We greatly appreciate the contributions of our expert anthropometry trainers Irwin Shorr and Jorge Chavarro; the many volunteers who have allowed themselves to be pinched and measured in our anthropometry workshops, and the Project Viva mothers and children for their invaluable contributions. We'd like to extend a special thanks to members of the Project Viva research staff, past and present, especially to Nicole Witham and Marleny Ortega, for their contribution to the video accompanying this manuscript. Funding from the National Institutes of Health supported this work (R01 HD 034568, K24 HD069408).

<ol>
	<li>Boeke, C. E., Oken, E., Kleinman, K. P., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Taveras, E. M., Gillman, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlations+among+adiposity+measures+in+school-aged+children.">Correlations among adiposity measures in school-aged children.</a> BMC Pediatrics. 13 (99), (2013).</li><li>Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., Flegal, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+childhood+and+adult+obesity+in+the+United+States,+2011-2012.">Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012.</a> JAMA. 311 (8), 806-814 (2014).</li><li>Erermis, S., Cetin, N., Tamar, M., Bukusoglu, N., Akdeniz, F., Goksen, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+obesity+a+risk+factor+for+psychopathology+among+adolescents.">Is obesity a risk factor for psychopathology among adolescents.</a> Pediatr Int. 46 (3), 296-301 (2004).</li><li>Gunnell, D., Frankel, S., Nachahal, K., Peters, T., Smith, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Childhood+obesity+and+adult+cardiovascular+mortality:+A+57-y+follow-up+study+based+on+the+boyd+orr+cohort.">Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular mortality: A 57-y follow-up study based on the boyd orr cohort.</a> AJCN. 67 (6), 1111-1118 (1998).</li><li>Vanhala, M., Vanhala, P., Kumpusalo, E., Halonen, P., Takala, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relation+between+obesity+from+childhood+to+adulthood+and+the+metabolic+syndrome:+Population+based+study.">Relation between obesity from childhood to adulthood and the metabolic syndrome: Population based study.</a> Brit Med J. 317 (7154), 319 (1998).</li><li>Papoutsakis, C., Priftis, K. N., Drakouli, M., Prifti, S., Konstantaki, E., Chondronikola, M., Antonogeorgos, G., Matziou, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Childhood+overweight/obesity+and+asthma:+is+there+a+link?+A+systematic+review+of+recent+epidemiologic+evidence.">Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? A systematic review of recent epidemiologic evidence.</a> J Acad Nutr Diet. 113 (1), 77-105 (2013).</li><li>Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Scanlon, K. S., Kleinman, K. P., Gillman, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Misdiagnosis+of+overweight+and+underweight+children+younger+than+2+years+of+age+due+to+length+measurement+bias.">Misdiagnosis of overweight and underweight children younger than 2 years of age due to length measurement bias.</a> MedGenMed. 7 (4), 56 (2005).</li><li>Horan, M., Gibney, E., Molloy, E., McAuliffe, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methodologies+to+assess+paediatric+adiposity.">Methodologies to assess paediatric adiposity.</a> Ir J Med Sci. 814 (1), 1-16 (2014).</li><li>Wells, J. C., Fewtrell, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+body+composition.">Measuring body composition.</a> Arch Dis Child. 91 (7), 612-617 (2006).</li><li>Wells, J. C., Fuller, N. J., Dewit, O., Fewtrell, M. S., Elia, M., Cole, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four-component+model+of+body+composition+in+children:+Density+and+hydration+of+fat-free+mass+and+comparison+with+simpler+models.">Four-component model of body composition in children: Density and hydration of fat-free mass and comparison with simpler models.</a> Am J Clin Nutr. 69 (5), 904-912 (1999).</li><li>Damilakis, J., Adams, J. E., Guglielmi, G., Link, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation+exposure+in+X-ray-based+imaging+techniques+used+in+osteoporosis.">Radiation exposure in X-ray-based imaging techniques used in osteoporosis.</a> Eur J Radiol. 20 (11), 2707-2714 (2010).</li><li>Ulijaszek, S. J., Kerr, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anthropometric+measurement+error+and+the+assessment+of+nutritional+status.">Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status.</a> Brit J Nutr. 82 (3), 165-177 (1999).</li><li>Oken, E., Baccarelli, A. A., Gold, D. R., Kleinman, K. P., Litonjua, A. A., DeMeo, D., Gillman, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cohort+profile:+Project+Viva.">Cohort profile: Project Viva.</a> Int J Epidemiol. 44 (1), 37-48 (2015).</li><li>Ulijaszek, S. J., Lourie, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-+and+inter-observer+error+in+anthropometric+measurement.">Intra- and inter-observer error in anthropometric measurement.</a> Anthropometry: the Individual and the Population. , 30-55 (1994).</li><li>H&#228;ggstr&#246;m, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medical+gallery+of+Mikael+H&#228;ggstr&#246;m+2014.">Medical gallery of Mikael H&#228;ggstr&#246;m 2014.</a> Wikiversity Journal of. Medicine. 1 (2), (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acromion+of+Scapula05.">Acromion of Scapula05.</a> DBCLS. , (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

