אנו מודים המילטון מתכנתים ומומחי תמיכה מתמשכת Blaas אווה לקבלת סיוע טכני. עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי שני מענקים NWO השקעה (911-07-031 ו 40-00506-98-10011), ביאטריקס Prinses Fonds Wetenschapsprijs 2009 ואת קמפוס Neuroscience אמסטרדם; ש&quot;י נתמך על ידי TI-פארמה: T5-207.

<ol>
	<li>Geschwind, D. H., Konopka, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroscience+in+the+era+of+functional+genomics+and+systems+biology.">Neuroscience in the era of functional genomics and systems biology.</a> Nature. 461, 908-915 (2009).</li><li>Ge, H., Walhout, A. J., Vidal, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+'omic'+information:+a+bridge+between+genomics+and+systems+biology.">Integrating 'omic' information: a bridge between genomics and systems biology.</a> Trends. Genet. 19, 551-560 (2003).</li><li>Zhu, H., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term='Omic'+approaches+for+unraveling+signaling+networks.">'Omic' approaches for unraveling signaling networks.</a> Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 14, 173-179 (2002).</li><li>Jain, S., Heutink, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+single+genes+to+gene+networks:+high-throughput-high-content+screening+for+neurological+disease.">From single genes to gene networks: high-throughput-high-content screening for neurological disease.</a> Neuron. 68, 207-217 (2010).</li><li>Manolio, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finding+the+missing+heritability+of+complex+diseases.">Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases.</a> Nature. 461, 747-753 (2009).</li><li>Nalls, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imputation+of+sequence+variants+for+identification+of+genetic+risks+for+Parkinson's+disease:+a+meta-analysis+of+genome-wide+association+studies.">Imputation of sequence variants for identification of genetic risks for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies.</a> Lancet. 377, 641-649 (2011).</li><li>Simon-Sanchez, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+association+study+confirms+extant+PD+risk+loci+among+the+Dutch.">Genome-wide association study confirms extant PD risk loci among the Dutch.</a> Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 19 (6), 655-661 (2011).</li><li>Van Regenmortel, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reductionism+and+complexity+in+molecular+biology.+Scientists+now+have+the+tools+to+unravel+biological+and+overcome+the+limitations+of+reductionism.">Reductionism and complexity in molecular biology. Scientists now have the tools to unravel biological and overcome the limitations of reductionism.</a> EMBO. Rep. 5, 1016-1020 (2004).</li><li>Aherne, G. W., McDonald, E., Workman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finding+the+needle+in+the+haystack:+why+high-throughput+screening+is+good+for+your+health.">Finding the needle in the haystack: why high-throughput screening is good for your health.</a> Breast. Cancer. Res. 4, 148-154 (2002).</li><li>An, W. F., Tolliday, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction:+cell-based+assays+for+high-throughput+screening.">Introduction: cell-based assays for high-throughput screening.</a> Methods. Mol. Biol. 486, 1-12 (2009).</li><li>Mayr, L. M., Bojanic, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+trends+in+high-throughput+screening.">Novel trends in high-throughput screening.</a> Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 9, 580-588 (2009).</li><li>Hertzberg, R. P., Pope, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+screening:+new+technology+for+the+21st+century.">High-throughput screening: new technology for the 21st century.</a> Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 4, 445-451 (2000).</li><li>Conrad, C., Gerlich, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+microscopy+for+high-content+RNAi+screening.">Automated microscopy for high-content RNAi screening.</a> J. Cell. Biol. 188, 453-461 (2010).</li><li>Thomas, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-content+screening:+a+decade+of+evolution.">High-content screening: a decade of evolution.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 15, 1-9 (2010).</li><li>Arrasate, M., Finkbeiner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+microscope+system+for+determining+factors+that+predict+neuronal+fate.">Automated microscope system for determining factors that predict neuronal fate.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 3840-3845 (2005).</li><li>Dragunow, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-content+analysis+in+neuroscience.">High-content analysis in neuroscience.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 779-788 (2008).</li><li>Varma, H., Lo, D. C., Stockwell, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+throughput+screening+for+neurodegeneration+and+complex+disease+phenotypes.">High throughput screening for neurodegeneration and complex disease phenotypes.</a> Comb. Chem. High. Throughput. Screen. 11, 238-248 (2008).</li><li>Durr, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+hit+identification+by+quality+assurance+and+multivariate+data+analysis+of+a+high-content,+cell-based+assay.">Robust hit identification by quality assurance and multivariate data analysis of a high-content, cell-based assay.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 12, 1042-1049 (2007).