Prima di iniziare la preparazione: <ul><li> Vagando yhird instar Drosophila larve </li><li> HL3.1 (Modificata emolinfa-like) soluzione </li><li> Sylgard (gomma siliconica trasparente) dissezione piatti preparati in piccolo (35 x 10 mm) scatole Petri in plastica usando i metodi descritti da Brent e McCabe (2008) 3. </li><li> Tagliare perni dissezione breve </li><li> Stimolare pipette elettrodo </li><li> Pipette di registrazione Sharp </li></ul> HL3 Soluzione: <ol><li> Durante dissezioni ed esperimenti elettrofisiologici, larva sono immersi in HL3.1 soluzione 2 che contiene (in mm): 70 NaCl, 5 KCl, 4 MgCl 2, 10 NaHCO 3, 5 trealosio, 115 saccarosio, e 5 HEPES, pH 7,2. </li><li> Le concentrazioni di CaCl 2 si aggiungono alla soluzione HL3.1 di fornire la necessaria concentrazione extracellulare di Ca 2 +. <ul><li> Dissezioni larvali vengono eseguiti a basse concentrazioni di Ca 2 + (per evitare la contrazione muscolare) utilizzando HL3.1 + 0,25 mM CaCl 2, tenuta in ghiaccio. </li><li> Esperimenti elettrofisiologici sono in genere registrati in HL3.1 + 1 mM CaCl 2, ma questa può essere regolata 0,4-1 mM Ca 2 + come richiesto. </li></ul></li><li> La soluzione è HL3.1 filtro sterilizzati prima dell&#39;uso, e conservati a 4 ˚ C. </li></ol> Preparazione di stimolare e pipette di registrazione: <ol><li> Pipette di registrazione e stimolanti sono tirati con un P-2000 Sutter estrattore basato Laser micropipetta utilizzando le seguenti impostazioni: calore = 390, Filament = 4, Velocità = 35, Delay = 200 e Pull = 0. </li><li> Elettrodi stimolanti sono preparati con pareti sottili capillari in vetro borosilicato con estremità ampia che erano leggermente più grande della larghezza della assoni motori reciso. Le estremità sono a forma di firepolished per dare una finitura liscia (utilizzando una pipetta Narashiga lucidatore), per minimizzare i danni al nervo. Elettrodi stimolanti sono riempite con soluzione bagno (HL3.1 + 1 mM Ca 2 +). </li><li> Gli elettrodi di registrazione sono preparati da 1,2 millimetri di vetro borosilicato, che viene prelevata per formare una pipetta acuto (30-60 mΩ), e riempito di KCl 3M. </li></ol> Parte 1: dissezione di larve di Drosophila <ol><li> Terzo larve instar erranti sono sezionato per mostrare i muscoli nella parete del corpo come descritto in precedenza 4. </li><li> Dissezioni sono eseguite in HL3.1 + 0,25 mM Ca 2 + su lastre di silicone piccolo (35 x 10 mm). HL3.1 soluzione deve essere ghiacciata per dissezioni al fine di anestetizzare la larva, e viene mantenuto in ghiaccio prima e durante la dissezione. </li><li> Le larve sono sezionati utilizzando i metodi descritti da Brent e McCabe (2008), che viene modificato per gli esperimenti di elettrofisiologia con l&#39;aggiunta di 0,25 mm Ca 2 + alla soluzione HL3.1 dissezione, e con perni dissezione breve (circa 2 mm di lunghezza) che sono meno probabilità di colpire l&#39;obiettivo microscopio e gli elettrodi durante un esperimento. </li><li> A seguito di dissezione, gli assoni motori delle larve sono interrotti. Questo viene fatto delicatamente tenendo il sistema nervoso centrale e alzando leggermente in modo da i nervi periferici che innervano i muscoli posteriori del ganglio ventrale può essere tagliata senza danneggiare i muscoli (Figura 1). Il cervello viene quindi rimosso. </li><li> La preparazione larvale sezionato viene lavato due volte con HL3.1 + 1 mM Ca 2 +. </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1109/fig1.png" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Schematica che mostra i passaggi necessari per il taglio del assoni motori di larve sezionato. La CNS è sollevato con una pinza e gli assoni motori sono tagliati alla base del cervello. Parte 2: le registrazioni intracellulari da cellule muscolari larvale. <ol><li> Posizionare la piastra di dissezione sul microscopio elettrofisiologia e sommergere la preparazione con HL3.1 + 1,5 mM Ca 2 + e fissare l&#39;elettrodo in modo da bagno è in contatto con la soluzione. </li><li> Tutti gli esperimenti vengono eseguiti su muscoli 6 anni entro il terzo segmento addominale (A3). Nervi periferici che innervano i muscoli sono stimolati utilizzando un elettrodo di aspirazione 5. </li><li> Posizionare l&#39;elettrodo stimolante il primo piatto per evitare vibrazioni quando l&#39;elettrodo intracellulare è a posto. Posizionare l&#39;elettrodo stimolante in prossimità del neurone motore innervano muscoli 6 e applicare delicata aspirazione fino a quando il nervo taglio è all&#39;interno della pipetta di vetro. Fare attenzione a non allungare i nervi quando l&#39;aspirazione viene applicata. Sollevare la pipetta leggermente in modo che non tocchi il muscolo e posizionarla in modo che non è tirando le fibre nervose taglio (Figura 2). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1109/fig2.png" alt="Figura 2" width="600" height="296" /> Figura 2. Uno schema della muscolatura e motoneuroni innervano di un segmento addominale dalla larva di Drosophila. La posizione della pipetta stimolante e reciso i nervi e l&#39;elettrodo di registrazione in posizione muscolare 6 sono illustrati. </li><li> Intraregistrazioni cellulari sono realizzate con i microelettrodi affilato pieno di 3 M KCl. Posizionare l&#39;elettrodo di registrazione sopra il centro del muscolo 6 sul terzo segmento addominale (A3) e regolare l&#39;ingresso di offset in modo che legga zero per la soluzione del bagno. Abbassare lentamente l&#39;elettrodo e l&#39;approccio al muscolo sotto alto ingrandimento ottico fino a toccare la superficie del muscolo. Guarda l&#39;oscilloscopio per confermare che il muscolo è stato penetrato. Il potenziale di membrana a riposo deve essere di almeno -60 mV, o l&#39;animale non deve essere utilizzato. Sporadici potenzialità placca in miniatura dovrebbe essere visibile. Lasciare la cella di stabilizzare per un minuto prima di iniziare a registrare. </li><li> Variazioni del potenziale di membrana vengono rilevati con un HS-2A stadio testa Axon e un amplificatore 2B Axoclamp e registrato con CLAMPEX v 8.2.0.235 (Axon Instruments). La 2B Axoclamp è interfacciato con un computer che esegue software pCLAMP e lavora in congiunzione con l&#39;interfaccia Digidata 1322A. </li><li> Le cellule sono state registrate per 3 minuti senza nessuno stimolo a misurare le risposte mEJP. Le tracce sono state analizzate utilizzando un software di analisi Mini (Synaptosoft, v 6.0.3) e l&#39;ampiezza e la frequenza mEJP determinato. </li></ol> La stimolazione del nervo: <ol><li> La fine reciso del neurone motore viene stimolato con una serie di impulsi di tensione quadrati (0,3 ms di durata) con un&#39;intensità che è sufficiente per entrambe le assoni motori, per evocare risposte coerenti in tutto il muscolo. </li><li> Lo stimolo viene generato con il Maestro-8 generatore di impulsi, che è programmato per fornire impulsi continuamente a seconda della durata e tempi di intervallo. </li><li> Lasciate cinque secondi tra gli stimoli per il recupero sinaptico al NMJ. </li><li> Nel determinare l&#39;intensità dello stimolo, iniziare con il più basso livello e aumentare l&#39;intensità lentamente diverse prove. L&#39;intensità dello stimolo minimo che si traduce in una risposta evocata deve essere utilizzato negli esperimenti. </li><li> Quando l&#39;intensità dello stimolo appropriato è raggiunto, ci dovrebbe essere una EJP composto e una contrazione muscolare evocata dallo stimolo. </li><li> Record di almeno 10 potenziali evocati da ogni muscolo e media le ampiezze. </li></ol> Parte 3: Risultati Rappresentante <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1109/fig3.png" alt="figura 3" width="600" height="358" /> Figura 3. Rappresentante registrazione intracellulare dal muscolo 6 mostra la evocato EJP è risposta alla stimolazione elettrica del nervo segmentale, e le potenzialità sporadici placca in miniatura, o di mEJP. Ampiezze EJP nel muscolo 6 di sano wild-type larve, come il Canton S, sono in genere circa 40 mV e le ampiezze mEJP tra 1-3 mV.

