This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant n&#956;LIPIDS, No. 203428) and ETH Zurich (project number: ETH-49 12-2). The authors of this manuscript would like to thank Bodo Hattendorf for help with the ICP-MS and F. Kurth for cell counting. The authors also would like to thank Christoph B&#228;rtschi and Roland M&#228;der for their support with building the mechanical setup. The clean room facility FIRST at ETH Zurich is acknowledged for support in microfabrication.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

למרות שהייצור של השבבים הוא אמין מאוד יש כמה נקודות קריטיות במהלך הייצור הדורשים תשומת לב מיוחדת. ראשית, ניקיון באסיפה חשוב מאוד על מנת למנוע זיהום של השבב על ידי אבק. האבק עלול לחסום את הערוצים ולמנוע דור אגל יציב. שנית, חשוב במיוחד שהקצה הוא לחתוך מאונך לערוץ הזרבובי...

<html> ניתוח יסודות של דגימות נוזל על ידי ספקטרומטריית מסת פלזמה בשילוב אינדוקטיבי (ICPMS) מתבצע בדרך כלל תוך שימוש nebulizers בשילוב עם תאי תרסיס כמערכת מבוא 1. במדגם מערכת ההקדמה הזו המדגם הוא ריסס על ידי nebulizer ליצור תרסיס polydisperse. תא תרסיס במורד הזרם משמש לסינון טיפות גדולות. שיטה זו מקושרת עם הצריכה גבוהה מדגם (&gt; 0.3 מיליליטר -1 דקות) 2 ותחבורת מדגם חלקית. לפיכך, הוא הופך להיות מעשי עבור יישומים בהם כרכי מדגם microliter רק זמינים, כמו במחקרים ביולוגיים, זיהוי פלילי, טוקסיקולוגי וקליניים 3. כדי להפחית את צריכת המדגם, nebulizers עם ממדים קטנים יותר זרבובית פותחו 3. עם זאת, גודל הנחיר המופחת מגדיל את הסיכון לסתימה כאשר דגימות של נוזלים ביולוגיים לא מעוכלים או פתרונות מלח מרוכזים צריכים להיות מנותחות 3. &quot;Jove_content&quot;&gt; גישה שונה להקדמת מדגם הוצעה על ידי et al Olesik. 4. המחברים הזריקו נוזל לתוך ICPMS בצורה של microdroplets הבדיד monodisperse, שיוצרו על ידי micropump מונע piezo-חשמלי. למרות שמערכת זו מאוד לא מצאה יישום רחב, זה שיזם את הפיתוח נוסף של הרעיון של הקדמת אגל דיסקרטית בICPMS. היום, piezo-חשמלי המונעים מחלק מערכות, אשר יכולה ליצור טיפות בגודל של 30, 50, 70 ו -100 מיקרומטר ובתדרים של 100-2,000 הרץ, ניתן לרכוש. יכולות להיות מועברים הטיפות לתוך ICPMS עם קרוב ליעילות של 100% 5. מכשירי microdroplet אלה יושמו לכמותית מדידת חלקיקים אחת 5,6 כמו גם אפיון תאים ביולוגיים בודדים 7. מערכת דומה המבוססת על טכנולוגיית הזרקת דיו תרמית 8 נבדקה לצורך הניתוח של דגימות ביולוגיות 9. למרות avaiמערכות הקדמת טיפה אחת lable הן יעילים מאוד, יכול לשמש לכרכי מדגם קטנים ומבטיחות לניתוח של חלקיקים ותאים, יש להם כמה מגבלות. לגודל נחיר קבוע, גודל הטיפה יכול להיות מגוון רק מעט (אלא אם כן הגדרות מותאמות אישית המשמשות 10). שינויים של התכונות הפיסיקליות של הנוזלים (pH, תוכן מלח) יכולים לשנות את מאפייני אגל (גודל, מהירות זריקה). כמו כן, מכשירים אלה הם יקרים למדי, נוטים לסתימה וקשה לנקות. שיטה נוספת ליצירת טיפות ידועה בתחום מיקרופלואידיקה רביב 11. בשנים האחרונות מיקרופלואידיקה רביב צברה ריבית ל( ביולוגית) תגובות כימיות 12-15 וללימודי תא בודדים 16,17. בנוסף, טכניקה זו יושמה להחדרת דגימות בספקטרומטר מסת יינון electrospray 18,19 ולהכנת דגימות בdesorption / ionizatio לייזר בסיוע מטריקסספקטרומטר מסת n 20,21. לאחרונה, הצגנו מערכת מבוססת microfluidic להקדמת מדגם ב -22 ICPMS. המרכיב המרכזי של מערכת המבוא שלנו הוא פליטת אגל שבב הנוזל סייע (אדה). שבב זה מורכב מפולי (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) לחלוטין. בצומת הערוץ הראשונה לזרום התמקדות הוא משמש לייצור טיפות monodisperse של תמיסה מימית מדגם (איור 1). למטרה זו (נקודת רתיחה של C ° 58-60 23) בתנודתיות הגבוהה וperfluorohexane מוביל immiscible שלב (PFH) משמשת (איור 1). תכונות אלה מאפשרות PFH דור אגל יציב והסרת מהירה של השלב המוביל. שינויים במאפיינים של מדגם השפעת נוזל שיטת הדור הזה פחות, בהשוואה לגנרטורים טיפה אחרות. גודל הטיפה הוא מתכוונן על פני טווח רחב על ידי שינוי שיעורי הזרימה של השלב המימי וPFH. בsecondar במורד הזרםצומת y, יותר PFH מתווספת להגדיל את מהירות הזרימה לשנייה במרחק של לפחות 1 -1. במהירות זו הנוזל יכול להיפלט מהשבב במטוס יציב וישר (איור 1) ללא הרס אגל (איור הבלעה 1). עיצוב כפול צומת זו מאפשר שליטה על יציבות הסילון העצמאית של דור אגל. הטיפות מועברות לICPMS עם מערכת תחבורה מותאמת אישית. מערכת זו כוללת צינור נופל וdesolvator קרום להסיר את PFH. השאריות מיובשות של הטיפות מימיות מיוננות לאחר מכן בפלזמה של ICPMS ואמצעי גלאי מסת היונים. החלק הקדמי של השבב הוא להבטיח קשר הדוק עם מערכת תחבורת אגל בצורת חבית. הפליטה של ​​המדגם המימי כמו טיפות בPFH מועילה, משום שמגע עם הזרבובית הוא נמנע. זה משמעותי מוריד את הסיכון לסתימת נחיר, מה שיכול להיות בעיה בעבודה עם השעיות תא או שיתוףפתרונות מלח ncentrated. שבבי אדה, מפוברקים על ידי PDMS יתוגרפיה הרכה, זולים (2 עלות חומר כ $ לכל שבב), חד פעמיות וקלים לשנות. בשילוב עם הייצור שדורש רק כמות קטנה של עבודה ידנית כל ניסוי ניתן לבצע עם שבב חדש. לכן, ניקוי מפרך אין צורך וזיהום לחצות ממוזער. כאן, הייצור של שבב אדה על ידי יתוגרפיה הרכה ובקשתה לICPMS מתוארים. דוגמאות למדידות עם תמיסה מימית והשעית תא מוצגות.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="919">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:320px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Silicon wafer 100 mm</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Si-Mat (Kaufering, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">SU-8 2002</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Microchem Corp. (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">SU-8 2050</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Microchem Corp. (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n.a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Acetone</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Merk VWR (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">100014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">MR-developer 600</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Microresist Technology GmbH (Berlin, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Merk VWR (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">109634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">ABCR-Chemicals (Karlsruhe, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">AB111155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit (PDMS)</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Dow Corning (Michigan, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">39100000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Perfluorohexane 99%</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Sigma-Aldrich (Missouri, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">281042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">FC-40</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">ABCR-Chemicals (Karlsruhe, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">AB103511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate-buffered saline&#160;</td>
			<td align="left">Life Technologies (Paisley, U.K.)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">10010-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">Red blood cells in phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td align="left">Rockland Immunochemicals Inc. (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">R400-0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td align="left" height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">Single-element standard solutions Na, Fe</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Inorganic Ventures (Virginia, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">Multielement standard solution&#160;</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Merck Millipore (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:147px;">IV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Nitric acid</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Sub-boiled</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultrahigh-purity water</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Merck Millipore (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:320px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:320px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Hot plate HP 160 III BM</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Sawatec (Sax, Switzerland)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td align="left">used for wafer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Spin modules SM 180 BM</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Sawatec (Sax, Switzerland)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td align="left">used for wafer preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">MA-6 mask aligner</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Su&#776;ss MicroTec (Garching, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">High resolution film photomask</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Microlitho (Essex, U.K.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Step profiler Dektak XT advanced</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Bruker&#160; (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Hot plate MR 3002</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Heidolph (Schwabach, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td align="left">used for replica molding&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">1.5 mm biopsy puncher</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Miltex (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">33-31AA/33-31A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Spin coater&#160; WS-400 BZ-6NPP/LITE</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Laurell (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td align="left">used for adhesive bonding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Syringe pump neMESYS</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Cetoni (Korbussen, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">1 mL syringe&#160;</td>
			<td align="left">Codan (Lensahn, Germany)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">62.1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">5 mL syringe&#160;</td>
			<td align="left">B. Braun (Melsungen, Germany)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">4606051V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">PTFE tubing&#160;</td>
			<td align="left">PKM SA (Lyss, Switzerland)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">PTFE-AWG-TFT20.N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">Quadrupole-based ICPMS ELAN6000</td>
			<td align="left">PerkinElmer (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)&#160;</td>
			<td>n. a.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">Membrane desolvator CETAC6000AT+</td>
			<td align="left">CETAC Technologies (Nebraska, U.S.A.)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td align="left">only the desolvator unit is used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;">High speed camera Miro M110</td>
			<td align="left">Vision Research (New Jersey, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n. a.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Data analysis program Origin pro</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">OriginLab Corp. (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:147px;">version 8.6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td align="left" height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Microscope</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:320px;">Olympus (Tokyo, Japan)</td>
			<td align="left" style="width:147px;">IX71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a microfluidic chip for icpms sample introduction