</li><li>Miller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+relationships+between+huntingtin+levels,+polyglutamine+length,+inclusion+body+formation,+and+neuronal+death+provide+novel+insight+into+huntington's+disease+molecular+pathogenesis.">Quantitative relationships between huntingtin levels, polyglutamine length, inclusion body formation, and neuronal death provide novel insight into huntington's disease molecular pathogenesis.</a> J. Neurosci. 30, 10541-10550 (2010).</li><li>Jain, S., Sondervan, D., Rizzu, P., Bochdanovits, Z., Caminada, D., Heutink, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Complete+Automation+of+Cell+Culture.">The Complete Automation of Cell Culture.</a> Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 16 (8), (2011).</li><li>Bonifati, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+the+DJ-1+gene+associated+with+autosomal+recessive+early-onset+parkinsonism.">Mutations in the DJ-1 gene associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism.</a> Science. 299, 256-259 (2003).</li><li>Ricardo, R., Phelan, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypsinizing+and+Subculturing+Mammalian+Cells.">Trypsinizing and Subculturing Mammalian Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (16), e755-e755 (2008).</li><li>Kent, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+and+Maintenance+of+Human+Embryonic+Stem+Cells.">Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (34), e1427-e1427 (2009).</li><li>Moffat, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+lentiviral+RNAi+library+for+human+and+mouse+genes+applied+to+an+arrayed+viral+high-content+screen.">A lentiviral RNAi library for human and mouse genes applied to an arrayed viral high-content screen.</a> Cell. 124, 1283-1298 (2006).</li><li>Volksgezondheid, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrale+versie+van+de+Regeling+genetisch+gemodificeerde+organismen+en+het+Besluit+genetische+gemodificeerde.">Integrale versie van de Regeling genetisch gemodificeerde organismen en het Besluit genetische gemodificeerde.</a> Organismen. , (2004).</li><li>Anderl, J. L., Redpath, S., Ball, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Neuronal+and+Astrocyte+Co-Culture+Assay+for+High+Content+Analysis+of+Neurotoxicity.">A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (27), e1173-e1173 (2009).</li><li>Wiles, A. M., Ravi, D., Bhavani, S., Bishop, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+of+normalization+methods+for+Drosophila+RNAi+genomic+screens+and+development+of+a+robust+validation+scheme.">An analysis of normalization methods for Drosophila RNAi genomic screens and development of a robust validation scheme.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 13, 777-784 (2008).</li><li>Canet-Aviles, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Parkinson's+disease+protein+DJ-1+is+neuroprotective+due+to+cysteine-sulfinic+acid-driven+mitochondrial+localization.">The Parkinson's disease protein DJ-1 is neuroprotective due to cysteine-sulfinic acid-driven mitochondrial localization.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 9103-9108 (2004).</li><li>Blackinton, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+a+stabilized+cysteine+sulfinic+acid+is+critical+for+the+mitochondrial+function+of+the+parkinsonism+protein+DJ-1.">Formation of a stabilized cysteine sulfinic acid is critical for the mitochondrial function of the parkinsonism protein DJ-1.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 284, 6476-6485 (2009).</li><li>Gupta, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+selective+inhibitors+of+cancer+stem+cells+by+high-throughput+screening.">Identification of selective inhibitors of cancer stem cells by high-throughput screening.</a> Cell. 138, 645-659 (2009).</li><li>Luo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genome-wide+RNAi+screen+identifies+multiple+synthetic+lethal+interactions+with+the+Ras+oncogene.">A genome-wide RNAi screen identifies multiple synthetic lethal interactions with the Ras oncogene.</a> Cell. 137, 835-848 (2009).</li><li>Mouchet, E. H., Simpson, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-content+assays+in+oncology+drug+discovery:+opportunities+and+challenges.">High-content assays in oncology drug discovery: opportunities and challenges.</a> IDrugs. 11, 422-427 (2008).</li><li>Vogt, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+image-based+phenotypic+analysis+in+zebrafish+embryos.">Automated image-based phenotypic analysis in zebrafish embryos.</a> Dev. Dyn. 238, 656-663 (2009).</li><li>Pardo-Martin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+in+vivo+vertebrate+screening.">High-throughput in vivo vertebrate screening.</a> Nat. Methods. 7, 634-636 (2010).</li><li>Vogt, A., Codore, H., Day, B. W., Hukriede, N. A., Tsang, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+automated+imaging+and+analysis+for+zebrafish+chemical+screens.">Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (40), e1900-e1900 (2010).</li><li>Ross, P. J., Ellis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+complex+neuropsychiatric+disease+with+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Modeling complex neuropsychiatric disease with induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> F1000. Biol. Rep. 2, 84-84 (2010).</li><li>Ebert, A. D., Svendsen, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+stem+cells+and+drug+screening:+opportunities+and+challenges.">Human stem cells and drug screening: opportunities and challenges.</a> Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 9, 367-372 (2010).</li><li>An, W. F., Tolliday, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-based+assays+for+high-throughput+screening.">Cell-based assays for high-throughput screening.</a> Mol. Biotechnol. 45, 180-186 (2010).</li></ol>