mesures de la composition corporelle précises sont essentielles pour évaluer correctement la croissance des enfants dans les études de recherche. Les chercheurs ont largement accepté DXA comme méthode de l&#39;étalon-or, et beaucoup critiquent les mesures anthropométriques manuelles comme étant imprécises et inexactes. Cependant, cette analyse des techniques anthropométriques pour estimer la graisse du corps suggère que les assistants de recherche bien formés qui suivent un protocole standardisé peuvent eff...

Le surpoids et l&#39; obésité restent à des niveaux épidémiques, avec environ un tiers des enfants américains et les deux tiers des adultes ayant de l&#39; embonpoint ou l&#39; obésité, selon à 2011 - Prévisions pour 2012 2. Le surpoids, l&#39; obésité et excès de graisse corporelle confèrent un plus grand risque d&#39;effets cardiométaboliques indésirables, y compris le diabète de type 2 et les maladies cardiovasculaires, ainsi que d&#39; autres effets sur la santé physique et psychologique indésirables, y compris l&#39; asthme et la dépression 3, 4, 5, 6. La plupart des études qui examinent les associations entre l&#39;obésité et les résultats de santé plus tard de la vie supposent des mesures précises de poids et de longueur / hauteur. Catégories de l&#39; état de poids chez les adultes et les enfants comprennent l&#39; insuffisance pondérale (indice de masse corporelle (IMC) &lt;18,0 kg / m 2 pour les adultes et &lt;5 e percentile selon l&#39; âge et le sexe pour les enfants), paspoids rmal (IMC 18,0 à &lt;25,0 kg / m 2 pour les adultes et 5 e à &lt;85 e percentile pour les enfants), le surpoids (IMC de 25,0 à &lt;30,0 kg / m 2 pour les adultes et 85 e à &lt;95 e percentile pour les enfants) et l&#39; obésité (IMC ≥ 30 kg / m 2 pour les adultes et ≥ 95 e percentile pour les enfants). Même les erreurs de mesure mineures peuvent influencer ces catégorisations, surtout chez les enfants pour lesquels des erreurs qui apparaissent petit à l&#39;échelle absolue peuvent représenter une grande erreur relative à la taille de l&#39;enfant 7. Par exemple, dans une étude préalable des enfants de moins de 2 ans, les comparaisons de longueur mesurée par la méthode papier-crayon clinique classique avec la méthode longueur de bord recumbent indiqué que la méthode papier-crayon systématiquement surestimé longueur en moyenne de 1,3 (1,5) cm - une erreur qui se traduit par une mauvaise classification substantielle 7. <p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Utilisation de l&#39;IMC pour estimer l&#39;adiposité offre de nombreux avantages pour la recherche, y compris le faible coût de l&#39;équipement et de la charge minimale de la hauteur et la mesure du poids, ainsi que la possibilité de tirer parti de l&#39;auto-évaluation et les mesures cliniques. Cependant, même avec une mesure précise de la taille et le poids, la variation de l&#39;IMC ne reflète pas nécessairement la variation de l&#39;adiposité, puisque l&#39; IMC intègre à la fois maigre et la masse grasse 1. Ainsi, les méthodes qui mesurent directement l&#39;adiposité sont également importants pour la compréhension des relations avec les résultats pour la santé. méthodes de l&#39;adiposité et la mesure de la composition corporelle standard d&#39;or reposent généralement sur des méthodes technologiques, y compris le déplacement de l&#39;air pléthysmographie (ADP), pesée hydrostatique, imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) et la tomodensitométrie (CT), ainsi que absorptiométrie biphotonique à rayons X (DEXA ) 8, 9, 10. Bien que cesméthodes fournissent quelques-unes des mesures les plus précises de la composition corporelle, beaucoup d&#39;entre eux ne sont pas pratiques dans les études de recherche pédiatrique, en particulier ceux qui sont sur le terrain. Par exemple, la pesée hydrostatique exige que les individus soient complètement immergés dans l&#39;eau. équipement ADP a, jusqu&#39;à tout récemment, été disponible que pour mesurer les nourrissons jusqu&#39;à 8 kg ou les enfants et les adultes âgés de plus de 6 ans, mais pas les tout-petits ou les enfants d&#39;âge préscolaire. Tomodensitogrammes émettent une quantité importante de rayonnement par rapport aux autres techniques, et le temps d&#39;acquisition de temps pour l&#39; IRM, il est peu pratique pour de nombreuses études 8. DXA émet environ 1/500 la dose de rayonnement d&#39;un scanner, d&#39; environ l&#39;équivalent d&#39;une journée de rayonnement naturel 11, ce qui en fait une option intéressante pour les études de recherche impliquant des enfants. Toutes ces méthodes, cependant, sont coûteux à l&#39;achat et aucun sont portables, ce qui les rend infaisable pour des études sur le terrain avec fonds limitéing. Bioélectrique