<ol>
	<li>Atwood, H. L., Govind, C. K., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+ultrastructure+of+synaptic+terminals+on+ventral+longitudinal+abdominal+muscles+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Differential ultrastructure of synaptic terminals on ventral longitudinal abdominal muscles in Drosophila larvae.</a> J. Neurobiol. 24 (8), 1008-1024 (1993).</li><li>Feng, Y., Ueda, A., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+minimal+hemolymph-like+solution,+HL3.1,+for+physiological+recordings+at+the+neuromuscular+junctions+of+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila+larvae.">A modified minimal hemolymph-like solution, HL3.1, for physiological recordings at the neuromuscular junctions of normal and mutant Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurogenet. 18 (2), 377-402 (2004).</li><li>Estes, P. S., Roos, J., van der Bliek, A., Kelly, R. B., Krishnan, K. S., Ramaswami, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traffic+of+dynamin+within+individual+Drosophila+synaptic+boutons+relative+to+compartment-specific+markers.">Traffic of dynamin within individual Drosophila synaptic boutons relative to compartment-specific markers.</a> J Neurosci. 16, 5443-5456 (1996).</li><li>Brent, J. R., Werner, K. M., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocol+for+dissection+of+Drosophila+larvae.">Protocol for dissection of Drosophila larvae.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+the+larval+neuromuscular+junction+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Properties of the larval neuromuscular junction in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Physiol (Lond). 262, 189-214 (1976).</li><li>Katz, L. C., Shatz, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+activity+and+the+construction+of+cortical+circuits.">Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits.</a> Science. 274, 1133-1138 (1996).</li></ol>