אין לנו שום דבר לגלות

עם הפחתת עלויות של HT / HC מערכות הסלולר ההקרנה, בשילוב עם הזמינות של הגנום כולו כלים חזקים כדי לשנות את תפקוד הגן, HT / HC המסכים הופכים דבר שבשגרה באקדמיה. הגישה כבר הותקן בהצלחה בתחומים מגוונים של מחקר כגון זיהוי של מטרות התרופה לסרטן 9, 31-33 ו - 34-36 התפתחות עוברית ואפילו יש פוטנציאל ליישום בפענוח המסלולים המעורבים הפרעות נוירופסיכיאטריות 37,38. עם זאת יישום של מערכת כזו דורשת השקעה משמעותית של זמן ומאמץ עם אופטימיזציה של תהליך לעתים קרובות לקחת מינימום של 6 חודשים. כל השלבים, כמו פעמים trypsinization, מהירויות pipetting וצפיפות זריעת צריך להיות מותאם, על מנת להבטיח כי תאים בריאים לצמוח בעקביות. מניעת זיהום חיידקי הוא אחד האתגרים הקשים ביותר מול תרבית תאים אוטומטית עם פרוטוקולי ניקוי שבועי גombination עם שטיפה מתמדת של כל הקווים נושאות נוזל עם 70% אתנול להיות הכרחי תרבויות זיהום בחינם. זה יהיה גם צורך לשפר את הרובוטיקה, כך מכשירים נוספים, כגון מיקרוסקופים confocal עבור רזולוציה גבוהה יותר ו -80 ° C מקפיאים לאחסון המתחם יכול להיות משולב. יש גם מגבלות צורך לטפל על מנת לשפר את מהירות רגיש, השירות של שיטה זו ללמוד רשתות גנים ולזהות גנים המעורבים מסלולים מולקולריים פתוגניים. כדי לנהל מסך HT / HC ולהבטיח כי נתונים אמינים נאסף, כמה היבטים צריך להיות מותאם. ראשית, אמינות המדידה היא מעל לכל תלוי חוסנו ואת הרגישות של assay. למשל, מבחני המתוארים לעיל מתאימים המסכים קטנים יותר, אבל קשה ליישם בקנה מידה רחב הגנום, בשל עיבוד מספר צעדים נדרשים לפני רכישת התמונה.לפיכך, אפשר היה לבנות שורות תאים יציבות לבטא את הגן הכתב, אשר יאפשר הדמיה ישירה להוביל וריאציה ירד בשל מספר מופחת של מדרגות עיבוד. נכון לעכשיו, תכנון assay מתאר במדויק ובאמינות מכמת פנוטיפ של עניין הוא צוואר הבקבוק העיקרי בתהליך המיון HC. מסכי רבים שנערכו בתאי יונקים שונים באמצעות ספריות RNAi, אשר כולם סובלים מחוץ יעד אפקטים, יעילות מוגבלת להשתקת גנים בגנום כיסוי שלם. לפיכך ספריות צריך להתבצע אשר הם ספציפיים יותר, חזק ויש לי כיסוי טוב יותר. נערכים מאמצים ליצור כזה הוא קיווה במאמצים כזה ישפר את שחזור של HT / HC scre<html> en להיטים. הגבלה של רבים בקנה מידה גדול תא מסכי מבוססות כי הם נערכים בתאי נוירובלסטומה כי הם יכולים להיות מניפולציות גנטיות ותרבותי על מספרים גדולים בקלות יחסית. עם זאת, את הרלוונטיות של &quot;להיטים&quot; מזוהה לשעבר התרבות מודלים vivo תא בתפקוד vivo מוטלת בספק, במיוחד כאשר המוח מורכב של סוגי תאים מאוד מיוחדים אשר יוצרים רשת צפופה ומסובכת של קשרים סינפטיים לתפקד כיחידה משולבת מאוד. כתוצאה מכך, מקובל שפוגע מזוהה באמצעות גישה ההקרנה שתוארו לעיל, הן תוקף משני