analyse d&#39;impédance (BIA), qui mesure l&#39;impédance d&#39;un signal électrique minute envoyé à travers le corps pour estimer la composition du corps, peut être moins cher et plus portable, mais les hypothèses qui sous - tendent le calcul de la graisse du corps ne sont pas applicables aux petits enfants 10. Contrairement à ces mesures basées sur la technologie, les mesures anthropométriques manuelles peuvent être effectuées par un observateur qualifié dans la plupart des paramètres de champ et à un coût d&#39;équipement sensiblement inférieur. Anthropométrie manuel comprend des mesures de la hauteur, le poids, circonférences, et les épaisseurs des plis cutanés 8. D&#39;autres avantages de l&#39;anthropométrie manuel sont qu&#39;il ne comporte aucune exposition aux rayonnements inutiles, et le personnel qualifiés peuvent obtenir efficacement. Toutefois, une préoccupation commune au sujet des mesures anthropométriques manuelles est qu&#39;elles peuvent être à la fois inexactes et imprécises 12. Obtenir précis et prLes mesures de ecise est possible avec des procédures normalisées, une formation adéquate, et une attention suffisante pour contrôle de la qualité (CQ). L&#39;équipe du projet Viva a mis au point un protocole de formation de l&#39;anthropométrie manuel qui peut produire de haute qualité, des mesures reproductibles de stature, circonférences, et l&#39;épaisseur du pli cutané. Depuis plus d&#39;une décennie, nous avons appliqué cette formation et QC protocole pour les mères et les enfants dans le projet Viva, une étude de cohorte longitudinale, avant la naissance 13. Le personnel du projet Viva a recueilli des mesures anthropométriques sur l&#39;enfant lors de visites à la naissance (0 - 3 jours), et à la fois la mère et de l&#39;enfant au niveau des points de temps suivants: la petite enfance (4,9 - 10,6 mois), la petite enfance (2,8 - 6,3 années), mi -Enfance (6,6 - 10,9 ans), et au début de l&#39;adolescence (11,5 - 16,5 années) 13. Ce document décrit le protocole que nous avons développé et raffiné pour la mesure de la hauteur, le poids, l&#39;épaisseur du pli cutané (triceps et subscapular), et les plis cutanés circonférences du corps (taille, hanche, et circonférences de bras mi-haut [MUAC]) dans le projet Viva. Nous décrivons également comment nous avons évalué à la fois manuel anthropométrique précision de mesure au moyen d&#39;une erreur technique de mesure (TEM) calculs et la précision par rapport à l&#39;or mesures DXA standard.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="596">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:216px;">Stadiometer</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Weigh and Measure, LLC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SSWM-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Basic Shorr board (without smooth slide features) can also be used. In order to accommodate the width of children&#39;s hips during sitting height, the base of a stadiometer should be approximately 60 cm wide or larger.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Bioimpedance scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Tanita Coporation of America</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TBF 300A (model is discontinued), DC-430U is&#160; comparable&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Scale is used for weight and bioimpedance. Any digital, standardized scale can be used for weight only.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Skinfold Caliper</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Holtain Limited</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This model uses a dial gauge in graduations of 0.2 mm. Models with a linear gauge are also acceptable.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="189">
			<td height="189" style="height:189px;width:216px;">Hip/waist tape measure</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Gulick II Plus Measuring Tape</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">67019</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This model uses compression bands, which makes it easier to identify how firmly the tape measure is being pulled. The compression band is not necessary, but highly recommended.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">MUAC measuring tape (ShorrTape&#169; Measuring Tape)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Weigh and Measure, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">STape</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">The tape measure should be flexible with a single or double slotted insertion window.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of child anthropometry in a large epidemiologic study

