Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da sovvenzioni NIH R37 AI34867 e R01 GM064625 a NWA Ringraziamo il Dott. R. Tweten dalla University of Oklahoma per l&#39;espressione plasmide SLO.

1. Trascrizionale silenziamento di ASM <ol><li> Seme 1,5 x 10 5 cellule HeLa in 2 ml di DMEM mezzi di crescita (alto glucosio DMEM con 10% siero bovino fetale (FBS), 2 mM L-glutammina, 1% Penn-Strep) su piastre inferiori 35 millimetri di vetro (MatTek) e incubare una notte a 37 ° C in un incubatore CO 2 5%. </li><li> Il giorno seguente, aspirato fuori i terreni di crescita e sostituirlo con 2 ml di DMEM ridotta mezzo siero (DMEM con 4% FBS), almeno 1 ora prima di aggiungere la miscela di trasfezione siRNA. </li><li> Preparare 4 tubi per la miscela di oligo trasfezione di siRNA. In provette A e C, aggiungere 250 microlitri OptiMEM ridotta siero e 4 microlitri Lipofectamine RNAiMax, per 35 millimetri piatto da transfettate. In tubo B, aggiungere 250 ml di OptiMEM ridotti siero e 8 microlitri (160 pmoli), del controllo del contenuto GC medio oligo (Control siRNA), per 35 millimetri piatto da transfettate. In tubo D, aggiungere 250 ml di OptiMEM ridotti siero e 8 microlitri (160 pmoli) di SMPD1 oligo (smo), per 35 millimetri piatto to essere transfettate. Incubare le provette a temperatura ambiente per 5 min. </li><li> Unire i tubi A e B per formare il complesso trasfezione per il controllo siRNA e tubi C e D per la ASM siRNA. Incubare le reazioni a temperatura ambiente per 20 min. </li><li> Aggiungere miscele di reazione trasfezione controllo siRNA e ASM siRNA lentamente, goccia a goccia, nei rispettivi piatti peggiori 35 mm vetro e incubare a 37 ° C / 5% di CO 2. A 24 ore dopo la trasfezione, delicatamente aspirare fuori dei media e sostituirlo con fresco terreni di coltura DMEM. Per efficiente knockdown ASM, i piatti dovrebbero essere ulteriormente incubate a 37 ° C / 5% di CO 2 per circa 31 ore (totale 55 ore) prima di imaging in tempo reale. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione dei reagenti per Live Microscopia <ol><li> Preparare una soluzione di formazione di pori ricombinante tossina Streptolisina O (SLO) ad una concentrazione di 100 ng / ml in PBS 1x freddo senza Ca 2 + e Mg 2 +. La SLO utilizzata in questi test è un constitutively mutante cisteina attivo che non richiede agenti riducenti per l&#39;attività, gentilmente fornito dal Dr. Rod Tweten, University of Oklahoma. La tossina è stata espressa in E. coli BL21 DE3 e purificata in condizioni native, come descritto in precedenza 16. </li><li> Preparare la soluzione stock FM1-43: Risospendere FM1-43 polvere liofilizzata in DMSO per creare una soluzione di 25 mm. </li><li> Preparare Soluzione A: Diluire la soluzione stock FM1-43 in DMEM fredda con Ca 2 + ad una concentrazione finale di 4 micron (1,5 ml sono necessari per ogni piatto MatTek) e memorizzare sul ghiaccio fino al momento dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Preparare Soluzione B: Diluire la soluzione stock FM1-43 in DMEM freddo senza Ca EGTA mM 2 + e 10 (Ca 2 + DMEM-free) ad una concentrazione finale di 4 micron (1,5 ml necessari per ogni piatto MatTek) e memorizzare sul ghiaccio fino necessario. </li><li> Pre-caldo (37 ° C) 1 ml della soluzione A e soluzione B in provette Eppendorf. </li><li> Continuate a soluzioni di ghiaccio di DMEM con Ca 2 + e Cun DMEM 2-free +. </li></ol> 3. Imaging cellulare dal vivo di FM1-43 Afflusso in SLO trattati e cellule non trattate <ol><li> Riempire un contenitore metallico superficiale medie dimensioni con ghiaccio tritato, invertire in un grande contenitore di vetro con ghiaccio, e aggiungere ulteriori ghiaccio lasciando solo la superficie di fondo del contenitore metallico esposto. Mettere un tovagliolo di carta bagnato sul fondo metallico esposto per consentire il trasferimento anche termico. </li><li> Prendete un piatto MatTek controllo siRNA-trattati (campione 1) e posizionarlo sul freddo umido tovagliolo di carta. Aspirare delicatamente tutti i media e lavare 3 volte con il freddo Ca 2 + senza DMEM. Dopo l&#39;ultimo lavaggio, aspirare via tutti i supporti nel piatto. </li><li> Per immagine associata alle cellule FM1-43 in cellule senza SLO ferimento (Esempio 1) in presenza di Ca 2 +, aggiungere 180 ml ​​di soluzione fredda B al vetro coprioggetto centro del piatto inferiore 35 mm vetro e incubare per 5 min in ghiaccio (Tabella 1). </li&gt; <li> Posizionare piatto MatTek sulla scena di un microscopio confocale riscaldato a 37 ° C e dotato di una camera climatica (che mantiene la temperatura, l&#39;umidità e CO 2 livelli). Trovare il campo di celle che verrà creata l&#39;immagine guardando attraverso un 40X NA 1.3 obiettivo (Nikon). Se disponibile, attivare PerfectFocus o un dispositivo simile per correggere la deriva termica. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di soluzione A preriscaldata delicatamente al lato del piatto 35 mm e rimettere il coperchio della camera ambientale (Tabella 1). </li><li> Acquisire immagini per 4 min a 1 fotogramma ogni 3 secondi utilizzando il software di imaging appropriato (Volocity del sistema di filatura di microscopia confocale disco UltraView Vox Perkin Elmer). Eccitazione FM1-43 è realizzato con una linea laser 488 nm usando un filtro dicroico con un passa banda 488 nm, e la discriminazione di emissione è ottenuta attraverso l&#39;uso di un filtro 527 (W55) emissione. Livelli di potenza del laser e la sensibilità della fotocamera sono impostate per ottenere esposizioni di immagine di 100 msec. </li><li> Ripetere i punti da 3.2 a 3.6 per rilevare FM1-43 in cellule siRNA-trattate controllo senza ferita SLO (Esempio 2) in assenza di Ca 2 +, salvo che al punto 3.5 Soluzione B dovrebbe essere aggiunto (Tabella 1). </li><li> Per misurare FM1-43 afferisce nelle cellule di controllo siRNA-trattati con feriti SLO sia in presenza (Esempio 3) o assenza di Ca 2 + (Esempio 4), aggiungere 180 ml ​​di soluzione fredda B contenenti SLO al vetro coprioggetto centro 35-mm piatto fondo di vetro e incubare per 5 minuti sul ghiaccio come nella fase 3.3. Ripetere i passi 3.2 tramite 3.6; regolare l&#39;aggiunta di uno o Soluzione A Soluzione B nella fase 3.5 (Tabella 1). </li><li> Per determinare il ruolo di ASM nel plasma di riparazione della membrana, ripetere i passaggi 3,2-3,6 utilizzando cellule trattate con siRNA ASM per tutte le condizioni (campioni 5-8) (Tabella 1). </li><li> Per determinare il ruolo di sfingomielinasi extracellulare ricombinante (SM) sulcinetica di riparazione della membrana plasmatica (riflessi dalla inibizione in FM1-43 afflusso) (Campioni 9-10), SM viene aggiunto (0-50 μU) a uno o Soluzione A Soluzione B al punto 3.5 e quindi aggiunti alle cellule durante cellule vive rappresentazione in un volume totale di 1 ml (Tabella 1). </li></ol> 4. Quantificazione dei FM1-43 Afflusso in cellule <ol><li> Dopo il film sono stati acquisiti, misurare l&#39;intensità di fluorescenza intracellulare di FM1-43 utilizzando il software di analisi di immagine (Volocity Suite, PerkinElmer). Prelievo di una regione di interesse nella regione citosolica di ciascuna cella nel campo e applicare gli strumenti software per determinare la media FM1-43 intensità di fluorescenza in tutte le strutture del video. </li><li> Per regolare le variazioni di iniziale FM1-43 colorazione, i dati per ciascun video vengono espressi come fold aumento di intensità di fluorescenza nel tempo, e tracciate per ciascuna delle diverse condizioni. L&#39;aumento piega in fluorescenza di ciascun tempo di valutazione percella viene calcolato come F T / F 0, dove F T è la fluorescenza media al timepoint specifico, e F 0 è la fluorescenza media a T = 0 (figure 1-2). </li></ol>

<ol>
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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Studi precedenti sul pregiudizio e la membrana plasmatica riparazione meccanica invocati diversi meccanismi delle cellule feriti, che vanno dalla caduta perle di vetro, micropipetting, tranciatura, graffiare o raschiare. La lettura di tutti questi saggi era più qualitativa che quantitativa, e non dare informazioni precise sulla cinetica del meccanismo di riparazione. La capacità delle cellule di richiudere loro membrana plasmatica dopo queste forme di lesioni è stata misurata dalla presenza o assenza di rivelatori ag...

E &#39;noto da diversi decenni riparazione della membrana plasmatica dopo una lesione meccanica è un 1,2 Ca 2 +-dipendente processo. Studi successivi hanno mostrato che Ca 2 + afflusso attraverso la ferita innesca un vigoroso processo di esocitosi di vescicole intracellulari al sito della lesione, che è richiesto per richiusura 3,4. Il tasso di perdita di un colorante fluorescente caricato nel citoplasma delle cellule è stato utilizzato per valutare la velocità di riparazione, concludendo che richiusura è stato completato entro &lt;30 sec dopo la lesione 5. Due modelli sono stati inizialmente proposti per spiegare il requisito di esocitosi nella riparazione membrana plasmatica: 1) il modello &quot;patch&quot;, che suggerisce che Ca 2 + afflusso attraverso la lesione innesca fusione inizialmente omotipica di vescicole intracellulari, formando una grande &quot;patch&quot; che sarebbe poi essere applicato alla membrana plasmatica di richiudere la ferita 6 e 2) il modello di riduzione della tensione, che propone di membrana Added entro Ca 2 +-dipendente esocitosi in prossimità della ferita ridurrebbe tensione della membrana plasmatica, facilitando richiusura del doppio strato 7. Il ruolo di Ca 2 +-triggered esocitosi nel plasma di riparazione della membrana è stata ulteriormente rafforzata da studi che dimostrano che i lisosomi contengono una molecola di Ca 2 + sensore, synaptotagmin VII, che facilita il loro esocitosi e plasma riparazione della membrana in cellule danneggiate 8,9,10,11 . Tuttavia, ulteriori elementi di prova ha indicato che solo esocitosi non era sufficiente a promuovere la riparazione della membrana plasmatica. Oltre alle rotture meccaniche sulla membrana plasmatica, una forma frequente di danno cellulare è permeabilizzazione da tossine formanti pori prodotte da batteri o cellule immunitarie 12,13 14,15. Diversamente lacrime meccanici, proteine ​​formanti pori si inseriscono sulla membrana plasmatica formando una stabile, poro proteina-allineato che non può essere richiuso semplicemente applicando una &quot;patch&quot; membrana o da riduzioneing tensione della membrana. Curiosamente, studi hanno rivelato che le cellule di mammifero hanno un meccanismo efficace per riparare la membrana plasmatica dopo permeabilizzazione con proteine ​​formanti pori, e questo processo richiede anche la presenza di Ca 2 + extracellulare 12. Questa scoperta ha sollevato la questione se la rimozione dei pori transmembrana dalla superficie cellulare era anche un processo rapido, come osservato con ferite meccaniche 5. Sorprendentemente, i nostri studi recenti rivelato che la richiusura delle cellule permeabilizzate con tossine formanti pori ha proprietà molto simili alla riparazione di ferite meccaniche: il processo richiede Ca 2 + extracellulare, e completata entro ~ 30 sec. Indagare questo processo più in dettaglio, abbiamo recentemente appreso che, oltre a Ca 2 + esocitosi regolata dei lisosomi, riparazione membrana plasmatica comporta una rapida forma di endocitosi, che viene attivato dal rilascio dell&#39;enzima lisosomiale sfingomielinasi acida (ASM) ed è essenziale non solo per the rimozione dei pori transmembrana, ma anche per la riparazione di ferite meccaniche 16. Per determinare la cinetica di una nuova chiusura cellule dopo permeabilizzazione con le proteine ​​formanti pori, nel nostro laboratorio abbiamo adattato una metodologia di imaging dal vivo che era stato precedentemente utilizzato per valutare la richiusura delle fibre muscolari isolate infortunato laser 17. Questo test si basa sulle proprietà del colorante lipofilo FM1-43, che si intercala stabilmente nel foglietto esterno di bistrati lipidici crescente di intensità di fluorescenza. Quando la membrana a doppio strato plasma viene perturbato extracellulari guadagni tinture accesso alle membrane intracellulari, fornendo un saggio sensibile per rilevare lesioni membrana plasmatica e riparare 18,16,19,20. Per adattare questo test per la valutazione della richiusura cellule dopo permeabilizzazione con le proteine ​​formanti pori, abbiamo le cellule pre-incubate a 4 ° C con la tossina batterica streptolisina O (SLO), che si lega al colesterolo di membrana 21. Cell sincronopermeabilizzazione può quindi essere facilmente ottenuto spostando le celle da ghiaccio per riscaldare medie in una fase microscopio riscaldata, che attiva l&#39;oligomerizzazione e cambio di conformazione che porta alla formazione di pori transmembrana. Un vantaggio di questo approccio, nei saggi precedentemente pubblicati utilizzando ferimento laser, è che un numero maggiore di cellule possono essere analizzati simultaneamente in un campo microscopico, fornendo una migliore campionamento della popolazione cellulare. Date le similarità meccanicistiche tra il processo richiusura cellulare visto dopo l&#39;infortunio meccanica e permeabilizzazione con le tossine che formano pori, il saggio che descriviamo qui fornisce un metodo molto versatile e potente per i fattori coinvolti nel fondamentale processo di riparazione della membrana plasmatica dissezione. Come esempio, si dimostra che è possibile utilizzare questo test per identificare fasi Ca 2 + dipendenti ed indipendenti del processo di riparazione.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>HeLa 229 cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL2-1</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DMEM High Glucose </td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DMEM High Glucose No Calcium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>20168</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>FM1-43</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T3163</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Optimem Reduced Serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31985</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine RNAiMax</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>13778</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Control medium GC content RNAi oligo</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12935300</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>SMPD1 RNAi oligo</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>HSS143988</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum Heat-inactivated</td>
			<td>Gemini-Bioproducts</td>
			<td>100-106</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sphingomyelinase from Bacillus cereus</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7651</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>35 mm-glass bottom dishes</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-0-14</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td>C9100-50</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Spinning disk confocal microscope</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>UltraViewVoX</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Software analysis software</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>Volocity Suite</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Environmental chamber</td>
			<td>Pathology Devices</td>
			<td>LiveCell System Chamber</td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

live imaging assay for assessing the roles of ca2+ and sphingomyelinase in the repair of pore-forming toxin wounds

Lesione della membrana plasmatica è un evento frequente, e le ferite devono essere rapidamente riparato per garantire la sopravvivenza cellulare. Afflusso di Ca 2 + è un evento chiave di segnalazione che attiva la riparazione di ferite meccaniche sulla membrana plasmatica entro ~ 30 sec. Recenti studi hanno rivelato che le cellule di mammifero anche richiudersi loro membrana plasmatica dopo permeabilizzazione con formazione di pori tossine in un processo 2 +-dipendente Ca che coinvolge esocitosi della sfingomielinasi acida lisosomiale seguita da pori endocitosi. Qui, descriviamo la metodologia utilizzata per dimostrare che la richiusura delle cellule permeabilizzate dalla tossina streptolisina O è anche un rapido e dipendente da Ca 2 + afflusso. Il design saggio permette la sincronizzazione dell&#39;evento lesioni e una misurazione cinetica precisa della capacità delle cellule di ripristinare l&#39;integrità della membrana plasmatica mediante imaging e quantificare la misura in cui il colorante liphophilic FM1-43 raggiunge membrane intracellulari. Questo live als testO consente una valutazione sensibile della capacità di esogenamente aggiunto fattori solubili quali sphingomyelinase inibire FM1-43 afflusso, riflettendo la capacità delle cellule di riparazione sulla membrana plasmatica. Questa analisi ha permesso di mostrare per la prima volta che sphingomyelinase agisce a valle di Ca 2 +-dipendente esocitosi, poiché extracellulare aggiunta dell&#39;enzima promuove richiusura delle cellule permeabilizzate in assenza di Ca 2 +.

Basse concentrazioni di batteri plasma sphingomyelinase (SM) salvataggio riparazione della membrana delle cellule impoverito in acido lisosomiale sphingomyelinase. Usando il test di imaging FM1-43, abbiamo precedentemente dimostrato che cellule carenti per la ASM lisosomiale ed esposte a SLO ferendo in presenza di Ca 2 + hanno una membrana plasmatica difetto viene salvato da extracellulare aggiunta dell&#39;enzima umano ricombinante 19. Poiché la ASM lisosomiale umano ha ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds at JoVE.com

Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

Vivo imaging di cellule esposte al colorante lipofilo FM1-43 consente una determinazione precisa della cinetica con cui tossine formanti pori vengono rimossi dalla membrana plasmatica. Questo è un test sensibile che può essere utilizzato per valutare requisiti di Ca 2 +, sfingomielinasi e altri fattori sulla membrana plasmatica di riparazione.

Vivere Imaging test per la valutazione dei ruoli di Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; E sfingomielinasi nella riparazione di Pore-formano ferite Tossina

Plasma membrane injury is a frequent event, and wounds have to be rapidly repaired to ensure cellular survival. Influx of Ca2+ is a key signaling event ...

live-imaging-assay-for-assessing-roles-ca2-sphingomyelinase-repair

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

11.6K Views.  University of Maryland.  Vivo imaging di cellule esposte al colorante lipofilo FM1-43 consente una determinazione precisa della cinetica con cui tossine formanti pori vengono rimossi dalla membrana plasmatica. Questo è un test sensibile che può essere utilizzato per valutare requisiti di Ca 2 +, sfingomielinasi e altri fattori sulla membrana plasmatica di riparazione. 

Video: Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as tissue morphogenesis, cell-cell adhesion, or cell death. Drosophila embryos expressing GFP are readily imaged using either stereoscopic or confocal microscopy. A goal of any live-imaging protocol is to minimize detrimental effects such as dehydration and hypoxia. Previous protocols for preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis have involved placing dechorionated embryos in halocarbon oil and sandwiching them between a halocarbon gas-permeable membrane and a coverslip1-3. The introduction of compression through mounting embryos in this manner represents an undesirable complication for any biomechanical-based analysis of morphogenesis. Our method, which we call the hanging drop protocol, results in excellent viability of embryos during live imaging and does not require that embryos be compressed. Briefly, the hanging drop protocol involves the placement of embryos in a drop of halocarbon oil that is suspended from a coverslip, which is, in turn, fixed in position over a humid chamber. In addition to providing gas exchange and preventing dehydration, this arrangement takes advantage of the buoyancy of embryos in halocarbon oil to prevent them from drifting out of position during timelapse acquisition. This video describes in detail how to collect and prepare Drosophila embryos for live imaging using the hanging drop protocol. This protocol is suitable for imaging dechorionated embryos using stereomicroscopy or any upright compound fluorescence microscope.

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

A simple, inexpensive, and effective method of preparing Drosophila embryos for live-imaging analysis is presented. Our protocol provides humidity and gas exchange and does not compress the Drosophila embryo. This method is suitable for GFP-based live imaging of Drosophila embryos using a stereomicroscope or upright compound microscope.

La preparazione di Drosophila Gli embrioni per Live-Imaging Utilizzando il protocollo goccia

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Live Imaging of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain by Confocal Microscopy

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the developing zebrafish brain (Gutzman et al, 2008). Such analysis affords a new understanding of the underlying cell biology required for development of the 3D structure of the vertebrate brain, and significantly increases our ability to study neural tube morphogenesis. The embryonic zebrafish brain is shaped beginning at 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) as the ventricles within the neuroepithelium inflate. By 24 hpf, the initial steps of neural tube morphogenesis are complete. Using the method described here, embryos at the one cell stage are injected with mRNA encoding membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (memGFP). After injection and incubation, the embryo, now between 18 and 24 hpf, is mounted, inverted, in agarose and imaged by confocal microscopy. Notably, the zebrafish embryo is transparent making it an ideal system for fluorescent imaging. While our analyses have focused on the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and the hindbrain, this method could be extended for analysis of any region in the zebrafish to a depth of 
80-100 &mu;m.

In this video, we demonstrate a method by which to analyze the developing vertebrate brain in live zebrafish embryos at single cell resolution by confocal microscopy. This includes the method by which we inject the single-cell zebrafish embryo and subsequently mount and image the developing brain.

Vivere Imaging of the Brain Zebrafish embrionali da microscopia confocale

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the ...

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

The in vivo and semi-in vivo preparation for Calcium imaging has been developed in our lab by Joerges, K&uuml;ttner and Galizia over ten years ago, to measure odor evoked activity in the antennal lobe1. From then on, it has been continuously refined and applied to different neuropiles in the bee brain. Here, we describe the preparation currently used in the lab to measure activity in mushroom body neurons using a dextran coupled calcium-sensitive dye (Fura-2). We retrogradely stain mushroom body neurons by injecting dye into their axons or soma region. We focus on reducing the invasiveness, to achieve a preparation in which it is still possible to train the bee using PER conditioning. We are able to monitor and quantify the behavioral response by recording electro-myograms from the muscle which controls the PER (M17)2.
After the physiological experiment the imaged structures are investigated in greater detail using confocal scanning microscopy to address the identity of the neurons.

In vivo Ca2+- Imaging of Mushroom Body Neurons During Olfactory Learning in the Honey Bee

Bees can be conditioned in an appetitive olfactory learning paradigm (PER-conditioning). Using odors as stimuli, we established a method in which behavior is recorded while simultaneously Calcium Imaging is used to measure odor evoked activity in mushroom body neurons in vivo.

In vivo Ca 2 + - Imaging di neuroni Corpo funghi durante l&#39;apprendimento olfattivo nel Honey Bee

The in vivo and semi-in vivo preparation for Calcium imaging has been developed in our lab by Joerges, K&uuml;ttner and Galizia over ten years ago, to ...

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in live cells. Here we describe the method used in our laboratories for loading suspensions of human sperm with Ca2+-reporting dyes and measuring the fluorescence signal during physiological stimulation. Motile cells are isolated by direct swim-up and incubated under capacitating conditions for 0-24 h, depending upon the experiment. The cell-permeant AM (acetoxy methyl ester) ester form of the Ca2+-reporting dye is then added to a cell aliquot and a period of 1 h is allowed for loading of the dye into the cytoplasm. We use visible wavelength dyes to minimize photo-damage to the cells, but this means that ratiometric recording is not possible. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. During the loading period cells are introduced into an imaging chamber and allowed to adhere to a poly-D-lysine coated coverslip. At the end of the loading period excess dye and loose cells are removed by connection of the chamber to the perfusion apparatus. The chamber is perfused continuously, stimuli and modified salines are then added to the perfusion header. Experiments are recorded by time-lapse acquisition of fluorescence images and analyzed in detail offline, by manually drawing regions of interest. Data are normalized to pre-stimulus levels such that, for each cell (or part of a cell), a graph showing the Ca2+ response as % change in fluorescence is obtained.

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Stimulus-evoked [Ca2+]i signals of individual human sperm are assessed. Motile cells are loaded with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye (AM-ester method) and immobilised in a perfusable chamber. Cells are imaged by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and stimulated via the perfusing medium. Responses of single cells (or regions) are analysed offline using Excel.

Tecniche di Imaging Ca 2 + Segnalazione di sperma umano

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Electron Spin Resonance Micro-imaging of Live Species for Oxygen Mapping

This protocol describes an electron spin resonance (ESR) micro-imaging method for three-dimensional mapping of oxygen levels in the immediate environment of live cells with micron-scale resolution1. Oxygen is one of the most important molecules in the cycle of life. It serves as the terminal electron acceptor of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and is used in the production of reactive oxygen species. Measurements of oxygen are important for the study of mitochondrial and metabolic functions, signaling pathways, effects of various stimuli, membrane permeability, and disease differentiation. Oxygen consumption is therefore an informative marker of cellular metabolism, which is broadly applicable to various biological systems from mitochondria to cells to whole organisms. Due to its importance, many methods have been developed for the measurements of oxygen in live systems. Current attempts to provide high-resolution oxygen imaging are based mainly on optical fluorescence and phosphorescence methods that fail to provide satisfactory results as they employ probes with high photo-toxicity and low oxygen sensitivity. ESR, which measures the signal from exogenous paramagnetic probes in the sample, is known to provide very accurate measurements of oxygen concentration. In a typical case, ESR measurements map the probe's lineshape broadening and/or relaxation-time shortening that are linked directly to the local oxygen concentration. (Oxygen is paramagnetic; therefore, when colliding with the exogenous paramagnetic probe, it shortness its relaxation times.) Traditionally, these types of experiments are carried out with low resolution, millimeter-scale ESR for small animals imaging. Here we show how ESR imaging can also be carried out in the micron-scale for the examination of small live samples. ESR micro-imaging is a relatively new methodology that enables the acquisition of spatially-resolved ESR signals with a resolution approaching 1 micron at room temperature2. The main aim of this protocol-paper is to show how this new method, along with newly developed oxygen-sensitive probes, can be applied to the mapping of oxygen levels in small live samples. A spatial resolution of ~30 x 30 x 100 &mu;m is demonstrated, with near-micromolar oxygen concentration sensitivity and sub-femtomole absolute oxygen sensitivity per voxel. The use of ESR micro-imaging for oxygen mapping near cells complements the currently available techniques based on micro-electrodes or fluorescence/phosphorescence. Furthermore, with the proper paramagnetic probe, it will also be readily applicable for intracellular oxygen micro-imaging, a capability which other methods find very difficult to achieve.

This protocol describes a method for micron-scale three-dimensional imaging of oxygen concentration in the immediate environment of live cells by electron spin resonance microscopy.

Electron Spin Resonance micro-imaging delle specie dal vivo per la mappatura di ossigeno

This protocol describes an electron spin resonance (ESR) micro-imaging method for three-dimensional mapping of oxygen levels in the immediate environment ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. Apart from documenting the method, the initial landmark study generated the first radiation-dose response curve for X-ray irradiated mammalian (HeLa) cells in culture1. Basically, the clonogenic assay enables an assessment of the differences in reproductive viability (capacity of cells to produce progeny; i.e. a single cell to form a colony of 50 or more cells) between control untreated cells and cells that have undergone various treatments such as exposure to ionising radiation, various chemical compounds (e.g. cytotoxic agents) or in other cases genetic manipulation. The assay has become the most widely accepted technique in radiation biology and has been widely used for evaluating the radiation sensitivity of different cell lines. Further, the clonogenic assay is commonly used for monitoring the efficacy of radiation modifying compounds and for determining the effects of cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer therapeutics on colony forming ability, in different cell lines. A typical clonogenic survival experiment using adherent cells lines involves three distinct components, 1) treatment of the cell monolayer in tissue culture flasks, 2) preparation of single cell suspensions and plating an appropriate number of cells in petri dishes and 3) fixing and staining colonies following a relevant incubation period, which could range from 1-3 weeks, depending on the cell line. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cell lines with the use of an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (FEP-1811)2. Also, our aims are to describe common features of clonogenic assays including calculation of the plating efficiency and survival fractions after exposure of cells to radiation, and to exemplify modification of radiation-response with the use of a natural antioxidant formulation.

The applicability of the clonogenic assay for evaluating reproductive viability has been established for more than 50 years. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cells.

Clonogenica saggio: cellule aderenti

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the neural tube in a process known as neurulation. During neurulation, morphogenesis of the mesenchyme that underlies the neural plate is believed to drive neural fold elevation. The cranial mesenchyme is comprised of the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. The cells of the cranial mesenchyme form a pourous meshwork composed of stellate shaped cells and intermingling extracellular matrix (ECM) strands that support the neural folds. During neurulation, the cranial mesenchyme undergoes stereotypical rearrangements resulting in its expansion and these movements are believed to provide a driving force for neural fold elevation. However, the pathways and cellular behaviors that drive cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis remain poorly studied. Interactions between the ECM and the cells of the cranial mesenchyme underly these cell behaviors. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay devised to characterize the behaviors of these cells. This assay is amendable to pharmacological manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways involved and live imaging analyses to further characterize the behavior of these cells. We present a representative experiment demonstrating the utility of this assay in characterizing the migratory properties of the cranial mesenchyme on a variety of ECM components.

The cranial mesenchyme undergoes dramatic morphogenic movements that likely provides a driving force for elevation of the neural folds1,2. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay to characterize the cellular behaviors of the cranial mesenchyme during neurulation. This assay has numerous applications including being amenable to pharmacological manipulations and live imaging analyses.

Un test per la valutazione dei comportamenti Espianto cellulare del Mesenchima cranio

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

Vivere Imaging di apoptotica delle cellule libera nel corso<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriogenesi

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond

Autophagy is a cellular response triggered by the lack of nutrients, especially the absence of amino acids. Autophagy is defined by the formation of double membrane structures, called autophagosomes, that sequester cytoplasm, long-lived proteins and protein aggregates, defective organelles, and even viruses or bacteria. Autophagosomes eventually fuse with lysosomes leading to bulk degradation of their content, with the produced nutrients being recycled back to the cytoplasm. Therefore, autophagy is crucial for cell homeostasis, and dysregulation of autophagy can lead to disease, most notably neurodegeneration, ageing and cancer.	
	Autophagosome formation is a very elaborate process, for which cells have allocated a specific group of proteins, called the core autophagy machinery. The core autophagy machinery is functionally complemented by additional proteins involved in diverse cellular processes, e.g. in membrane trafficking, in mitochondrial and lysosomal biology. Coordination of these proteins for the formation and degradation of autophagosomes constitutes the highly dynamic and sophisticated response of autophagy. Live cell imaging allows one to follow the molecular contribution of each autophagy-related protein down to the level of a single autophagosome formation event and in real time, therefore this technique offers a high temporal and spatial resolution.	
	Here we use a cell line stably expressing GFP-DFCP1, to establish a spatial and temporal context for our analysis. DFCP1 marks omegasomes, which are precursor structures leading to autophagosomes formation. A protein of interest (POI) can be marked with either a red or cyan fluorescent tag. Different organelles, like the ER, mitochondria and lysosomes, are all involved in different steps of autophagosome formation, and can be marked using a specific tracker dye. Time-lapse microscopy of autophagy in this experimental set up, allows information to be extracted about the fourth dimension, i.e. time. Hence we can follow the contribution of the POI to autophagy in space and time.

Time-lapse microscopy of fluorescently labeled autophagy markers allows monitoring of the dynamic autophagy response with high temporal resolution. Using specific autophagy and organelle markers in a combination of 3 different colors, we can follow the contribution of a protein to autophagosome formation in a robust spatial and temporal context.

Imaging cellulare dal vivo dei primi autofagia Eventi: Omegasomes e oltre

Autophagy is a  cellular response triggered by the lack of nutrients, especially the absence of  amino acids. Autophagy is defined by the formation of ...

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic recombination technique, elegant genetic screens based on clonal analysis have led to the identification of signaling pathways involved in eye development and photoreceptor (PR) differentiation at larval stages. We describe here the Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method, which can be used for rapid clonal analysis in the eye of living adult Drosophila. Fluorescent photoreceptor cells are imaged with the cornea neutralization technique, on retinas with mosaic clones generated by flipase-mediated recombination. This method has several major advantages over classical histological sectioning of the retina: it can be used for high-throughput screening and has proved an effective method for identifying the factors regulating PR survival and function. It can be used for kinetic analyses of PR degeneration in the same living animal over several weeks, to demonstrate the requirement for specific genes for PR survival or function in the adult fly. This method is also useful for addressing cell autonomy issues in developmental mutants, such as those in which the establishment of planar cell polarity is affected.

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method involves visualizing mosaic photoreceptor cells in living Drosophila. It can be used to follow individual photoreceptor cell fates in the retina for days or weeks. This method is ideal for studies of retinal degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases or photoreceptor cell development.

Il pomodoro / GFP-FLP / FRT Metodo per Live Imaging del Mosaico adulti<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; cellule fotorecettrici

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model  for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic  recombination technique, ...

Vivere Imaging test per la valutazione dei ruoli di Ca

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Capitoli in questo video

La preparazione di Drosophila Gli embrioni per Live-Imaging Utilizzando il protocollo goccia

Vivere Imaging of the Brain Zebrafish embrionali da microscopia confocale

In vivo Ca ^{2 +} - Imaging di neuroni Corpo funghi durante l'apprendimento olfattivo nel Honey Bee

Tecniche di Imaging Ca^{2 +} Segnalazione di sperma umano

Electron Spin Resonance micro-imaging delle specie dal vivo per la mappatura di ossigeno

Clonogenica saggio: cellule aderenti

Un test per la valutazione dei comportamenti Espianto cellulare del Mesenchima cranio

Vivere Imaging di apoptotica delle cellule libera nel corso

Imaging cellulare dal vivo dei primi autofagia Eventi: Omegasomes e oltre

Il pomodoro / GFP-FLP / FRT Metodo per Live Imaging del Mosaico adulti