מסכי שימוש בטכניקות נוספות של מודלים רלוונטיים יותר פיזיולוגיים 39. כדי לשפר את בתרגום של להיטים המזוהים במהלך HCS, נציג מודלים מתוחכמים יותר, כגון תאים ראשוניים התמיינות בתאי גזע או תרבות משותפת מערכות צריך להיות מפותחות המותאמות HT / HC גישות. &quot;ntent&gt; עם שילוב של culturing תא אוטומטיות HC הדמיה אחד יכול במהירות לקבל תובנות חדשות על איך הנוירונים פונקציה ולקבוע אילו מסלולים חשובים להתפתחות המחלה. שילוב HCS / HTS נתונים עם מידע המופק גישות אחרות&quot; omics &#39;, זה יהיה אז ניתן יהיה לבנות סקירה מערכות הביולוגיה של מחלות במוח, ובכך להקל על התפתחות טיפולית.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם מגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td></tr><tr><td> AI.CELLHOST </td><td> המילטון </td><td> <a href="http://www.hamiltonrobotics.com/en-uk/applications/cellomics/">http://www.hamiltonrobotics.com/en-uk/applications/cellomics/</a> </td></tr><tr><td> OPTI-ממ </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 31985-054 </td></tr><tr><td> Retinoic חומצה </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> R2625 </td></tr><tr><td> OMNITRAY צלחות </td><td> NUNC </td><td> 465219 </td></tr><tr><td> 96 תרבות צלחות WELL </td><td> גרנייה </td><td> 655086 </td></tr><tr><td> DJ1 N20 נוגדן </td><td> סנטה קרוז </td><td> SC27004 </td></tr><tr><td> BETA-III טובולין נוגדן </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> T3952 </td></tr><tr><td> MITOTRACKER CMXROS </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> M-7512 </td></tr><tr><td> Hoechst-33342 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> H1399 </td></tr><tr><td> מי חמצן </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 216,763, 100 מ&quot;ל </td></tr><tr><td> טריפסין </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 25050014 </td></tr><tr><td> פוספט&#39;S DULBECCO בופר </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 14190086 </td></tr><tr><td> PROMEGA אשף MAGNESIL TFX </td><td> PROMEGA </td><td> A2380 </td></tr><tr><td> SHRNA שיבוטים </td><td> OPEN BioSystems </td><td> <a href="http://www.openbiosystems.com/RNAi/shRNALibraries/TRCLibraryDetails/">http://www.openbiosystems</a>.com / RNAi / shRNALibraries / TRCLibraryDetails / </td></tr><tr><td> CELLOMICS BIOAPPLICATIONS </td><td> תרמו פישר </td><td> <a href="http://www.thermo.com/hcs">http://www.thermo.com/hcs</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

high content screening in neurodegenerative diseases

The functional annotation of genomes, construction of molecular networks and novel drug target identification, are important challenges that need to be addressed as a matter of great urgency1-4. Multiple complementary 'omics' approaches have provided clues as to the genetic risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms underlying numerous neurodegenerative diseases, but most findings still require functional validation5. For example, a recent genome wide association study for Parkinson's Disease (PD), identified many new loci as risk factors for the disease, but the underlying causative variant(s) or pathogenic mechanism is not known6, 7. As each associated region can contain several genes, the functional evaluation of each of the genes on phenotypes associated with the disease, using traditional cell biology techniques would take too long. 
	There is also a need to understand the molecular networks that link genetic mutations to the phenotypes they cause. It is expected that disease phenotypes are the result of multiple interactions that have been disrupted. Reconstruction of these networks using traditional molecular methods would be time consuming. Moreover, network predictions from independent studies of individual components, the reductionism approach, will probably underestimate the network complexity8. This underestimation could, in part, explain the low success rate of drug approval due to undesirable or toxic side effects. Gaining a network perspective of disease related pathways using HT/HC cellular screening approaches, and identifying key nodes within these pathways, could lead to the identification of targets that are more suited for therapeutic intervention.
	High-throughput screening (HTS) is an ideal methodology to address these issues9-12. but traditional methods were one dimensional whole-well cell assays, that used simplistic readouts for complex biological processes. They were unable to simultaneously quantify the many phenotypes observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as axonal transport deficits or alterations in morphology properties13, 14. This approach could not be used to investigate the dynamic nature of cellular processes or pathogenic events that occur in a subset of cells. To quantify such features one has to move to multi-dimensional phenotypes termed high-content screening (HCS)4, 15-17. HCS is the cell-based quantification of several processes simultaneously, which provides a more detailed representation of the cellular response to various perturbations compared to HTS. 
	HCS has many advantages over HTS18, 19, but conducting a high-throughput (HT)-high-content (HC) screen in neuronal models is problematic due to high cost, environmental variation and human error. In order to detect cellular responses on a 'phenomics' scale using HC imaging one has to reduce variation and error, while increasing sensitivity and reproducibility. 
	Herein we describe a method to accurately and reliably conduct shRNA screens using automated cell culturing20 and HC imaging in neuronal cellular models. We describe how we have used this methodology to identify modulators for one particular protein, DJ1, which when mutated causes autosomal recessive parkinsonism21. 
	Combining the versatility of HC imaging with HT methods, it is possible to accurately quantify a plethora of phenotypes. This could subsequently be utilized to advance our understanding of the genome, the pathways involved in disease pathogenesis as well as identify potential therapeutic targets.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Content Screening in Neurodegenerative Diseases at JoVE.com

High Content Screening in Neurodegenerative Diseases

אנו מתארים מתודולוגיה המשלבת culturing תא אוטומטי עם דימות גבוהה תוכן כדי לחזות ולכמת תהליכים תאיים רבים ומבנים, באופן תפוקה גבוהה. שיטות כאלה יכולות לסייע ביאור תפקודית נוספת של הגנום, כמו גם לזהות את הגן למחלה רשתות מטרות סמים פוטנציאליים.

הקרנת תוכן גבוהה במחלות ניווניות

The functional annotation of genomes, construction of molecular networks and novel drug target identification, are important challenges that need to be ...

high-content-screening-in-neurodegenerative-diseases

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.3K Views.  VU University Medical Center. אנו מתארים מתודולוגיה המשלבת culturing תא אוטומטי עם דימות גבוהה תוכן כדי לחזות ולכמת תהליכים תאיים רבים ומבנים, באופן תפוקה גבוהה. שיטות כאלה יכולות לסייע ביאור תפקודית נוספת של הגנום, כמו גם לזהות את הגן למחלה רשתות מטרות סמים פוטנציאליים.

Video: High Content Screening in Neurodegenerative Diseases

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

השימוש בפיברובלסטים אנושיים ראשוניים לניטור פנוטיפים מיטוכונדריאלי בתחום מחלת פרקינסון

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

Genomic studies of human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these studies is that many genes are altered, and it can be difficult to distinguish genetic alterations that drove tumorigenesis from that those arose incidentally during transformation. To draw this distinction it is beneficial to have an assay that can quantitatively measure the effect of an altered gene on tumor initiation and other processes that enable tumors to persist and disseminate. Here we present a rapid means to screen large numbers of candidate melanoma modifiers in zebrafish using an autochthonous tumor model4 that encompasses steps required for melanoma initiation and maintenance. A key reagent in this assay is the miniCoopR vector, which couples a wild-type copy of the mitfa melanocyte specification factor to a Gateway recombination cassette into which candidate melanoma genes can be recombined5. The miniCoopR vector has a mitfa rescuing minigene which contains the promoter, open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the wild-type mitfa gene. It allows us to make constructs using full-length open reading frames of candidate melanoma modifiers. These individual clones can then be injected into single cell Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E);p53(lf);mitfa(lf)zebrafish embryos. The miniCoopR vector gets integrated by Tol2-mediated transgenesis6 and rescues melanocytes. Because they are physically coupled to the mitfa rescuing minigene, candidate genes are expressed in rescued melanocytes, some of which will transform and develop into tumors. The effect of a candidate gene on melanoma initiation and melanoma cell properties can be measured using melanoma-free survival curves, invasion assays, antibody staining and transplantation assays.

A rapid way to screen for melanoma modifiers using a zebrafish autochthonous tumor model is presented. It takes advantage of the miniCoopR vector which allows for expression of candidate melanoma genes in melanocytes. A method to obtain melanoma-free survival curves, an invasion assay, a protocol for antibody staining of scale melanocytes and a melanoma transplantation assay are described.

הקרנה למכפילים מלנומה תוך שימוש במודל גידול כבני מקום דג זברה

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present applications are designed to investigate differences of WM involvement patterns in different brain diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders, by use of different DTI analyses in comparison with matched controls. 	
DTI data analysis is performed in a variate fashion, i.e. voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction-based metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA), together with fiber tracking (FT) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics (TFAS) at the group level in order to identify differences in FA along WM structures, aiming at the definition of regional patterns of WM alterations at the group level. Transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter-dependencies. The present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level. On this basis, FT techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by FT. Additionally, application of DTI methods, i.e. differences in FA-maps after stereotaxic alignment, in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders. Further quality improvement of DTI based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels.	
In summary, DTI is used to define a distinct WM pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain-based and tract-based DTI analysis.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) basically serves as an MRI-based tool to identify in vivo the microstructure of the brain and pathological processes due to neurological disorders within the cerebral white matter. DTI-based analyses allow for application to brain diseases both at the group level and in single subject data.

הדמיית תהודה מגנטית מותחת דיפוזי בניתוח של מחלות ניווניות

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter (WM) in vivo. The present ...

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. Here, we describe a general protocol for cell labeling, imaging, and image processing. The technique is applicable to various cell types and animal models, although here we focus on a typical mouse model for tracking murine immune cells. The most important issues for cell labeling are described, as these are relevant to all models. Similarly, key imaging parameters are listed, although the details will vary depending on the MRI system and the individual setup. Finally, we include an image processing protocol for quantification. Variations for this, and other parts of the protocol, are assessed in the Discussion section. Based on the detailed procedure described here, the user will need to adapt the protocol for each specific cell type, cell label, animal model, and imaging setup. Note that the protocol can also be adapted for human use, as long as clinical restrictions are met.

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

We describe a general protocol for in vivo cell tracking using MRI in a mouse model with ex vivo labeled cells. A typical protocol for cell labeling, image acquisition processing and quantification is included.

בF-MRI 19 vivo למעקב סלולרי

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. ...

Detection of Disease-associated &#945;-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated &#945;-synuclein

In addition to established methods like Western blot, new methods are needed to quickly and easily quantify disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) in experimental models of synucleopathies. A transgenic mouse line (M83) over-expressing the human A53T &#945;S and spontaneously developing a dramatic clinical phenotype between eight and 22 months of age, characterized by symptoms including weight loss, prostration, and severe motor impairment, was used in this study. For molecular analyses of &#945;SD (disease-associated &#945;S) in these mice, an ELISA was designed to specifically quantify &#945;SD in sick mice. Analysis of the central nervous system in this mouse model showed the presence of &#945;SD mainly in the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord. There were no differences in &#945;SD distribution between different experimental conditions leading to clinical disease, i.e., in uninoculated and normally aging transgenic mice and in mice inoculated with brain extracts from sick mice. The specific detection of &#945;SD immunoreactivity using an antibody against Ser129 phosphorylated &#945;S by ELISA essentially correlated with that obtained by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Unexpectedly, similar results were observed with several other antibodies against the C-terminal part of &#945;S. The propagation of &#945;SD, suggesting the involvement of a &#8220;prion-like&#8221; mechanism, can thus be easily monitored and quantified in this mouse model using an ELISA approach.

Detection of Disease-associated &amp;#945;-synuclein by Enhanced ELISA in the Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human A53T Mutated &amp;#945;-synuclein

An ELISA offering a novel quantitative approach is described. It specifically detects disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) in a transgenic mouse model (M83) of synucleinopathy using several antibodies against either the Ser129 phosphorylated &#945;S form or the C-terminal part of the protein.

איתור של α-סינוקלאין קשורים למחלות על ידי ELISA משופר במוח של עכברים הטרנסגניים ביתר A53T אדם מוטצית α-סינוקלאין

In addition to established methods like Western blot, new methods are needed to quickly and easily quantify disease-associated &#945;-synuclein (&#945;SD) ...

A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet &#946;-cell Replication Discovery Platform

Loss of insulin-producing &#946;-cells is a central feature of diabetes. While a variety of potential replacement therapies are being explored, expansion of endogenous insulin-producing pancreatic islet &#946;-cells remains an attractive strategy. &#946;-cells have limited spontaneous regenerative activity; consequently, a crucial research effort is to develop a precise understanding of the molecular pathways that restrain &#946;-cell growth and to identify drugs capable of overcoming these restraints. Herein an automated high-content image-based primary-cell screening method to identify &#946;-cell replication-promoting small molecules is presented. Several, limitations of prior methodologies are surmounted. First, use of primary islet cells rather than an immortalized cell-line maximizes retention of in vivo growth restraints. Second, use of mixed-composition islet-cell cultures rather than a &#946;-cell-line allows identification of both lineage-restricted and general growth stimulators. Third, the technique makes practical the use of primary islets, a limiting resource, through use of a 384-well format. Fourth, detrimental experimental variability associated with erratic islet culture quality is overcome through optimization of isolation, dispersion, plating and culture parameters. Fifth, the difficulties of accurately and consistently measuring the low basal replication rate of islet endocrine-cells are surmounted with optimized immunostaining parameters, automated data acquisition and data analysis; automation simultaneously enhances throughput and limits experimenter bias. Notable limitations of this assay are the use of dispersed islet cultures which disrupts islet architecture, the use of rodent rather than human islets and the inherent limitations of throughput and cost associated with the use of primary cells. Importantly, the strategy is easily adapted for human islet replication studies. This assay is well suited for investigating the mitogenic effect of substances on &#946;-cells and the molecular mechanisms that regulate &#946;-cell growth.

A High-content In Vitro Pancreatic Islet &amp;#946;-cell Replication Discovery Platform

Critical challenges for the diabetes research field are to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate islet &#946;-cell replication and to develop methods for stimulating &#946;-cell regeneration. Herein a high-content screening method to identify and assess the &#946;-cell replication-promoting activity of small molecules is presented.

A-תכולה גבוהה<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; פלטפורמת Discovery הלבלב איילט β-cell שכפול

Loss of insulin-producing &#946;-cells is a central feature of diabetes. While a variety of potential replacement therapies are being explored, expansion ...

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be important in the development of future novel therapies. Often&#160;potential new biomarkers do not make it&#160;into the clinic&#160;due to limitations&#160;in their development and&#160;high costs.&#160;However,&#160;targeted proteomics using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography-tandem/Mass Spectrometry (MRM LC-MS/MS), specifically using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, is one method that can be used to rapidly evaluate and validate biomarkers&#160;for clinical translation into diagnostic laboratories. Traditionally, this platform has been used extensively for measurement of small molecules&#160;in clinical laboratories, but it is the potential to analyze proteins, that makes it an attractive alternative to ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)-based methods. We describe here how targeted proteomics can be used to measure multiplexed markers of dementia, including the detection and quantitation of the known risk factor apolipoprotein E isoform 4 (ApoE4).
In order to make the assay suitable for translation, it is designed to be rapid, simple, highly specific and cost effective. To achieve this, every step in the development of the assay must be optimized for the individual proteins and tissues they are analyzed in. This method describes a typical workflow including various tips and tricks to developing a targeted proteomics MRM LC-MS/MS for translation.
The method development is optimized using custom synthesized versions of tryptic quantotypic peptides, which calibrate&#160;the MS for detection and then spiked into CSF to determine correct identification of the endogenous peptide in the chromatographic separation prior to analysis in the MS. To achieve absolute quantitation, stable isotope-labeled internal standard versions of the peptides with short amino acid sequence tags and containing a trypsin cleavage site, are included in the assay.