I metodi descritti qui forniscono un modo relativamente rapido e ampio per rilevare i cambiamenti nella funzione sinaptica alla NMJ. La possibilità di effettuare registrazioni elettrofisiologiche su animali intatti in vivo, ed eseguire manipolazioni genetiche o farmacologiche, fanno Drosophila un modello animale ideale per indagare gli aspetti fisiologici e genetici della neurotrasmissione. Dato che le cellule muscolari sono molto grandi, qualcuno potrebbe preferire di aggiungere un ulterio...

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		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Small Petri dishes (35 x 10 mm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
<td>1008</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SYLGARD 182 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dow Corning Corporation</td>
<td>3097366-1004</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
<td>475002-9902</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Light for microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Schott</td>
<td>KLI500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissection pins</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26002-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>pClamp 9 software</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Axon CNS, Molecular Devices</td>
<td>PCLAMP 9 STANDARD</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissection scissors: 3mm Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>15000-0</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dumont SS Forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11200-33</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11252-20</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Thin-walled borosilicate glass capillaries, with filament (1.0 mm, 4 in)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
<td>TW100F-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries, with filament (1.2 mm, 4 in)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
<td>1B120F-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sutter P-2000 Laser Based Micropipette Puller </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>Model P-2000</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pipette polisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Narishiga</td>
<td>MF-83</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Axon HS-2A head stage</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Axon CNS, Molecular Devices</td>
<td>Model HS-2A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Micromanipulators</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>MP-85</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Axoclamp 2B amplifier</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Axon CNS, Molecular Devices</td>
<td>AXOCLAMP 2B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Clampex Software</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Axon CNS, Molecular Devices</td>
<td>v 8.2.0.235</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mini analysis software. v 6.0.3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Synaptosoft</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Brownlee Precision Amplifier</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Brownlee</td>
<td>Model 410</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Baker</td>
<td>4058-01</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>p-9333 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaHCO3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>s6297-1kg</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trelahose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>TO167</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>bp220-212 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HEPES</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>h-3375</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgCl-6H2O</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>m2670-1kg </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CaCl2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>c79-500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Master-8 Pulse Generator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>A.M.P.I</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vibration table for electrophysiology set up</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Technical manufacturing corporation</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Faraday Cage</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic potentials from the nmj of drosophila larvae

In questo video, si descrivono i metodi elettrofisiologici per la registrazione, la trasmissione sinaptica a livello della giunzione neuromuscolare (NMJ) larva di Drosophila. Il sistema larvale neuromuscolare è una sinapsi modello per lo studio della fisiologia e la neurotrasmissione sinaptica, ed è un valido strumento di ricerca che ha definito la genetica ed è accessibile alla manipolazione sperimentale. Larve possono essere sezionato per mostrare il corpo muro muscolatura, sistema nervoso centrale, e dei nervi periferici. I muscoli di Drosophila e il loro modello di innervazione sono ben caratterizzati e muscoli sono di facile accesso per la registrazione intracellulare. Singoli muscoli possono essere identificati dalla loro posizione e l&#39;orientamento all&#39;interno degli 8 segmenti addominali, ciascuno con 30 muscoli disposti in uno schema che si ripete in segmenti A2 - A7. Sezionato larve drosofila sono i muscoli sottili e individuali e fasci di assoni dei neuroni motori possono essere visualizzati con transilluminazione<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;. Costrutti transgenici possono essere usati per etichettare le cellule bersaglio per l&#39;identificazione visiva o per la manipolazione di prodotti genici in tessuti specifici. In larve, i potenziali di giunzione eccitatori (EJPs) sono generati in risposta a rilascio vescicolare di glutammato da motoneuroni alla sinapsi. In larve sezionato, il EJP può essere registrato nel muscolo con un elettrodo intracellulare. Potenziali d&#39;azione può essere artificialmente evocati in neuroni motori che sono stati tagliati posteriore al ganglio ventrale, coinvolto in una pipetta di vetro di aspirazione delicata e stimolato con un elettrodo. Questi neuroni motori sono distinte soglie di cottura, quando stimolato, e quando il fuoco simultaneamente, essi generano una risposta nel muscolo. Segnali trasmessi attraverso la sinapsi NMJ possono essere registrati nei muscoli che il motore neuroni innervano. Il EJPs e miniatura potenzialità giunzione eccitatori (mEJPs) sono visti come i cambiamenti del potenziale di membrana. Risposte elettrofisiologiche sono registrati a temperatura ambiente in modificata minimo emolinfa-come soluzione<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt; (HL3) che contiene 5 mg mM<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; E 1,5 mm ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt;. Le variazioni di ampiezza di EJPs evocato può indicare le differenze in funzione sinaptica e la struttura. Registrazioni digitalizzate vengono analizzati per EJP ampiezza, frequenza e ampiezza mEJP e contenuti quantico.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae at JoVE.com

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

Qui si descrivono i metodi elettrofisiologici per la misurazione della trasmissione sinaptica a livello della giunzione neuromuscolare larva di Drosophila. Rilascio evocato è iniziata artificialmente stimolando gli assoni dei motoneuroni, e la trasmissione attraverso il NMJ può essere misurata la risposta postsinaptica evocata nel muscolo.

Metodi elettrofisiologici per la registrazione Potenziali Synaptic dal NMJ Larve di Drosophila

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

electrophysiological-methods-for-recording-synaptic-potentials-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.8K Views.  Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Qui si descrivono i metodi elettrofisiologici per la misurazione della trasmissione sinaptica a livello della giunzione neuromuscolare larva di Drosophila. Rilascio evocato è iniziata artificialmente stimolando gli assoni dei motoneuroni, e la trasmissione attraverso il NMJ può essere misurata la risposta postsinaptica evocata nel muscolo.

