Gli autori sono molto riconoscente di Ms. Haiying Pan e Mr. Ian Bellayr per il loro aiuto tecnico su isolamento delle cellule per i film attuali e Mr. Kyle Holden e Jonathan Lucas per il loro aiuto sulla modifica di diapositive. Molte grazie per il seguente elenco di persone che sono stati coinvolti con lo sviluppo delle tecniche preplate modificato nel corso degli ultimi anni: Drs. Burhan Gharaibeh, Baohong Cao, Deasy Bridget, Thomas R. Payne, Aiping Lu, Hairong Peng, Hideki Oshima, Bo Zeng, Xiaodong Mu, KIMIMASA Tobita, Ron Jankowski, Makato Ikezawa. Siamo grati per l&#39;assistenza tecnica da James H. Cummins, Ryan Pruchnic, Giuseppe Feduska, Rebecca C. Schugar, Haiying Pan e Tebbets Jessica. L&#39;autore inoltre desidera ringraziare il sostegno finanziario per questo lavoro dalla Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA), il National Institutes of Health (NIH), il Dipartimento della Difesa (DOD), Ospedale dei Bambini di Pittsburgh di UPMC, il Dipartimento di Chirurgia ortopedica, e l&#39;Università di Pittsburgh.

In generale, la procedura completa preplate modificata richiede 1-2 giorni di preparazione, 1 settimana di eseguire la procedura tecnica, 2-3 giorni di identificazione delle cellule con immunocitochimica, e un ulteriore 2-3 settimane di espansione popolazione di cellule staminali. Le attrezzature necessarie per la cultura di cellule staminali sono simili a quello di altri sistemi di coltura cellulare che include un banco centrifuga, incubatore CO 2, il flusso laminare cappuccio tessuto cultura e di un microscopio invertito dotato di fluorescenza e una fotocamera digitale. Le cellule staminali isolate anche può essere clonato e possono essere conservati a lungo termine in azoto liquido per i 1,2 attuali o futuri studi. Tutti i reagenti e materiali per la procedura deve essere sterile e trattati in modo asettico. Fase 1: Preparazione <ol><li> Collagene cappotto piatti colture di tessuti e fiaschi: collagene di tipo I derivato da pelle di vitello (0,1 g per 1 litro; Sigma-Aldrich). Il Plasticware per rivestire comprende: T-25 boccette, 6 o 12 piastre, piatti (60 e 100 mm, BD Falcon), come descritto prima di 1,2. Agitare delicatamente il Plasticware ogni mezz&#39;ora, per 4 ore per garantire anche rivestimento del collagene. La soluzione di collagene viene quindi rimosso. E la Plasticware rivestito viene poi lasciato asciugare nel cofano di coltura con la luce UV e il cofano sia, per garantire la sterilità e, infine, richiuso o coperto per un uso successivo. </li><li> Preparare terreno di coltura cellulare: 400mL DMEM (DMEM, glicemia alta, Invitrogen), 50mL di calore inattivato siero fetale bovino (FBS, Invitrogen), 50mL Horse Serum (HS, Invitrogen), e 5 ml di estratto di Chick embrioni (CEE; accurata Chemical Co. ) sarà vuoto filtrata con un usa e getta 0,22-micron da 500 ml sistema di filtro sterile (Corning). Sterile penicillina / streptomicina soluzione (Invitrogen) saranno aggiunti infine 100 Unità / ml. Le soluzioni preparate può essere conservato a 4 ° C per almeno un mese. Questa soluzione è usata per staccare le cellule dal pallone quando culture scissione o la preparazione delle cellule per il trapianto. </li><li> Warm up soluzioni per l&#39;isolamento delle cellule: I seguenti reagenti devono essere riscaldati a 37 ° C prima del loro utilizzo per l&#39;isolamento delle cellule: soluzione salina tampone di Hank (HBSS, Invitrogen), 0,2% (peso / volume) collagenasi di tipo XI (Sigma -Aldrich), con una media di 3.200 unità di collagene digestione per mL HBSS; dispasi 2,4 units/1mL (Invitrogen), 0,5% (peso / volume) tripsina (Invitrogen). </li><li> Sterilizzare strumenti chirurgici in preparazione: procedura chirurgica richiede sterili strumenti chirurgici, tra cui: diverse dimensioni pinze, micro-forbici, forbici iris e / o lame di bisturi. Inoltre, 15 e 50 mL provette in polipropilene (BD Falcon); filtro cella (diametro dei pori 70 m) (BD Falcon), 18 -, 23 - e 27-gauge aghi (BD PrecisionGlide), e 10 - o 20-ml siringhe sterili (BD). </li></ol> Fase 2: biopsie dei tessuti, l&#39;isolamento e dissociazione meccanica 1-4 Le biopsie dei tessuti vengono eseguite sotto una cappa sterile e cultura sono appena raccolte e tendini dei muscoli scheletrici sono ottenuti dai muscoli soleo della tibia o della arti posteriori di topi wild-type (femmina C57BL/6J, 4-5 settimane di età o più