Une forte proportion des enfants ont de l&#39;embonpoint et de l&#39;obésité aux États-Unis et d&#39;autres pays. Une évaluation précise de l&#39;anthropométrie est essentiel de comprendre les effets sur la santé de la croissance de l&#39;enfant et de l&#39;adiposité. méthodes standard d&#39;or de l&#39;adiposité de mesure, telles que la double absorptiométrie à rayons X (DEXA), peuvent ne pas être réalisable dans les grandes études sur le terrain. Le personnel de recherche peut, cependant, les mesures anthropométriques complètes, telles que les circonférences du corps et mesure des plis cutanés, en utilisant un équipement portable bon marché. Dans ce détail protocole nous comment obtenir des mesures anthropométriques manuelles d&#39;enfants, y compris debout et assise, poids, tour de taille, hanches, mi-supérieure circonférence du bras, l&#39;épaisseur du pli cutané tricipital, et l&#39;épaisseur du pli cutané sous-scapulaire, et des procédures pour évaluer la qualité des ces mesures. Pour démontrer la précision de ces mesures, entre 1.110 enfants d&#39;âge scolaire dans la pré-naissance Viva projet de cohorte, nous avons calculé Spearman corrElation coefficients comparant les mesures anthropométriques manuelles avec une mesure standard d&#39;or de la graisse corporelle, la masse grasse DXA 1. Pour répondre à la fiabilité, nous évaluons intra-noteur erreur technique de mesure à une session de contrôle de la qualité menée sur des adultes volontaires de sexe féminin.

Cette analyse porte sur la précision des mesures anthropométriques manuelles en utilisant les données générées à partir de contrôle de la qualité (CQ), et évalue intra-noteur erreur de mesure par erreur technique de mesure (TEM) 12. Gammes TEM d&#39;acceptabilité sont basées sur des calculs de répétition intra-évaluateur des mesures anthropométriques, où 95% de la mesure différence est due à des facteurs autres que noteur imprécisi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study at JoVE.com

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

In epidemiologic studies of children, well-trained research staff can accurately and precisely assess weight, height, sitting height, skinfold thicknesses, and body circumferences.

Évaluation de l&#39;anthropométrie des enfants dans une étude épidémiologique Grand

A high proportion of children have overweight and obesity in the United States and other countries. Accurate assessment of anthropometry is essential to ...

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26.9K vues.  Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute. In epidemiologic studies of children, well-trained research staff can accurately and precisely assess weight, height, sitting height, skinfold thicknesses, and body circumferences. 

Vidéo: Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

Biomarqueurs dans un modèle animal pour Révéler Corrélats neuronaux, hématologiques et du comportement de stress post-traumatique