Video: Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

Dissection of Imaginal Discs from 3rd Instar Drosophila Larvae

This protocol demonstrates the dissection technique used for isolating imaginal discs from drosophila larvae at the 3rd instar stage. Methods for fixing the tissue after saying and removing the wing, leg, and eye discs are demonstrated directly on a microscope slide for subsequent visualization.

Dissezione di dischi immaginale da larve 3 Instar Drosophila

Ricerca

Biologia

Methods for Patch Clamp Capacitance Recordings from the Calyx

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. Electrical recordings from the presynaptic terminal allow the measurement of action potentials, calcium channel currents, vesicle fusion (exocytosis) and subsequent membrane uptake (endocytosis). The fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitter causes the vesicle membrane to be added to the cell membrane of the calyx. This increase in the amount of cell membrane is measured as an increase in capacitance. The subsequent reduction in capacitance indicates endocytosis, the process of membrane uptake or removal from the calyx membrane. Endocytosis, is necessary to maintain the structure of the calyx and it is also necessary to form vesicles that will be filled with neurotransmitter for future exocytosis events. Capacitance recordings at the calyx of Held have made it possible to directly and rapidly measure vesicular release and subsequent endocytosis in a mammalian CNS nerve terminal. In addition, the corresponding postsynaptic activity can be simultaneously measured by using paired recordings. Thus a complete picture of the presynaptic and postsynaptic electrical activity at a central nervous system synapse is achievable using this preparation. Here, the methods for slice preparation, morphological features for identification of calyces of Held, basic patch clamping techniques, and examples of capacitance recordings to measure exocytosis and endocytosis are presented.

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal.

Metodi per la registrazioni Morsetto capacità patch dal Calyx

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. ...

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral paradigm, the experimenter usually assumes that the rapid diffusion of odorant molecules from the source leads to the creation of a stable gradient in the dish. To establish a quantitative correlation between sensory inputs and behavioral responses, it is necessary to achieve a more thorough characterization of the odorant stimulus conditions. In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

Ad alta risoluzione misurazione del comportamento Odor-Driven in Larve Drosophila

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

Drosophila larvali NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 31 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. Immunohistochemistry can be used to clearly image the components of the NMJ. In this article, we demonstrate how to use antibody staining to visualize the Drosophila larval NMJ.

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

This protocol demonstrates how to perform immunohistochemistry on dissected Drosophila larva.

Drosophila larvali NMJ Immunoistochimica

Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

The Drosophila larval neuromuscular preparation has proven to be a useful tool for studying synaptic physiology1,2,3. Currently, the only means available to evoke excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) in this preparation involves the use of suction electrodes. In both research and teaching labs, students often have difficulty maneuvering and manipulating this type of stimulating electrode. In the present work, we show how to remotely stimulate synaptic potentials at the larval NMJ without the use of suction electrodes. By expressing channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) 4,5,6 in Drosophila motor neurons using the GAL4-UAS system 7, and making minor changes to a basic electrophysiology rig, we were able to reliably evoke EJPs with pulses of blue light. This technique could be of particular use in neurophysiology teaching labs where student rig practice time and resources are limited.

Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

This procedure uses a blue light-activated algal channel and cell-specific genetic expression tools to evoke synaptic potentials with light pulses at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila larvae. This technique is an inexpensive and easy-to-use alternative to suction electrode stimulation for synaptic physiology studies in research and teaching laboratories.

Channelrhodopsin2 stimolazione mediata dei potenziali Synaptic a Drosophila Giunzioni neuromuscolari

The Drosophila larval neuromuscular preparation has proven to be a useful tool for studying synaptic physiology1,2,3. Currently, the only means available ...

Harvesting and Preparing Drosophila Embryos for Electrophysiological Recording and Other Procedures

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Harvesting and Preparing Drosophila Embryos for Electrophysiological Recording and Other Procedures

This technique exposes the Drosophila embryonic neuromusculature for immunohistochemistry or electrophysiological recording. It is useful for studying early events in neuromuscular development or performing electrophysiology in mutants that cannot hatch.