giovani, Jackson di laboratorio). Qualsiasi tessuto connettivo visibile, vasi sanguigni e tessuto adiposo vengono poi rimossi dai campioni bioptici. I tessuti dei tendini e muscoli vengono poi accuratamente identificata al microscopio da dissezione chirurgica per rimuovere residui di pelle e ossa e posti in un piatto contenente freddo (4 ° C) HBSS (integrata con aggiungere il 5% di FBS). I tessuti isolati sono poi separatamente posti su piatti di collagene rivestito contenente HBSS freddo e sarà tritata (&lt;1x1 mm 3) in un impasto grossolano con micro-forbici e / o lame di bisturi. Fase 3: la digestione enzimatica dei tessuti: Il tessuto viene poi macinato dissociato enzimaticamente attraverso una serie di passi 2,4,5 <ol><li> Trasferire il tessuto fanghi di macinazione in separata da 15 ml, tubi e centrifugare a ~ 3500 rpm a 4 ° C per 5 minuti. </li><li> Rimuovere il surnatante, lavare con HBSS e ripetere la centrifugazione di nuovo. </li><li> Rimuovere il surnatante, e digerire questi fanghi con l&#39;aggiunta di 10 ml di preriscaldata 0,2% collagenasi di tipo XI (Sigma). Incubare per 60 minuti a 37 ° C, mentre continuo a dondolo delicatamente i tubi. In alternativa, agitare a mano ogni 10 min. </li><li> Centrifuga e risospendere questi fanghi in 10 ml dispasi (2,4 Unità / mL, Gibco) soluzione. Incubare per 45 minuti a 37 ° C, agitando dolcemente con le mani o dondolo ogni 10 min. </li><li> Centrifuga e risospendere questi fanghi in 10 ml di soluzione 0,2% HBSS tripsina. L&#39;incubazione può variare in base alla misura in cui vengono rilasciate le singole cellule dai tessuti che possono essere eseguite osservando la sospensione al microscopio. Si sconsiglia di superare i 30 minuti a 37 ° C con invertendo i tubi o delicatamente a dondolo ogni 10 min. </li><li> Centrifugare la cellula con conseguentes e risospendere il pellet cellulare in 10 ml di proliferazione Media (PM). </li><li> Dissociare la sospensione cellulare facendo passare l&#39;estratto attraverso una serie di aghi. Le cellule sono poi passati 2 volte attraverso un 18G, poi un 23G e, infine, un ago 27G. </li><li> Passare l&#39;estratto delle cellule attraverso un 70-micron filtro cellulare. </li></ol> Fase 4: Preplating isolare diverse popolazioni cellulari basato sul tasso di adesione delle cellule 1-3 <ol><li> Centrifuga e risospendere il pellet cellulare in media proliferazione. </li><li> Piastra di miscele la cellula su una collagene rivestito T-25 pallone (o 60 piatti mm) e contrassegnarlo come PP1. La sospensione cellulare dovrebbe essere osservato come in possesso di un gran numero di nuclei di rifrazione e altri detriti sotto il microscopio. </li><li> Incubare a 37 ° C in un umidificata, 5% CO 2 incubatore per 2 ore. </li><li> Trasferire le cellule non aderenti ad un nuovo collagene rivestito T-25 pallone (o parabola di 60 mm) e marchio è come PP2. Aggiungere 5 ml di PM nella piastra etichettato PP1. Le cellule primi aderenti che attribuiscono al pallone sono per lo più miofibroblasti 3. </li><li> Riportare la palloni per l&#39;incubatore per altre 24 ore, il trasferimento di cellule non aderenti ad un nuovo collagene rivestito T-25 pallone (o un piatto) e segnare come PP3. Aggiungere 5 ml di Media proliferazione nella piastra etichettato PP2. Queste cellule aderenti che attribuiscono a questo fiasco sono prevalentemente fibroblasti 2,3. </li><li> Ritorno di palloni l&#39;incubatore e ripetere la procedura in un altro 24 ore fino a PP6 popolazione è creato. Mantenere ogni gruppo di cellule sospese e consentire loro di proliferare e di esaminare regolarmente utilizzando un microscopio invertito. PP3-PP4 sono per lo più mioblasti mentre le cellule satelliti muscolari sono spesso visti per lo più in PP5 2. </li><li> La maggior parte delle cellule lentamente aderendo tipicamente da allegare PP6. In questa fase, le cellule appaiono piccole, rotonde, rifrazione della luce e sono molto sparse in numero e sono considerati una cellula staminali 1,2 popolazione. </li></ol> Fase 5: Identificazione ed espansione delle cellule staminali isolate <ol><li> L&#39;isolato PP6 cellule sono molto pochi e devono essere mantenuti in media FBS ricca proliferazione (20% FBS in DMEM) che viene cambiata ogni giorno. La maggior parte delle cellule presenti nello stampo PP6 cultura durante i successivi 1-2 settimane di coltura, ma una grande, sana PP6 popolazione è di solito creato dopo un ulteriore 1-2 settimane di espansione. Le cellule staminali isolate da topi altamente esprimere cellule staminali antigene 1 (SCA1), CD34, fegato fetale chinasi 1 (Flk1), e marcatori staminali altri 1,2,6,7 che possono essere visualizzati tramite colorazione immunocitochimica. Queste cellule staminali mostrano anche le capacità di differenziazione più 3,6,8. </li><li> Le cellule isolate sono mantenuti e ampliati a bassa densità cellulare in coltura (12-bene piatti a 50-100 cellule / pozzetto o confluenza &lt;20-30% nel pallone o un piatto) per evitare 1,2 differenziazione. Cellule molto pochi cloni forma durante l&#39;espansione, e queste cellule staminali clonate possono subire proliferazione lungo tempo (LTP) per qualsiasi studio di competenza di altri. Le cellule staminali clonate possono anche essere conservare in azoto liquido mediante le procedure generali di conservazione delle cellule p.es. PM con il 10% di DMSO. Fare un numero di stock a basso passaggio delle cellule staminali per qualsiasi altro studio backup. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gharaibeh, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+slowly+adhering+cell+fraction+containing+stem+cells+from+murine+skeletal+muscle+by+the+preplate+technique.">Isolation of a slowly adhering cell fraction containing stem cells from murine skeletal muscle by the preplate technique.</a> Nat Protoc. 3, 1501-1509 (2008).</li><li>Qu-Petersen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+novel+population+of+muscle+stem+cells+in+mice:+potential+for+muscle+regeneration.">Identification of a novel population of muscle stem cells in mice: potential for muscle regeneration.</a> J Cell Biol. 157, 851-864 (2002).</li><li>Li, Y. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Huard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+muscle-derived+cells+into+myofibroblasts+in+injured+skeletal+muscle.">Differentiation of muscle-derived cells into myofibroblasts in injured skeletal muscle.</a> Am J Pathol. 161, 895-907 (2002).</li><li>Watt, D. J., Lambert, K., Morgan, J. E., Partridge, T. A. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Sloper, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incorporation+of+donor+muscle+precursor+cells+into+an+area+of+muscle+regeneration+in+the+host+mouse.">Incorporation of donor muscle precursor cells into an area of muscle regeneration in the host mouse.</a> J Neurol Sci. 57, 319-331 (1982).</li><li>Lu, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+myogenic+progenitor+populations+from+Pax7-deficient+skeletal+muscle+based+on+adhesion+characteristics.">Isolation of myogenic progenitor populations from Pax7-deficient skeletal muscle based on adhesion characteristics.</a> Gene Ther. 15, 1116-1125 (2008).</li><li>Lee, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+isolation+of+muscle-derived+cells+capable+of+enhancing+muscle+regeneration+and+bone+healing.">Clonal isolation of muscle-derived cells capable of enhancing muscle regeneration and bone healing.</a> J Cell Biol. 150, 1085-1100 (2000).</li><li>Cao, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+receptors+in+the+maturation-dependent+adenoviral+transduction+of+myofibers.">The role of receptors in the maturation-dependent adenoviral transduction of myofibers.</a> Gene Ther. 8, 627-637 (2001).</li><li>Cao, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+stem+cells+differentiate+into+haematopoietic+lineages+but+retain+myogenic+potential.">Muscle stem cells differentiate into haematopoietic lineages but retain myogenic potential.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 5, 640-646 (2003).</li><li>Huard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regenerative+medicine+based+on+muscle+stem+cells.">Regenerative medicine based on muscle stem cells.</a> J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 8, (2008).</li><li>Gates, C. B., Karthikeyan, T., Fu, F. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Huard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regenerative+medicine+for+the+musculoskeletal+system+based+on+muscle-derived+stem+cells.">Regenerative medicine for the musculoskeletal system based on muscle-derived stem cells.</a> J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 16, 68-76 (2008).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

E &#39;stato riconosciuto che alcuni tessuti adulti contengono cellule staminali multiple. Nel corso degli ultimi anni di studio, le cellule staminali sono state rilevate nei tessuti molli muscoloscheletrici, tra tendine e muscolo scheletrico. Questo protocollo corrente dettagli una procedura, nota come la tecnica preplate modificata, che è stato utilizzato con successo nel nostro laboratorio di isolare le cellule staminali adulte da tendini e muscoli scheletrici. Utilizzando la tecnica sopra descritta preplate modific...

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		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>#11995-073</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>#10437-028</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heat-inactivated horse serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>#26050-088</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Chick embryo extract</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Accurate Chemical</td>
<td>#CE650T-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>100U ml penicillin/streptomycin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>#15140-122</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Dulbecco&#x2019;s PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>#14190-250</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Hank&#x2019;s Buffered Salt Solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>#24020-117</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Collagenase type XI 0.2%(wt/vol)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>#C7657</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dispase2.4U ml</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>#17105-041</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin-EDTA0.5%(wt/vol) (10x;5g liter trypsin (1:250)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>#15400-054</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Collagen for coating flask : Type I collagen derived from calf skin 0.1 g liter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>#C-9791</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DMSO</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>#D-2650</td>
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isolating stem cells from soft musculoskeletal tissues

Le cellule staminali adulte sono stati a lungo discussi in quanto alla loro applicazione nella medicina rigenerativa. Le cellule staminali adulte hanno generato una grande eccitazione per il trattamento di tessuti danneggiati e malati a causa della loro capacità impressionante di sottoporsi a più lignaggio differenziazione delle cellule e la loro capacità di auto-rinnovamento. Ancora più importante, queste qualità ne hanno fatto vantaggioso per l&#39;utilizzo nelle terapie di trapianto autologo di cellule. L&#39;attuale protocollo introduce i lettori alla tecnica preplate modificato i tessuti molli del sistema muscolo-scheletrico, tendini e muscoli per esempio, sono 1<sup&gt; St</sup&gt; Dissociato enzimaticamente e poi messe in flaconi collagene rivestito con media. Il surnatante, che è composto da medie e le restanti celle galleggianti, è in serie trasferite al giorno per fiaschi nuovo. Le cellule staminali sono il più lento di aderire ai fiaschi che si prende di solito 5-7 giorni (trasferimenti di serie o preplates). Utilizzando questa tecnica, le cellule staminali adulte presenti in questi tessuti possono essere facilmente raccolte attraverso abbastanza procedure non invasive.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolating Stem Cells from Soft Musculoskeletal Tissues at JoVE.com

Isolating Stem Cells from Soft Musculoskeletal Tissues

Isolare le cellule staminali adulte da muscolo-scheletriche tessuti molli in base alla velocità rispetto della cellula di pallone.

Isolare cellule staminali da tessuti molli muscoloscheletrici

Adult stem cells have long been discussed in regards to their application in regenerative medicine. Adult stem cells have generated a great deal of ...

isolating-stem-cells-from-soft-musculoskeletal-tissues

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.3K Views.  Stem Cell Research Center, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC. Isolare le cellule staminali adulte da muscolo-scheletriche tessuti molli in base alla velocità rispetto della cellula di pallone.

Video: Isolating Stem Cells from Soft Musculoskeletal Tissues

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

Derivazione di cellule staminali ematopoietiche da cellule staminali embrionali murini

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

Immunoprecipitazione della cromatina di cellule staminali embrionali umane

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the trophectoderm mediates implantation and generates the fetal part of the placenta. As a result, the development of this lineage is essential for embryo survival. Derivation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells from mouse blastocysts was first described by Tanaka et al. 1998. The ability of TS cells to preserve the trophoblast specific property and their expression of stage- and cell type-specific markers after proper stimulation provides a valuable model system to investigate trophoblast lineage development whereby recapitulating early placentation events. Furthermore, trophoblast cells are one of the few somatic cell types undergoing natural genome amplification. Although the molecular pathways underlying trophoblast polyploidization have begun to unravel, the physiological role and advantage of trophoblast genome amplification remains largely elusive. The development of diploid stem cells into polyploid trophoblast cells in culture makes this ex vivo system an excellent tool for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of genome replication and instability in health and disease. Here we describe a protocol based on previous reports with modification published in Chiu et al. 2008.

In this video, we demonstrate the isolation of mouse blastocysts and the derivation of trophoblast stem cells from blastocysts. We also describe conditions for maintenance of the stem cell property as well as induction of differentiation in culture.

Derivazione di cellule staminali trofoblasto mouse da blastocisti

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the ...

Isolation of Stem Cells from Human Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and produce differentiated progeny1. These properties allow CSCs to recapitulate the original tumor when injected into immunocompromised mice. CSCs within an epithelial malignancy were first described in breast cancer and found to display specific cell surface antigen expression (CD44+CD24low/-)2. Since then, CSCs have been identified in an increasing number of other human malignancies using CD44 and CD24 as well as a number of other surface antigens. Physiologic properties, including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, have also been used to isolate CSCs from malignant tissues3-5.
Recently, we and others identified CSCs from pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on
ALDH activity and the expression of the cell surface antigens CD44 and CD24, and CD1336-8. These highly tumorigenic populations may or may not be overlapping and display other functions. We found that ALDH+ and CD44+CD24+ pancreatic CSCs are similarly tumorigenic, but ALDH+ cells are relatively more invasive8. In this protocol we describe a method to isolate viable pancreatic CSCs from low-passage human
xenografts9. Xenografted tumors are harvested from mice and made into a single-cell suspension. Tissue debris and dead cells are separated from live cells and then stained using antibodies against CD44 and CD24 and using the ALDEFLUOR reagent,
a fluorescent substrate of ALDH10. CSCs are then isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Isolated CSCs can then be used for analytical or functional assays requiring viable cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a number of malignancies. In this protocol we describe a flow cytometric method utilizing aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and CD44 and CD24 expression to isolate CSCs from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. These viable cells can then be used in functional and analytical studies.

Isolamento di cellule staminali da xenotrapianti di cancro pancreatico umano

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal ...

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

The adult mouse retinal stem cell (RSC) is a rare quiescent cell found within the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the mammalian eye1,2,3. The CE is made up of non-pigmented inner and pigmented outer cell layers, and the clonal RSC colonies that arise from a single pigmented cell from the CE are made up of both pigmented and non-pigmented cells which can be differentiated to form all the cell types of the neural retina and the RPE. There is some controversy about whether all the cells within the spheres all contain at least some pigment4; however the cells are still capable of forming the different cell types found within the neural retina1-3. In some species, such as amphibians and fish, their eyes are capable of regeneration after injury5, however; the mammalian eye shows no such regenerative properties. We seek to identify the stem cell in vivo and to understand the mechanisms that keep the mammalian retinal stem cells quiescent6-8, even after injury as well as using them as a potential source of cells to help repair physical or genetic models of eye injury through transplantation9-12. Here we describe how to isolate the ciliary epithelial cells from the mouse eye and grow them in culture in order to form the clonal retinal stem cell spheres. Since there are no known markers of the stem cell in vivo, these spheres are the only known way to prospectively identify the stem cell population within the ciliary epithelium of the eye.

In this video, we will demonstrate how to isolate retinal stem cells from the ciliary epithelium of the mouse eye and grow them in culture to form clonal retinal spheres. The spheres that are isolated possess the cardinal properties of stem cells: self-renewal and multipotentiality.

Isolamento di cellule staminali della retina dalla Eye mouse

The adult mouse retinal stem cell (RSC) is a rare quiescent cell found within the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the mammalian eye1,2,3. The CE is made up of ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

Selezione e isolamento di colonie di cellule pluripotenti indotte umane staminali riprogrammato da fibroblasti adulti

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generazione di topi derivati ​​da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice. To investigate the electrical and biological properties of cardiac melanocytes we developed a procedure to isolate them from mouse hearts that we derived from those designed to isolate neonatal murine cardiomyocytes. In order to obtain healthier cardiac melanocytes suitable for more extensive patch clamp or biochemical studies, we developed a refined procedure for isolating and plating cardiac melanocytes based on those originally designed to isolate cutaneous melanocytes. The refined procedure is demonstrated in this review and produces larger numbers of healthy melanocyte-like cells that can be plated as a pure population or with cardiomyocytes.

In this protocol, we identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice.&#160;

Isolamento di cellule melanociti-come primario dal Cuore del mouse

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Induzione e Analisi dei epiteliale a Mesenchymal Transizione

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Isolating Intestinal Stem Cells from Adult Drosophila Midguts by FACS to Study Stem Cell Behavior During Aging

Aging tissue is characterized by a continuous decline in functional ability. Adult stem cells are crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis particularly in tissues that have a high turnover rate such as the intestinal epithelium. However, adult stem cells are also subject to aging processes and the concomitant decline in function. The Drosophila midgut has emerged as an ideal model system to study molecular mechanisms that interfere with the intestinal stem cells&#8217; (ISCs) ability to function in tissue homeostasis. Although adult ISCs can be easily identified and isolated from midguts of young flies, it has been a major challenge to study endogenous molecular changes of ISCs during aging. This is due to the lack of a combination of molecular markers suitable to isolate ISCs from aged intestines. Here we propose a method that allows for successful dissociation of midgut tissue into living cells that can subsequently be separated into distinct populations by FACS. By using dissociated cells from the esg-Gal4, UAS-GFP fly line, in which both ISCs and the enteroblast (EB) progenitor cells express GFP, two populations of cells are distinguished based on different GFP intensities. These differences in GFP expression correlate with differences in cell size and granularity and represent enriched populations of ISCs and EBs. Intriguingly, the two GFP-positive cell populations remain distinctly separated during aging, presenting a novel technique for identifying and isolating cell populations enriched for either ISCs or EBs at any time point during aging. The further analysis, for example transcriptome analysis, of these particular cell populations at various time points during aging is now possible and this will facilitate the examination of endogenous molecular changes that occur in these cells during aging.

Isolating Intestinal Stem Cells from Adult Drosophila Midguts by FACS to Study Stem Cell Behavior During Aging

Understanding the endogenous molecular changes in adult stem cells during aging requires isolating the cells of interest. The method described here presents a simple and robust approach to enrich for and isolate Drosophila intestinal stem cells and the enteroblast progenitor cells by FACS at any time point during aging.

Isolare cellule staminali intestinali da adulti<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Midguts di FACS per Studiare Stem Cell Comportamento durante l&#39;invecchiamento

Aging tissue is characterized by a continuous decline in functional ability. Adult stem cells are crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis particularly ...