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

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Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using biofeedback of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) data. Increased activity of this region is seen in relationship with contamination anxiety both in control subjects1 and in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),2 a relatively common and often debilitating psychiatric disorder involving contamination anxiety. Although many brain regions have been implicated in OCD, abnormality in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is one of the most consistent findings.3, 4 Furthermore, hyperactivity in the OFC has been found to correlate with OCD symptom severity5 and decreases in hyperactivity in this region have been reported to correlate with decreased symptom severity.6 Therefore, the ability to control this brain area may translate into clinical improvements in obsessive-compulsive symptoms including contamination anxiety. Biofeedback of rt-fMRI data is a new technique in which the temporal pattern of activity in a specific region (or associated with a specific distributed pattern of brain activity) in a subject's brain is provided as a feedback signal to the subject. Recent reports indicate that people are able to develop control over the activity of specific brain areas when provided with rt-fMRI biofeedback.7-12 In particular, several studies using this technique to target brain areas involved in emotion processing have reported success in training subjects to control these regions.13-18 In several cases, rt-fMRI biofeedback training has been reported to induce cognitive, emotional, or clinical changes in subjects.8, 9, 13, 19 Here we illustrate this technique as applied to the treatment of contamination anxiety in healthy subjects. This biofeedback intervention will be a valuable basic research tool: it allows researchers to perturb brain function, measure the resulting changes in brain dynamics and relate those to changes in contamination anxiety or other behavioral measures. In addition, the establishment of this method serves as a first step towards the investigation of fMRI-based biofeedback as a therapeutic intervention for OCD. Given that approximately a quarter of patients with OCD receive little benefit from the currently available forms of treatment,20-22 and that those who do benefit rarely recover completely, new approaches for treating this population are urgently needed.

Here we present a method for training people to control a brain area involved in contamination anxiety and for probing the relationship between contamination anxiety and brain connectivity patterns.

Le biofeedback IRMf en temps réel ciblage du cortex orbitofrontal contamination pour l&#39;anxiété

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using ...

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

Une application roman de l&#39;appareil locomoteur imagerie par ultrasons

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart model, have been invaluable tools for studying cardiovascular function and disease1-15. Although the Langendorff heart preparation can be used for any mammalian heart, most studies involving this apparatus use small animal models (e.g., mouse, rat, and rabbit) due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals1,3,11. One major difficulty is ensuring a constant coronary perfusion pressure over a range of different heart sizes &#8211; a key component of any experiment utilizing this device1,11. By replacing the classic hydrostatic afterload column with a centrifugal pump, the Langendorff working heart apparatus described below allows for easy adjustment and tight regulation of perfusion pressures, meaning the same set-up can be used for various species or heart sizes. Furthermore, this configuration can also seamlessly switch between constant pressure or constant flow during reperfusion, depending on the user&#8217;s preferences. The open nature of this setup, despite making temperature regulation more difficult than other designs, allows for easy collection of effluent and ventricular pressure-volume data.

Most studies involving the Langendorff apparatus use small animal models due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals. We describe a Langendorff system for large animal models that allows for use across a range of species, including humans, and relatively easy data acquisition.

Un système de Coeur de travail isolé pour les grands modèles animaux

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart ...

Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and neurological patients1-4, but also in healthy older adults5,6. The quantitative gait analysis described in this protocol is performed with a recently-introduced photoelectric system (see&#160;Materials table) which has the potential to be used in the clinic because it is portable, easy to set up (no subject preparation is required before a test), and does not require maintenance and sensor calibration. The photoelectric system consists of series of high-density floor-based photoelectric cells with light-emitting and light-receiving diodes that are placed parallel to each other to create a corridor, and are oriented perpendicular to the line of progression7. The system simply detects interruptions in light signal, for instance due to the presence of feet within the recording area. Temporal gait parameters and 1D spatial coordinates of consecutive steps are subsequently calculated to provide common gait parameters such as step length, single limb support and walking velocity8, whose validity against a criterion instrument has recently been demonstrated7,9. The measurement procedures are very straightforward; a single patient can be tested in less than 5 min&#160;and a comprehensive report can be generated in less than 1&#160;min.

This protocol is used to evaluate spatial and temporal gait variables of neurological/orthopedic patients and older persons by means of a recently-introduced floor-based photocell system.

Évaluation clinique de la démarche spatio-temporelles des paramètres chez les patients âgés et les adultes

Spatial and temporal characteristics of human walking are frequently evaluated to identify possible gait impairments, mainly in orthopedic and ...