Raccolta e Preparazione Drosophila Gli embrioni per la registrazione elettrofisiologici e altre procedure

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques can then be employed to record from individually-identifiable neurons and somatic muscles. These recording configurations have been used to track the appearance and maturation of ionic currents and action potential propagation in both neurons and muscles. Genetic mutants affecting these electrical properties have been characterized to reveal the molecular composition of ion channels and associated signaling complexes, and to begin exploration of the molecular mechanisms of functional differentiation. A particular focus has been the assembly of synaptic connections, both in the central nervous system and periphery. The glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is most accessible to a combination of optical imaging and electrophysiological recording. A glass suction electrode is used to stimulate the peripheral nerve, with excitatory junction current (EJC) recordings made in the voltage-clamped muscle. This recording configuration has been used to chart the functional differentiation of the synapse, and track the appearance and maturation of presynaptic glutamate release properties. In addition, postsynaptic properties can be assayed independently via iontophoretic or pressure application of glutamate directly to the muscle surface, to measure the appearance and maturation of the glutamate receptor fields. Thus, both pre- and postsynaptic elements can be monitored separately or in combination during embryonic synaptogenesis. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Electrophysiological recordings from Drosophila embryos allow analyses of developing muscle and neuron electrical properties, as well as characterization of functional synaptogenesis at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction and central cholinergic and GABAergic synapses.

Registrazione elettrofisiologiche in Drosophila Embryo

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is still much to learn from this model preparation. In understanding the history one can appreciate why even today this NMJ still offers a rich playground to address questions regarding pre- and post-synaptic function and plasticity. The viability and ease of access to the terminal for intracellular as well as extracellular electrophysiology and imaging are significant advantages. The mechanisms behind the modulation of vesicular kinetics and fusion within the high- and low-output terminals are begging for investigation. The preparation also offers a testable model system for computational assessments and manipulations to examine key variables in theoretical models of synaptic function, for example calcium dynamics during short-term facilitation. The synaptic complexity of active zone and statistical nature of quantal release is also an open area for future investigation both experimentally and computationally.

The opener muscle of the crayfish leg is presented for its historical importance and experimental versatility in muscle phenotype, synaptic physiology and plasticity.

Vedi storici e dimostrazione di Fisiologia presso la NMJ del Muscolo Opener gamberi di fiume

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is ...

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal lines have enabled biological processes to be studied in the context of a living, and in some instances even behaving, organism. In this protocol we will describe how to anesthetize intact Drosophila larvae, using the volatile anesthetic desflurane, to follow the development and plasticity of synaptic populations at sub-cellular resolution1-3. While other useful methods to anesthetize Drosophila melanogaster larvae have been previously described4,5,6,7,8, the protocol presented herein demonstrates significant improvements due to the following combined key features: (1) A very high degree of anesthetization; even the heart beat is arrested allowing for lateral resolution of up to 150 nm1, (2) a high survival rate of &gt; 90% per anesthetization cycle, permitting the recording of more than five time-points over a period of hours to days2 and (3) a high sensitivity enabling us in 2 instances to study the dynamics of proteins expressed at physiological levels. In detail, we were able to visualize the postsynaptic glutamate receptor subunit GluR-IIA expressed via the endogenous promoter1 in stable transgenic lines and the exon trap line FasII-GFP1. (4) In contrast to other methods4,7 the larvae can be imaged not only alive, but also intact (i.e. non-dissected) allowing observation to occur over a number of days1. The accompanying video details the function of individual parts of the in vivo imaging chamber2,3, the correct mounting of the larvae, the anesthetization procedure, how to re-identify specific positions within a larva and the safe removal of the larvae from the imaging chamber.

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

This protocol describes a reliable method for anesthetization and imaging of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We have utilized the volatile anesthetic desflurane to allow for repetitive imaging at sub-cellular resolution and re-identification of structures for up to a few days1.

Imaging in vivo di intatto Larve di Drosophila a livello sub-cellulare Risoluzione

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal ...