Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Eugenio Vivas, Kurt Heungens, Eric Martens, Charles Cowles, Darby Zucchero, Eric Stabb, e Todd Ciche per il loro contributo allo sviluppo di questo protocollo e gli strumenti usati. KEM e JMC sono stati sostenuti dal National Institutes of Health (NIH) Premio Nazionale Servizio di Ricerca T32 (AI55397 &quot;Microbi nella salute e nella malattia&quot;). JMC è stato supportato da una National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dalle concessioni dal National Science Foundation (IOS-0920631 e IOS-0950873).

<ol>
	<li>Holterman, M., van der Wurff, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylum-wide+analysis+of+SSU+rDNA+reveals+deep+phylogenetic+relationships+among+nematodes+and+accelerated+evolution+toward+crown+clades.">Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades.</a> Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 1792-1800 (2006).</li><li>Lambshead, P. J. D., Boucher, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+nematode+deep-sea+biodiversity+-+hyperdiverse+or+hype.">Marine nematode deep-sea biodiversity - hyperdiverse or hype.</a> J. Biogeogr. 30, 475-485 (2003).</li><li>Poinar, G. O. J., Thomas, G. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+variation+and+host+interactions+of+Xenorhabdus+bovienii+SS-2004,+the+entomopathogenic+symbiont+of+Steinernema+jollieti+nematodes.">Phenotypic variation and host interactions of Xenorhabdus bovienii SS-2004, the entomopathogenic symbiont of Steinernema jollieti nematodes.</a> Env. Microbiol. 14, 924-939 (2012).</li><li>Cowles, C. E., Goodrich-Blair, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Xenorhabdus+nematophila+nilABC+genes+confer+the+ability+of+Xenorhabdus+spp.+to+colonize+Steinernema+carpocapsae+nematodes.">The Xenorhabdus nematophila nilABC genes confer the ability of Xenorhabdus spp. to colonize Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes.</a> J. Bacteriol. 190, 4121-4128 (2008).</li><li>Heungens, K., Cowles, C. 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Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Il protocollo qui descritto fornisce un metodo per la rilevazione ottica di batteri all&#39;interno di un host nematode (Figura 1). Questo metodo sfrutta la trasparenza ottica di nematodi e la capacità di etichetta fluorescente batteri, consentendo l&#39;analisi in vivo di batteri all&#39;interno dell&#39;ospite nematode (Figura 3). In particolare, questo approccio identifica localizzazione batterica all&#39;interno del suo ospite. Contando una popolazione di nematodi e scorin...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del reagente </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td><td> Commenti (opzionale) </td></tr><tr><td> Lipid Agar (Sterile) </td><td></td><td></td><td> 8 grammi di brodo di coltura, 15 grammi di agar, 5 grammi di estratto di lievito, 890 ml di acqua, 10 ml 0,2 g / ml MgCl2. 6H 2 0, 96 ml di sciroppo di mais soluzione *, 4 ml di olio di mais * Mescolare i media versando piastre * Aggiungere ingrediente sterile dopo la sterilizzazione in autoclave </td></tr><tr><td> Mais Sciroppo Soluzione (Sterile) </td><td></td><td></td><td> 7 ml di sciroppo di mais, 89 ml di acqua mix e autoclave </td></tr><tr><td> Egg Solution </td><td></td><td></td><td> 16,6 ml di ipoclorito di sodio al 12%, 5 ml KOH 5M, 80 ml di acqua </td></tr><tr><td> Lisogenia Brodo (Sterile) </td><td></td><td></td><td> 5 grammi di estratto di lievito, 10 triptone grammi, 5 grammi di sale, 1 litro di acqua mix e autoclave </td></tr><tr><td> Microcentrifugare </td><td> Pescatore </td><td> 13-100-675 </td><td> Qualsiasi microcentrifuga che contiene i tubi microcentrifuga funziona </td></tr><tr><td> Centrifuga </td><td> Beckman </td><td> 366802 </td><td> Dimensioni piano centrifuga tabella che contiene 15 ml e 50 ml provette coniche </td></tr><tr><td> Sterile 60 mm x 15 millimetri Petri </td><td> Pescatore </td><td> 0875713 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 50 ml per centrifuga tubi </td><td> Pescatore </td><td> 05-539-6 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15 ml per centrifuga tubi </td><td> Pescatore </td><td> 05-531-6 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sterile 100 millimetri x 20 mm Petri </td><td> Pescatore </td><td> 0875711Z </td><td> Più profondo rispetto ai normali piastre di Petri </td></tr><tr><td> 24-pozzetti </td><td> Greiner Bio-One &lt;/ Td&gt; <td> 662000-06 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microscopio </td><td></td><td></td><td> Il microscopio ha bisogno di capacità fluorescenti compatibile con il fluoroforo </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldeide </td><td> Scienze della microscopia elettronica </td><td> 15710 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PBS (Sterile) </td><td></td><td></td><td> 8 g NaCl 0,2 g KCL 1,44 g di Na 2 HPO 4 0,24 g KH 2 PO 4 1 L di acqua Un pH di 7,4 e acqua a 1 L e autoclave </td></tr><tr><td> Provette per microcentrifuga </td><td> Pescatore </td><td> 05-408-138 </td><td> 2 ml o 1.5 ml tubi </td></tr><tr><td> Shaker </td><td></td><td></td><td> Qualsiasi shaker che fa sì che il liquido per spostare delicatamente funziona </td></tr><tr><td> Acido Diaminopimelic </td><td> Sigma </td><td&gt; D-1377 </td><td> Se necessario, integrare i media ad una concentrazione o 1 mM </td></tr></tbody></table>

visualizing bacteria in nematodes using fluorescent microscopy

Simbiosi, la convivenza di due o più organismi, sono diffusi in tutti i regni della vita. Come due dei microrganismi più diffusi sulla terra, nematodi e batteri formano una vasta gamma di associazioni simbiotiche che vanno dal vantaggioso per patogeni 1-3. Una tale associazione è il rapporto di reciproco beneficio tra i batteri e nematodi Xenorhabdus Steinernema, che è emerso come un sistema modello di simbiosi 4. Nematodi Steinernema sono entomopatogeno, usando il loro simbionte batterico per uccidere gli insetti 5. Per la trasmissione tra gli host di insetti, i batteri colonizzano l&#39;intestino dello stadio infettivo del nematode del giovanile 6-8. Recentemente, diverse specie di nematodi altri hanno dimostrato di utilizzare i batteri per uccidere insetti 9-13, ed indagini hanno iniziato a esaminare le interazioni tra i nematodi e batteri in questi sistemi &lt;sup&gt; 9. Si descrive un metodo per la visualizzazione di un simbionte batterico all&#39;interno o su un host nematode, sfruttando la trasparenza ottica di nematodi quando visti al microscopio. I batteri sono progettati per esprimere una proteina fluorescente, consentendo loro visualizzazione mediante microscopia a fluorescenza. Sono disponibili molti plasmidi che portano geni che codificano proteine ​​che reagiscono a lunghezze d&#39;onda differenti (verde o rossa), e la coniugazione dei plasmidi da un ceppo di Escherichia coli in un donatore simbionte destinatario batterica è successo per una vasta gamma di batteri. I metodi descritti sono stati sviluppati per indagare l&#39;associazione tra Steinernema carpocapsae e Xenorhabdus nematophila 14. Metodi simili sono stati utilizzati per studiare altri nematodi batterio associazioni 9, 15-18 e l&#39;approccio è quindi generalmente applicabile. La method consente la caratterizzazione della presenza di batteri e localizzazione all&#39;interno nematodi a diversi stadi di sviluppo, fornendo approfondimenti sulla natura dell&#39;associazione e il processo di colonizzazione 14, 16, 19. Analisi microscopica rivela sia colonizzazione frequenza all&#39;interno di una popolazione di batteri e localizzazione per ospitare tessuti 14, 16, 19-21. Questo è un vantaggio rispetto ad altri metodi di monitoraggio batteri all&#39;interno popolazioni di nematodi, come sonicazione 22 o molatura 23, che possono fornire livelli medi di colonizzazione, ma non può, per esempio, discriminare popolazioni con una frequenza elevata di bassi carichi simbionti da popolazioni con una bassa frequenza di carichi elevati simbionti. La discriminazione della frequenza e del carico di batteri colonizzatori può essere particolarmente importante quando lo screening o la caratterizzazione di mutanti batterici fenotipi colonizzazione 21, 24. Infatti, microscopia a fluorescenza è stato utilizzato in screening ad alta di mutanti batterici per difetti di colonizzazione 17, 18, ​​ed è meno laborioso rispetto ad altri metodi, compreso sonicazione 22, 25-27 e dissezione nematode individuale 28, 29.

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Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy

Per studiare il mutualismo tra<em&gt; Xenorhabdus</em&gt; Batteri e<em&gt; Steinernema</emNematodi&gt;, i metodi sono stati sviluppati per monitorare la presenza di batteri e posizione all&#39;interno nematodi. L&#39;approccio sperimentale, che può essere applicata ad altri sistemi, comporta batteri ingegneria per esprimere la proteina fluorescente verde e visualizzazione, utilizzando batteri microscopia a fluorescenza all&#39;interno del nematode trasparente.

Visualizzare batteri nei nematodi usando la microscopia a fluorescenza

 
Symbioses, the living together of two or more organisms, are widespread throughout all kingdoms of life. As two of the most ubiquitous organisms on ...

visualizing-bacteria-in-nematodes-using-fluorescent-microscopy

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.7K Views.  University of Wisconsin-Madison. Per studiare il mutualismo tra Xenorhabdus Batteri e Steinernema, i metodi sono stati sviluppati per monitorare la presenza di batteri e posizione all'interno nematodi. L'approccio sperimentale, che può essere applicata ad altri sistemi, comporta batteri ingegneria per esprimere la proteina fluorescente verde e visualizzazione, utilizzando batteri microscopia a fluorescenza all'interno del nematode trasparente.

Video: Visualizing Bacteria in Nematodes using Fluorescent Microscopy

Visualizing the Live Drosophila Glial-neuromuscular Junction with Fluorescent Dyes

Our project identified GFP labeled glial structures at the developing larval fly neuromuscular synapse. To look at development of live glial-nerve-muscle synapses, we developed a larval tissue preparation that had features of live intact larvae, but also had good optical properties.  This new preparation also allowed for access of perfusates to the synapse.  We used fly larvae, immersed them in artificial hemolymph, and relaxed their normal rhythmic body contractions by chilling them. Next we dissected off the posterior segments of each animal and with a blunt insect pin pushed the mouth parts backward through the body cavity.  This everted the larval body wall, like turning a sock inside-out.  We completed the dissection with ultra-fine dissection scissors and thus exposed the visceral side of the body wall muscles. The glial structures at the NMJ expressed membrane targeted GFP under the control of glial specific promoters. The post-synaptic membrane, the SSR (Subsynaptic Reticula) in muscle expressed synaptically targeted dsRed. We needed to acutely label the motor neuron terminals, the third part of the synapse. To do this we applied primary antibodies to HRP, conjugated to a far-red emitting flurophore.  To test for dye diffusion properties into the perisynaptic space between the motor neuron terminals and the SSR, we applied a solution of large Dextran molecules conjugated to far-red emitting flurophore and collected images.

Visualizing the Live Drosophila Glial-neuromuscular Junction with Fluorescent Dyes

We described structural features of the Glia-neuromuscular synapses in a novel Inside-out tissue preparation of live fly larvae using fluorescent dyes with confocal microscopy. We labeled live neuron terminals with fluorescent primary antibodies to HRP, and also visualized the perisynaptic space with fluorescent Dextrans.

Visualizzazione di Live Drosophila Gliali-giunzione neuromuscolare con tinture fluorescenti

Our project identified GFP labeled glial structures at the developing larval fly neuromuscular synapse. To look at development of live glial-nerve-muscle ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Visualizing Single Molecular Complexes In Vivo Using Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy

Full insight into the mechanisms of living cells can be achieved only by investigating the key processes that elicit and direct events at a cellular level. To date the shear complexity of biological systems has caused precise single-molecule experimentation to be far too demanding, instead focusing on studies of single systems using relatively crude bulk ensemble-average measurements. However, many important processes occur in the living cell at the level of just one or a few molecules; ensemble measurements generally mask the stochastic and heterogeneous nature of these events. Here, using advanced optical microscopy and analytical image analysis tools we demonstrate how to monitor proteins within a single living bacterial cell to a precision of single molecules and how we can observe dynamics within molecular complexes in functioning biological machines. The techniques are directly relevant physiologically. They are minimally-perturbative and non-invasive to the biological sample under study and are fully attuned for investigations in living material, features not readily available to other single-molecule approaches of biophysics. In addition, the biological specimens studied all produce fluorescently-tagged protein at levels which are almost identical to the unmodified cell strains ("genomic encoding"), as opposed to the more common but less ideal approach for generating significantly more protein than would occur naturally ('plasmid expression'). Thus, the actual biological samples which will be investigated are significantly closer to the natural organisms, and therefore the observations more relevant to real physiological processes.

Visualizing Single Molecular Complexes In Vivo Using Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy

Here we demonstrate the protocols for performing single-molecule fluorescence microscopy on living bacterial cells to enable functional molecular complexes to be detected, tracked and quantified.

Visualizzazione singola complessi molecolari In Vivo Utilizzo avanzato microscopia a fluorescenza

Full insight into the mechanisms of living cells can be achieved only by investigating the key processes that elicit and direct events at a cellular ...

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA template is attached to a functionalized glass coverslip and replicated extensively after introduction of replication proteins and nucleotides (Figure 1). The growing product double-strand DNA (dsDNA) is extended with laminar flow and visualized by using an intercalating dye. Measuring the position of the growing DNA end in real time allows precise determination of replication rate (Figure 2). Furthermore, the length of completed DNA products reports on the processivity of replication. This experiment can be performed very easily and rapidly and requires only a fluorescence microscope with a reasonably sensitive camera.


This protocol demonstrates a simple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy technique for visualizing DNA replication by individual replisomes in real time.

Visualizzazione singola molecola di DNA replica con microscopia a fluorescenza

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA ...

Intravital Microscopy for Imaging Subcellular Structures in Live Mice Expressing Fluorescent Proteins

Here we describe a procedure to image subcellular structures in live rodents that is based on the use of confocal intravital microscopy. As a model organ, we use the salivary glands of live mice since they provide several advantages. First, they can be easily exposed to enable access to the optics, and stabilized to facilitate the reduction of the motion artifacts due to heartbeat and respiration. This significantly facilitates imaging and tracking small subcellular structures. Second, most of the cell populations of the salivary glands are accessible from the surface of the organ. This permits the use of confocal microscopy that has a higher spatial resolution than other techniques that have been used for in vivo imaging, such as two-photon microscopy. Finally, salivary glands can be easily manipulated pharmacologically and genetically, thus providing a robust system to investigate biological processes at a molecular level.
In this study we focus on a protocol designed to follow the kinetics of the exocytosis of secretory granules in acinar cells and the dynamics of the apical plasma membrane where the secretory granules fuse upon stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors. Specifically, we used a transgenic mouse that co-expresses cytosolic GFP and a membrane-targeted peptide fused with the fluorescent protein tandem-Tomato. However, the procedures that we used to stabilize and image the salivary glands can be extended to other mouse models and coupled to other approaches to label in vivo cellular components, enabling the visualization of various subcellular structures, such as endosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the actin cytoskeleton.

Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that enables imaging various biological processes in live animals. In this article, we present a detailed method for imaging the dynamics of subcellular structures, such as the secretory granules, in the salivary glands of live mice.

Intravitale Microscopia per le strutture Imaging subcellulari in topi vivi Esprimere proteine ​​fluorescenti

Here we describe a procedure to image subcellular structures in live rodents that is based on the use of confocal intravital microscopy. As a model organ, ...

Super-resolution Imaging of the Cytokinetic Z Ring in Live Bacteria Using Fast 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy (f3D-SIM)

Imaging of biological samples using fluorescence microscopy has advanced substantially with new technologies to overcome the resolution barrier of the diffraction of light allowing super-resolution of live samples. There are currently three main types of super-resolution techniques &#8211; stimulated emission depletion (STED), single-molecule localization microscopy (including techniques such as PALM, STORM, and GDSIM), and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). While STED and single-molecule localization techniques show the largest increases in resolution, they have been slower to offer increased speeds of image acquisition. Three-dimensional SIM (3D-SIM) is a wide-field fluorescence microscopy technique that offers a number of advantages over both single-molecule localization and STED. Resolution is improved, with typical lateral and axial resolutions of 110 and 280 nm, respectively and depth of sampling of up to 30 &#181;m from the coverslip, allowing for imaging of whole cells. Recent advancements (fast 3D-SIM) in the technology increasing the capture rate of raw images allows for fast capture of biological processes occurring in seconds, while significantly reducing photo-toxicity and photobleaching. Here we describe the use of one such method to image bacterial cells harboring the fluorescently-labelled cytokinetic FtsZ protein to show how cells are analyzed and the type of unique information that this technique can provide.

Super-resolution Imaging of the Cytokinetic Z Ring in Live Bacteria Using Fast 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy f3D-SIM

Spatiotemporal information about dynamic proteins inside live cells is crucial for understanding biology. A type of super-resolution microscopy called fast 3D-structured illumination microscopy (f3D-SIM) reveals unique information about the cytokinetic Z ring in bacteria: both its bead-like appearance and the rapid dynamics of FtsZ within the ring.

Super-Resolution Imaging del Cytokinetic Z Anello in batteri vivi Uso di Fast 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy (F3D-SIM)

Imaging of biological samples using fluorescence microscopy has advanced substantially with new technologies to overcome the resolution barrier of the ...

In vivo Clonal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Marked by Five Fluorescent Proteins using Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy

We developed and validated a fluorescent marking methodology for clonal tracking of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high spatial and temporal resolution to study in vivo hematopoiesis using the murine bone marrow transplant experimental model. Genetic combinatorial marking using lentiviral vectors encoding fluorescent proteins (FPs) enabled cell fate mapping through advanced microscopy imaging. Vectors encoding five different FPs: Cerulean, EGFP, Venus, tdTomato, and mCherry were used to concurrently transduce HSPCs, creating a diverse palette of color marked cells. Imaging using confocal/two-photon hybrid microscopy enables simultaneous high resolution assessment of uniquely marked cells and their progeny in conjunction with structural components of the tissues. Volumetric analyses over large areas reveal that spectrally coded HSPC-derived cells can be detected non-invasively in various intact tissues, including the bone marrow (BM), for extensive periods of time following transplantation. Live studies combining video-rate multiphoton and confocal time-lapse imaging in 4D demonstrate the possibility of dynamic cellular and clonal tracking in a quantitative manner.

In vivo Clonal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Marked by Five Fluorescent Proteins using Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy

Combinatorial 5 fluorescent proteins marking of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells allows in vivo clonal tracking via confocal and two-photon microscopy, providing insights into bone marrow hematopoietic architecture during regeneration. This method allows non-invasive fate mapping of spectrally-coded HSPCs-derived cells in intact tissues for extensive periods of time following transplantation.

In vivo clonale Monitoraggio di staminali ematopoietiche e cellule progenitrici Contrassegnato da cinque proteine ​​fluorescenti che utilizzano confocale e microscopia Multiphoton

We developed and validated a fluorescent marking methodology for clonal tracking of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high spatial and ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but whose functions remain mysterious. Alongside growing attention on the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plant responses to stress, interest in stromules and their relationship to chloroplast signaling dynamics has increased in recent years, aided by advances in fluorescence microscopy and protein fluorophores that allow for rapid, accurate visualization of stromule dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols to assay stromule frequency in the epidermal chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana, an excellent model system for investigating chloroplast stromule biology. We also provide methods for visualizing chloroplast stromules in vitro by extracting chloroplasts from leaves. Finally, we outline sampling strategies and statistical approaches to analyze differences in stromule frequencies in response to stimuli, such as environmental stress, chemical treatments, or gene silencing. Researchers can use these protocols as a starting point to develop new methods for innovative experiments to explore how and why chloroplasts make stromules.

Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

Visualizzazione Frequenza Stromule con microscopia a fluorescenza

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

Split Green Fluorescent Protein System to Visualize Effectors Delivered from Bacteria During Infection

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the plant immune system. During infection cytoplasmic effectors are delivered to the host cytosol via a type III secretion system (T3SS). After delivery into the plant cell, the effector(s) targets the specific compartment(s) to modulate host cell processes for survival and replication of the pathogen. Although there has been some research on the subcellular localization of effector proteins in the host cells to understand their function in pathogenicity by using fluorescent proteins, investigation of the dynamics of effectors directly injected from bacteria has been challenging due to the incompatibility between the T3SS and fluorescent proteins.
Here, we describe our recent method of an optimized split superfolder green fluorescent protein system (sfGFPOPT) to visualize the localization of effectors delivered via the bacterial T3SS in the host cell. The sfGFP11 (11th &#946;-strand of sfGFP)-tagged effector secreted through the T3SS can be assembled with a specific organelle targeted sfGFP1-10OPT (1-10th &#946;-strand of sfGFP) leading to fluorescence emission at the site. This protocol provides a procedure to visualize the reconstituted sfGFP fluorescence signal with an effector protein from Pseudomonas syringae in a particular organelle in the Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants.

Fluorescent protein-based approaches to monitor effectors secreted by bacteria into host cells are challenging. This is due to the incompatibility between fluorescent proteins and the type-III secretion system. Here, an optimized split superfolder GFP system is used for visualization of effectors secreted by bacteria into the host plant cell.

Proteina fluorescente verde sistema di visualizzare gli effettori consegnati dai batteri durante l'infezione Split

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the ...

Visualizing Lymph Node Structure and Cellular Localization using Ex-Vivo Confocal Microscopy

Lymph nodes (LNs) are organs spread within the body, where the innate immune responses can connect with the adaptive immunity. In fact, LNs are strategically interposed in the path of the lymphatic vessels, allowing intimate contact of tissue antigens with all resident immune cells in the LN. Thus, understanding the cellular composition, distribution, location and interaction using ex vivo whole LN imaging will add to the knowledge on how the body coordinates local and systemic immune responses. This protocol shows an ex vivo imaging strategy following an in vivo administration of fluorescent-labeled antibodies that allows a very reproducible and easy-to-perform methodology by using conventional confocal microscopes and stock reagents. Through subcutaneous injection of antibodies, it is possible to label different cell populations in draining LNs without affecting tissue structures that can be potentially damaged by a conventional immunofluorescence microscopy technique.

This protocol describes a technique to image different cell populations in draining lymph nodes without alterations in the organ structure.

Visualizzazione della struttura dei linfonodi e della localizzazione cellulare mediante la microscopia confocale Ex-Vivo

Lymph nodes (LNs) are organs spread within the body, where the innate immune responses can connect with the adaptive immunity. In fact, LNs are ...

Cryo-Electron Microscopic Grid Preparation for Time-Resolved Studies using a Novel Robotic System, Spotiton

The capture of short-lived molecular states triggered by the early encounter of two or more interacting particles continues to be an experimental challenge of great interest to the field of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). A few methodological strategies have been developed that support these &#34;time-resolved&#34; studies, one of which, Spotiton-a novel robotic system-combines the dispensing of picoliter-sized sample droplets with precise temporal and spatial control. The time-resolved Spotiton workflow offers a uniquely efficient approach to interrogate early structural rearrangements from minimal sample volume. Fired from independently controlled piezoelectric dispensers, two samples land and rapidly mix on a nanowire EM grid as it plunges toward the cryogen. Potentially hundreds of grids can be prepared in rapid succession from only a few microliters of a sample. Here, a detailed step-by-step protocol of the operation of the Spotiton system is presented with a focus on troubleshooting specific problems that arise during grid preparation.

The protocol presented here describes the use of Spotiton, a novel robotic system, to deliver two samples of interest onto a self-wicking, nanowire grid that mix for a minimum of 90 ms prior to vitrification in liquid cryogen.