פרוטוקול זה דן בייצור ושימוש בשבב חד פעמי עלות הנמוכה microfluidic כמערכת מבוא לדוגמה עבור ספקטרומטריית מצמידים אינדוקטיבי פלזמה המונית (ICPMS). השבב מייצר טיפות מדגם מימיות monodisperse בperfluorohexane (PFH). גודל ותדירות של הטיפות מימיות יכולים להיות מגוון בטווח של 40 עד 60 מיקרומטר ובין 90 ל -7,000 הרץ, בהתאמה. הטיפות נפלטות מהשבב עם זרימה שנייה של PFH ולהישאר שלמים בפליטה. מערכת desolvation שהותקן מסירה PFH ומעבירה את הטיפות לתוך ICPMS. כאן, אותות יציבים מאוד עם חלוקת עוצמת צרה ניתן למדוד, המראים את monodispersity של הטיפות. אנו מראים כי מערכת ההקדמה יכולה לשמש כדי לקבוע כמותית ברזל בתאי דם אדום אחת שור. בעתיד, היכולות של מכשיר ההקדמה יכולות בקלות להיות מורחבות על ידי האינטגרציה של מודולים microfluidic נוספים.

המערכת הוצגה יכולה להיות מועסק על מנת למדוד כמויות קטנות של פתרונות או השעיות המכילות תאים או חלקיקים. דוגמאות למדידה ואפיון פתרון סטנדרטיים של תאים בודדים מוצגות כאן. ניתן למצוא דוגמאות נוספות בet al Verboket. 22. בדרך כלל את...

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A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

אנו מציגים מערכת מבוא מדגם אגל דיסקרטית לספקטרומטריית מצמידים אינדוקטיבי פלזמה המונית (ICPMS). הוא מבוסס על שבב microfluidic זול וחד פעמי שיוצר טיפות monodisperse ביותר בטווח גודל של 40-60 מיקרומטר בתדרים בין 90 ל -7,000 הרץ.

שבב microfluidic למבוא לדוגמא ICPMS

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma ...

a-microfluidic-chip-for-icpms-sample-introduction

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.0K Views.  ETH Zurich.  אנו מציגים מערכת מבוא מדגם אגל דיסקרטית לספקטרומטריית מצמידים אינדוקטיבי פלזמה המונית (ICPMS). הוא מבוסס על שבב microfluidic זול וחד פעמי שיוצר טיפות monodisperse ביותר בטווח גודל של 40-60 מיקרומטר בתדרים בין 90 ל -7,000 הרץ. 

Video: A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

שיטות גילוי הקרינה לפלטפורמות אגל microfluidic

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

On-Chip Endothelial Inflammatory Phenotyping

Atherogenesis is potentiated by metabolic abnormalities that contribute to a heightened state of systemic inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction. However, early functional changes in endothelium that signify an individual's level of risk are not directly assessed clinically to help guide therapeutic strategy. Moreover, the regulation of inflammation by local hemodynamics contributes to the non-random spatial distribution of atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms are difficult to delineate in vivo. We describe a lab-on-a-chip based approach to quantitatively assay metabolic perturbation of inflammatory events in human endothelial cells (EC) and monocytes under precise flow conditions. Standard methods of soft lithography are used to microfabricate vascular mimetic microfluidic chambers (VMMC), which are bound directly to cultured EC monolayers.1 These devices have the advantage of using small volumes of reagents while providing a platform for directly imaging the inflammatory events at the membrane of EC exposed to a well-defined shear field. We have successfully applied these devices to investigate cytokine-,2 lipid-3, 4 and RAGE-induced5 inflammation in human aortic EC (HAEC). Here we document the use of the VMMC to assay monocytic cell (THP-1) rolling and arrest on HAEC monolayers that are conditioned under differential shear characteristics and activated by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-&alpha;. Studies such as these are providing mechanistic insight into atherosusceptibility under metabolic risk factors.

Microfluidic flow chambers etched by photolithography and fabricated from PDMS are applied to probe functional outcomes associated with EC dysfunction and inflammation. In a representative experiment, the ability of differential shear stress to modulate monocytic cell adhesion to cytokine activated EC monolayers is demonstrated.

על שבב phenotyping דלקתיות האנדותל

Atherogenesis is potentiated by metabolic abnormalities that contribute to a heightened state of systemic inflammation resulting in endothelial ...

Microfluidic Chip Fabrication and Method to Detect Influenza

Fast and effective diagnostics play an important role in controlling infectious disease by enabling effective patient management and treatment. Here, we present an integrated microfluidic thermoplastic chip with the ability to amplify influenza A virus in patient nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and aspirates. Upon loading the patient sample, the microfluidic device sequentially carries out on-chip cell lysis, RNA purification and concentration steps within the solid phase extraction (SPE), reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in RT-PCR chambers, respectively. End-point detection is performed using an off-chip Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). For peripherals, we used a single syringe pump to drive reagent and samples, while two thin film heaters were used as the heat sources for the RT and PCR chambers. The chip is designed to be single layer and suitable for high throughput manufacturing to reduce the fabrication time and cost. The microfluidic chip provides a platform to analyze a wide variety of virus and bacteria, limited only by changes in reagent design needed to detect new pathogens of interest.

An integrated microfluidic thermoplastic chip has been developed for use as a molecular diagnostic. The chip performs nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcriptase, and PCR. Methods for fabricating and running the chip are described.

ייצור שבבים microfluidic ושיטה לגילוי שפעת

Fast  and effective diagnostics play an important role in controlling infectious  disease by enabling effective patient management and treatment. Here, we ...

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this purpose, the cells are passively trapped in the middle of a microchamber. Upon activation of the control layer, the cell is isolated from the surrounding volume in a small chamber. The surrounding volume can then be exchanged without affecting the isolated cell. However, upon short opening and closing of the chamber, the solution in the chamber can be replaced within a few hundred milliseconds. Due to the reversibility of the chambers, the cells can be exposed to different solutions sequentially in a highly controllable fashion, e.g. for incubation, washing, and finally, cell lysis. The tightly sealed microchambers enable the retention of the lysate, minimize and control the dilution after cell lysis. Since lysis and analysis occur at the same location, high sensitivity is retained because no further dilution or loss of the analytes occurs during transport. The microchamber design therefore enables the reliable and reproducible analysis of very small copy numbers of intracellular molecules (attomoles, zeptomoles) released from individual cells. Furthermore, many microchambers can be arranged in an array format, allowing the analysis of many cells at once, given that suitable optical instruments are used for monitoring. We have already used the platform for proof-of-concept studies to analyze intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors and second messengers in either relative or absolute quantifiable manner.

In this article we present a microfluidic chip for single cell analysis. It allows the quantification of intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors, and second messengers by means of fluorescent assays or immunoassays.&#160;

שבב microfluidic לניתוח הכימי תכליתי של תאים בודדים

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

The Multi-organ Chip - A Microfluidic Platform for Long-term Multi-tissue Coculture

The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need for new solutions for substance testing. Many drugs that have been removed from the market due to drug-induced liver injury released their toxic potential only after several doses of chronic testing in humans. However, a controlled microenvironment is pivotal for long-term multiple dosing experiments,&#160;as even minor alterations in extracellular conditions may greatly influence the cell physiology. We focused within our research program on the generation of a microengineered bioreactor, which can be dynamically perfused by an on-chip pump and combines at least two culture spaces for multi-organ applications. This circulatory system mimics the in vivo conditions of primary cell cultures better and assures a steadier,&#160;more quantifiable extracellular relay of signals to the cells. 
For demonstration purposes, human liver equivalents, generated by aggregating differentiated HepaRG cells with human hepatic stellate cells in hanging drop plates, were cocultured with human skin punch biopsies for up to 28 days inside the microbioreactor. The use of cell culture inserts enables the skin to be cultured at an air-liquid interface, allowing topical substance exposure. The microbioreactor system is capable of supporting these cocultures at near physiologic fluid flow and volume-to-liquid ratios, ensuring stable and organotypic culture conditions. The possibility of long-term cultures enables the repeated exposure to substances. Furthermore, a vascularization of the microfluidic channel circuit using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells yields a physiologically more relevant vascular model.

Here, we present a protocol to coculture primary cells, tissue models and punch biopsies in a microfluidic multi-organ chip for up to 28 days. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, liver aggregates and skin biopsies were successfully combined in a common media circulation.

צ&#39;יפ Multi-האיבר - פלטפורמת Microfluidic לCoculture Multi-רקמה לטווח ארוך

The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need ...

Electrotaxis Studies of Lung Cancer Cells using a Multichannel Dual-electric-field Microfluidic Chip

The behavior of directional cell migration under a direct current electric-field (dcEF) is referred to as electrotaxis. The significant role of physiological dcEF in guiding cell movement during embryo development, cell differentiation, and wound healing has been demonstrated in many studies. By applying microfluidic chips to an electrotaxis assay, the investigation process is shortened and experimental errors are minimized. In recent years, microfluidic devices made of polymeric substances (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA, or acrylic) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been widely used in studying the responses of cells to electrical stimulation. However, unlike the numerous steps required to fabricate a PDMS device, the simple and rapid construction of the acrylic micro&#64258;uidic chip makes it suitable for both device prototyping and production. Yet none of the reported devices facilitate the efficient study of the simultaneous chemical and dcEF effects on cells. In this report, we describe our design and fabrication of an acrylic-based multichannel dual-electric-field (MDF) chip to investigate the concurrent effect of chemical and electrical stimulation on lung cancer cells. The MDF chip provides eight combinations of electrical/chemical stimulations in a single test. The chip not only greatly shortens the required experimental time but also increases accuracy in electrotaxis studies.

Many microfluidic devices have been developed for use in the study of electrotaxis. Yet, none of these chips allows the efficient study of the simultaneous chemical and electric-field (EF) effects on cells. We developed a polymethylmethacrylate-based device that offers better-controlled coexisting EF and chemical stimulation for use in electrotaxis research.