Surgical Angiogenesis in Porcine Tibial Allotransplantation: A New Large Animal Bone Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Model

Segmental bone loss resulting from trauma, infection malignancy and congenital anomaly remains a major reconstructive challenge. Current therapeutic options have significant risk of failure and substantial morbidity.
Use of bone vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) would offer both a close match of resected bone size and shape and the healing and remodeling potential of living bone. At present, life-long drug immunosuppression (IS) is required. Organ toxicity, opportunistic infection and neoplasm risks are of concern to treat such non-lethal indications.
We have previously demonstrated that bone and joint VCA viability may be maintained in rats and rabbits without the need of long-term-immunosuppression by implantation of recipient derived vessels within the VCA. It generates an autogenous, neoangiogenic circulation with measurable flow and active bone remodeling, requiring only 2 weeks of IS. As small animals differ from man substantially in anatomy, bone physiology and immunology, we have developed a porcine bone VCA model to evaluate this technique before clinical application is undertaken. Miniature swine are currently widely used for allotransplantation research, given their immunologic, anatomic, physiologic and size similarities to man. Here, we describe a new porcine orthotopic tibial bone VCA model to test the role of autogenous surgical angiogenesis to maintain VCA viability.
The model reconstructs segmental tibial bone defects using size- and shape-matched allogeneic tibial bone segments, transplanted across a major swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) mismatch in Yucatan miniature swine. Nutrient vessel repair and implantation of recipient derived autogenous vessels into the medullary canal of allogeneic tibial bone segments is performed in combination with simultaneous short-term IS. This permits a neoangiogenic autogenous circulation to develop from the implanted tissue, maintaining flow through the allogeneic nutrient vessels for a short time. Once established, the new autogenous circulation maintains bone viability following cessation of drug therapy and subsequent nutrient vessel thrombosis.

Currently any kind of vascularized composite allotransplantation depends on long-term-immunosuppression, difficult to support for non-life-critical indications. We present a new porcine tibial VCA model that can be used to study bone VCA and demonstrate the use of surgical angiogenesis to maintain bone viability without the need of long-term immune-modulation.

Angiogenesis chirurgicale en Porcine Allotransplantation Tibial : un nouveau grand Animal OS vascularisé Allotransplantation Composite modèle

Segmental bone loss resulting from trauma, infection malignancy and congenital anomaly remains a major reconstructive challenge. Current therapeutic ...

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent hemorrhages at a later stage. The exact effects of plasma coagulation on liver tissue are only poorly examined. In our porcine model, the coagulation effects can be examined close to the clinical application. A combined laser Doppler flowmeter and spectrophotometer documents microcirculation changes during coagulation at 8 mm tissue depth noninvasively, providing quantifiable information about hemostasis beyond the subjective clinical impression. The temperature at coagulation site is assessed with an infrared thermometer prior and post coagulation and with a thermographic camera during coagulation, a measurement of the gas beam temperature is not possible due to the upper threshold of the devices. The depth of coagulation is measured microscopically on hematoxylin/eosin stained sections after calibration with an object micrometer and gives an exact information about the power setting-coagulation depth-relation. The sealing effect is examined on the bile ducts as it is not possible for a plasma coagulator to seal larger blood vessels. Burst pressure experiments are carried out on explanted organs to rule out blood pressure related effects.

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Here we present a protocol to experimentally assess plasma coagulation in liver tissue in vivo. In a porcine model, microcirculation is examined by laser Doppler, coagulation depth is measured histologically, temperature at coagulation site by infrared thermometer and thermographic camera, and duct sealing effect is documented by burst pressure experiments.

Évaluation de la Coagulation du Plasma sur le tissu hépatique dans un grand modèle Animal In Vivo

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent ...

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex

The concept of objective nociceptive assessment and optimal pain management have gained increasing attention. Despite the known negative short- and long-term consequences of unresolved pain or excessive analgosedation, adequate nociceptive monitoring remains challenging in non-communicative, critically ill adults. In the intensive care unit (ICU), routine nociceptive evaluation is carried out by the attending nurse using the Behavior Pain Scale (BPS) in mechanically ventilated patients. This assessment is limited by medication use (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and the inherent subjective character of nociceptive evaluation by third parties.
Here, we describe the use of two nociceptive reflex testing devices as tools for objective pain evaluation: the pupillary dilation reflex (PDR) and nociception flexion reflex (NFR). These measurement tools are non-invasive and well tolerated, providing clinicians and researchers with objective information regarding two different nociceptive processing pathways: (1)&#160;the pain-related autonomic reactivity&#160;and (2) the ascending component of the somatosensory system. The use of PDR and NFR measurements are currently limited to specialized pain clinics and research institutions because of impressions that these are technically demanding or time-consuming procedures, or even because of a lack of knowledge regarding their existence.
By focusing on the two abovementioned nociceptive reflex assessments, this study evaluated their feasibility as a physiological pain measurement method in daily practice. Pursuing novel technologies for evaluating the analgesia level in unconscious patients may further improve individual pharmacological treatment and patient related outcome measures. Therefore, future research must include large well-designed clinical trials in a real-life environment.

Pain assessment in anesthetized patients who cannot communicate with the outside world in any way remains challenging despite the development of innovative objective pain evaluation tools. In this project, the pupillary dilation reflex and the nociception flexion reflex are assessed in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adult patients.

Évaluation objective de nociception chez les Patients ventilés ICU : une étude de faisabilité à l’aide de pupillométrie et le réflexe nociceptif Flexion

The concept of objective nociceptive assessment and optimal pain management have gained increasing attention. Despite the known negative short- and ...

In Vitro Model of Coronary Angiogenesis

Here, we describe an in vitro culture assay to study coronary angiogenesis. Coronary vessels feed the heart muscle and are of clinical importance. Defects in these vessels represent severe health risks such as in atherosclerosis, which can lead to myocardial infarctions and heart failures in patients. Consequently, coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite its clinical importance, relatively little progress has been made on how to regenerate damaged coronary arteries. Nevertheless, recent progress has been made in understanding the cellular origin and differentiation pathways of coronary vessel development. The advent of tools and technologies that allow researchers to fluorescently label progenitor cells, follow their fate, and visualize progenies in vivo have been instrumental in understanding coronary vessel development. In vivo studies are valuable, but have limitations in terms of speed, accessibility, and flexibility in experimental design. Alternatively, accurate in vitro models of coronary angiogenesis can circumvent these limitations and allow researchers to interrogate important biological questions with speed and flexibility. The lack of appropriate in vitro model systems may have hindered the progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary vessel growth. Here, we describe an in vitro culture system to grow coronary vessels from the sinus venosus (SV) and endocardium (Endo), the two progenitor tissues from which many of the coronary vessels arise. We also confirmed that the cultures accurately recapitulate some of the known in vivo mechanisms. For instance, we show that the angiogenic sprouts in culture from SV downregulate COUP-TFII expression similar to what is observed in vivo. In addition, we show that VEGF-A, a well-known angiogenic factor in vivo, robustly stimulates angiogenesis from both the SV and Endo cultures. Collectively, we have devised an accurate in vitro culture model to study coronary angiogenesis.

In vitro models of coronary angiogenesis can be utilized for the discovery of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary angiogenesis. In vitro explant cultures of sinus venosus and endocardium tissues show robust growth in response to VEGF-A and display a similar pattern of COUP-TFII expression as in vivo.

Modèle in Vitro de l’angiogenèse coronaire

Here, we describe an in vitro culture assay to study coronary angiogenesis. Coronary vessels feed the heart muscle and are of clinical importance. Defects ...

Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated with an increased survival rate and greater quality of patient&#8217;s life when compared to conventional dialysis. Regrettably, transplantology suffers from a lack of reliable methods for organ quality assessment. Standard diagnostic techniques are limited to macroscopic appearance inspection or invasive tissue biopsy, which do not provide comprehensive information about the graft. The proposed protocol aims to introduce solid phase microextraction (SPME) as an ideal analytical method for comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomic analysis of all low molecular compounds present in kidneys allocated for transplantation. The small size of the SPME probe enables performance of a chemical biopsy, which enables extraction of metabolites directly from the organ without any tissue collection. The minimum invasiveness of the method permits execution of multiple analyses over time: directly after organ harvesting, during its preservation, and immediately after revascularization at the recipient&#8217;s body. It is hypothesized that the combination of this novel sampling method with a high-resolution mass spectrometer will allow for discrimination of a set of characteristic compounds that could serve as biological markers of graft quality and indicators of possible development of organ dysfunction.

The protocol presents utilization of the chemical biopsy approach followed by comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic analysis for quality assessment of kidney grafts allocated for transplantation.

Utilisation d’une biopsie chimique pour l’évaluation de la qualité de la greffe

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated ...