observation sociale pour enseigner des Rats pour changer volontairement les Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery capital development in online communities of recovery from alcohol and drug (AOD) addiction. Recovery capital was conceptualised as both engagement in the online recovery community and identification with the community. To measure recovery capital development, naturally occurring data were extracted from the social media page of a specific recovery program, with the page being set up as a resource for a face-to-face recovery program. To map engagement with the online community, social network analysis (SNA) capturing online social interaction was performed. Social interaction was measured through the linkages between the online contributors/members of the online community as represented by program clients, staff, and supporters from the broader community. To capture markers of social identification with the online community, computerised linguistic analysis of the textual data (content from posts and comments) was conducted. Recovery capital captured in this way was analysed against retention data (a proxy outcome indicator), as days spent in the (face-to-face) recovery program. The online data extracted was linked to participant data in regards to program retention to test prediction of a key recovery outcome. This approach allowed the examination of the role of online support communities and assessment of the association between recovery capital (developed via the online community of recovery) and recovery outcomes.

The article describes a novel approach for analyzing dynamic online social interactions (in an online context) exemplified by a study of an online community of recovery from alcohol and drug addiction.

Intégration d'analyses informatisées de réseaux linguistiques et sociaux pour capturer le capital de récupération de la toxicomanie dans une communauté en ligne

The article describes a new methodology designed with the aim of finding a comprehensive, unobtrusive, and accurate way of capturing social recovery ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

Impact de l'exercice d'intervalle de haute intensité et de l'exercice continu à intensité modérée sur le niveau T de la troponine cardiaque à un stade précoce de l'entraînement

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...