We describe a high-throughput, multiplex, and targeted proteomic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay developed with potential for clinical translation. The test can quantitate potential markers and risk factors for neurodegeneration, such as the apolipoprotein E variants (E2, E3 and E4), and measure their allelic expression.

תפוקה גבוהה, Multiplexed וממוקדת proteomic CSF Assay לכמת Biomarkers ניווניות ו אפוליפופרוטאין E isoforms סטטוס

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular plasticity or damage occurring overtime and in relation to neuronal activity or blood flow. In vivo two-photon microscopy allows the study of the structural and functional plasticity of large cellular units in the living brain. In particular, the thinned-skull window preparation allows the visualization of cortical regions of interest (ROI) without inducing significant brain inflammation. Repetitive imaging sessions of cortical ROI are feasible, providing the characterization of disease hallmarks over time during the progression of numerous CNS diseases. This technique accessing the pial structures within 250 &#956;m of the brain relies on the detection of fluorescent probes encoded by genetic cellular markers and/or vital dyes. The latter (e.g., fluorescent dextrans) are used to map the luminal compartment of cerebrovascular structures. Germane to the protocol described herein is the use of an in vivo marker of amyloid deposits, Methoxy-O4, to assess Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression. We also describe the post-acquisition image processing used to track vascular changes and amyloid depositions. While focusing presently on a model of AD, the described protocol is relevant to other CNS disorders where pathological cerebrovascular changes occur.

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

This manuscript describes a procedure to track the remodeling of the cerebrovasculature during amyloid plaque accumulation in vivo using longitudinal two-photon microscopy. A thinned-skull preparation enables the visualization of fluorescent dyes to assess the progression of cerebrovascular damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer&#39;s disease.

אֹרכִּי<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; הדמיה של Cerebrovasculature: רלוונטיות למחלות של מערכת העצבים המרכזית

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular ...

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in atherosclerosis development. However, an important factor in early stages of atheroma plaque formation is cholesterol efflux capacity to HDL (the ability of HDL particles to accept cholesterol from macrophages) in order to avoid foam cell formation. This is a key step in avoiding the accumulation of cholesterol in the endothelium and a part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) to eliminate cholesterol through the liver. Cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool that can be used as biomarker for atherosclerosis. Traditionally, [3H]-cholesterol has been used in cholesterol efflux assays. In this study, we aim to develop a safer and faster strategy using fluorescent labelled-cholesterol (NBD-cholesterol) in a cellular assay to trace the cholesterol uptake and efflux process in THP-1-derived macrophages. Finally, we optimize and standardize the NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Measurement of in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we optimize and standardize a fluorescent NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

תפוקה גבוהה התווית על-ידי Nitrobenzoxadiazole כולסטרול בזרימת Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in ...

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases

Islet autoantibodies (IAbs) are widely used in type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis and prediction. Four major IAbs to insulin (IAA), glutamate decarboxylase-65 (GADA), insulinoma antigen-2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8A) are equally important in disease prediction. Presently, up to 40% of patients diagnosed with T1D go on to develop other autoimmune disorders. Unfortunately, current screening methods using a single autoantibody for measurement are laborious and inefficient for large scale screening studies. We recently developed a simple multiplexed electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay to address these current issues. The assay combines all 7 autoantibody tests into one well. Each well includes three IAbs (IAA, GADA, and IA-2A), autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPOA) and thyroid globulin (ThGA) to detect autoimmune thyroid disease, autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TGA) for celiac disease, and autoantibodies to interferon alpha (IFN&#945;A) for autoimmune polyglandular syndrome-1 (APS-1); all of which screen for T1D and other relevant autoimmune diseases, simultaneously. The multiplex ECL assay is based on the single ECL assay platform, but instead uses the multiplex plate combining multiple autoantibody assays, up to 10, into a single well. The main difference from the single ECL assay is that each antibody-antigen complex formed in the fluid-phase is restrained onto a specific spot on each well through a linker system on the multiplex plate. The 7-Plex ECL assay, in the present study, is validated against standard radio-binding assays (RBA) and single ECL assays, using a large cohort of newly diagnosed T1D patients and age-matched healthy controls, resulting in excellent assay sensitivity and specificity.

We model a simple multiplexed ECL assay that combines 7 autoantibody assays together. The assay is capable of screening for T1D and multiple other autoimmune diseases, simultaneously, including celiac disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 1.