Electrotaxis מחקרים של תאי סרטן ריאות באמצעות רב-ערוצי דו-חשמלי-שדה שבב microfluidic

The behavior of directional cell migration under a direct current electric-field (dcEF) is referred to as electrotaxis. The significant role of ...

Co-culture of Living Microbiome with Microengineered Human Intestinal Villi in a Gut-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Device

Here, we describe a protocol to perform long-term co-culture of multi-species human gut microbiome with microengineered intestinal villi in a human gut-on-a-chip microphysiological device. We recapitulate the intestinal lumen-capillary tissue interface in a microfluidic device, where physiological mechanical deformations and fluid shear flow are constantly applied to mimic peristalsis. In the lumen microchannel, human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells are cultured to form a &#39;germ-free&#39; villus epithelium and regenerate small intestinal villi. Pre-cultured microbial cells are inoculated into the lumen side to establish a host-microbe ecosystem. After microbial cells adhere to the apical surface of the villi, fluid flow and mechanical deformations are resumed to produce a steady-state microenvironment in which fresh culture medium is constantly supplied and unbound bacteria (as well as bacterial wastes) are continuously removed. After extended co-culture from days to weeks, multiple microcolonies are found to be randomly located between the villi, and both microbial and epithelial cells remain viable and functional for at least one week in culture. Our co-culture protocol can be adapted to provide a versatile platform for other host-microbiome ecosystems that can be found in various human organs, which may facilitate in vitro study of the role of human microbiome in orchestrating health and disease.

We describe an in vitro protocol to co-culture gut microbiome and intestinal villi for an extended period using a human gut-on-a-chip microphysiological system.

עמית תרבות Microbiome חי עם Microengineered אדם המעיים villi בתוך גוט-על-שבב מכשיר microfluidic

Here, we describe a protocol to perform long-term co-culture of multi-species human gut microbiome with microengineered intestinal villi in a human ...

Multi-step Variable Height Photolithography for Valved Multilayer Microfluidic Devices

Microfluidic systems have enabled powerful new approaches to high-throughput biochemical and biological analysis. However, there remains a barrier to entry for non-specialists who would benefit greatly from the ability to develop their own microfluidic devices to address research questions. Particularly lacking has been the open dissemination of protocols related to photolithography, a key step in the development of a replica mold for the manufacture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. While the fabrication of single height silicon masters has been explored extensively in literature, fabrication steps for more complicated photolithography features necessary for many interesting device functionalities (such as feature rounding to make valve structures, multi-height single-mold patterning, or high aspect ratio definition) are often not explicitly outlined. 
Here, we provide a complete protocol for making multilayer microfluidic devices with valves and complex multi-height geometries, tunable for any application. These fabrication procedures are presented in the context of a microfluidic hydrogel bead synthesizer and demonstrate the production of droplets containing polyethylene glycol (PEG diacrylate) and a photoinitiator that can be polymerized into solid beads. This protocol and accompanying discussion provide a foundation of design principles and fabrication methods that enables development of a wide variety of microfluidic devices. The details included here should allow non-specialists to design and fabricate novel devices, thereby bringing a host of recently developed technologies to their most exciting applications in biological laboratories.

Multilayer microfluidic devices often involve the fabrication of master molds with complex geometries for functionality. This article presents a complete protocol for multi-step photolithography with valves and variable height features tunable to any application. As a demonstration, we fabricate a microfluidic droplet generator capable of producing hydrogel beads.

פוטו-ליתוגרפיה גובה רב שלבי משתנה עבור Valved רב שכבתי מכשירים microfluidic

Microfluidic systems have enabled powerful new approaches to high-throughput biochemical and biological analysis. However, there remains a barrier to ...

Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation

In recent years, biomarker diagnostics became an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of human disease, especially for the point-of-care diagnostics. An easy-to-use and low-cost sensor platform is highly desired to measure various types of analytes (e.g., biomarkers, hormones, and drugs) quantitatively and specifically. For this reason, dry film photoresist technology - enabling cheap, facile, and high-throughput fabrication - was used to manufacture the microfluidic biosensor presented here. Depending on the bioassay used afterwards, the versatile platform is capable of detecting various types of biomolecules. For the fabrication of the device, platinum electrodes are structured on a flexible polyimide (PI) foil in the only clean-room process step. The PI foil serves as a substrate for the electrodes, which are insulated with an epoxy-based photoresist. The microfluidic channel is subsequently generated by the development and lamination of dry film photoresist (DFR) foils onto the PI wafer. By using a hydrophobic stopping barrier in the channel, the channel is separated into two specific areas: an immobilization section for the enzyme-linked assay and an electrochemical measurement cell for the amperometric signal readout.
The on-chip bioassay immobilization is performed by the adsorption of the biomolecules to the channel surface. The glucose oxidase enzyme is used as a transducer for electrochemical signal generation. In the presence of the substrate, glucose, hydrogen peroxide is produced, which is detected at the platinum working electrode. The stop-flow technique is applied to obtain signal amplification along with rapid detection. Different biomolecules can quantitatively be measured by means of the introduced microfluidic system, giving an indication of different types of diseases, or, in regard to therapeutic drug monitoring, facilitating a personalized therapy.

A microfluidic biosensor platform was designed and fabricated using low-cost dry film photoresist technology for the rapid and sensitive quantification of various analytes. This single-use system allows for the electrochemical readout of on-chip-immobilized enzyme-linked assays by means of the stop-flow technique.

פלטפורמה מבוססת Photoresist ביוסנסור אלקטרוכימי Microfluidic הסרט יבש: ייצור המכשיר, הכנה על שבב Assay, ותפעול המערכת

In recent years, biomarker diagnostics became an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of human disease, especially for the point-of-care diagnostics. An ...

Immobilization of Live Caenorhabditis elegans Individuals Using an Ultra-thin Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Chip with Water Retention

Radiation is widely used for biological applications and for ion-beam breeding, and among these methods, microbeam irradiation represents a powerful means of identifying radiosensitive sites in living organisms. This paper describes a series of on-chip immobilization methods developed for the targeted microbeam irradiation of live individuals of Caenorhabditis elegans. Notably, the treatment of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chips that we previously developed to immobilize C. elegans individuals without the need for anesthesia is explained in detail. This chip, referred to as a worm sheet, is resilient to allow the microfluidic channels to be expanded, and the elasticity allows animals to be enveloped gently. Also, owing to the self-adsorption capacity of the PDMS, animals can be sealed in the channels by covering the surface of the worm sheet with a thin cover film, in which animals are not pushed into the channels for enclosure. By turning the cover film over, we can easily collect the animals. Furthermore, the worm sheet shows water retention and allows C. elegans individuals to be subjected to microscopic observation for long periods under live conditions. In addition, the sheet is only 300 &#181;m thick, allowing heavy ions such as carbon ions to pass through the sheet enclosing the animals, thus allowing the ion particles to be detected and the applied radiation dose to be measured accurately. Because selection of the cover films used for enclosing the animals is very important for successful long-term immobilization, we conducted the selection of the suitable cover films and showed a recommended one among some films. As an application example of the chip, we introduced imaging observation of muscular activities of animals enclosing the microfluidic channel of the worm sheet, as well as the microbeam irradiation. These examples indicate that the worm sheets have greatly expanded the possibilities for biological experiments.

Immobilization of Live Caenorhabditis elegans Individuals Using an Ultra-thin Polydimethylsiloxane Microfluidic Chip with Water Retention

A series of immobilization methods has been established to allow the targeted irradiation of live Caenorhabditis elegans individuals using a recently developed ultra-thin polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip with water retention. This novel on-chip immobilization is also adequate for imaging observations. The detailed treatment and application examples of the chip are explained.

קיבעון של אנשים חיים Caenorhabditis elegans באמצעות שבב Microfluidic של דקים ועומדים בטמפרטורות Polydimethylsiloxane עם החזקת מים

Radiation is widely used for biological applications and for ion-beam breeding, and among these methods, microbeam irradiation represents a powerful means ...