L'autore desidera ringraziare Li Zhang, Xian-Zhi Li, Aaron Hinz e Clayton Hall per l'aiuto editoriale con questo manoscritto. Questo saggio è stato inizialmente sviluppato nel laboratorio di George O'Toole, Geisel School of Medicine al Dartmouth. La ricerca nel laboratorio del Dr. Mah è supportata da sovvenzioni del Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada e della Cistica Fibrosis Canada.

1. MBC-B
<ol><li>
Coltivare un biofilm (adattato da O'Toole9).
	<ol>
<li>Coltiva una cultura del ceppo di interesse di tipo selvaggio e del ceppo mutante per 16 ore in un mezzo ricco a 37 °C.</li>
		<li>Diluire le colture notturne sature 1:100 in mezzo fresco per i test di resistenza agli antibiotici. Un mezzo standard per P. aeruginosa è il mezzo minimo M63 integrato con solfato di magnesio e arginina (vedi tabella 1). Questo mezzo stimola la formazione di un biofilm più robusto.</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 100 μl di diluizione per pozzo in un piatto di microtitolo da 96 po' (vedi tabella 1). Poiché questi saggi vengono in genere eseguiti in triplice copia per ogni ceppo, dovrebbero esserci 24 pozzi di ogni ceppo.</li>
		<li>Incubare la piastra del microtitoro per 24 ore a 37 °C.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Esposizione del biofilm preformato a un gradiente di concentrazione di antibiotici
	<ol>
<li>Preparare una serie di diluizione 10x di antibiotico per 7 pozzi. Esempio: per la tobramicina antibiotica, le concentrazioni finali nei pozzi sono 0,4, 0,2, 0,1, 0,05, 0,025, 0,0125 e 0,006 mg/ml 5-8 . Da uno stock di 25 mg/ml, preparare 10 diluizioni di 4, 2, 1, 0,5, 0,25, 0,125 e 0,06 mg/ml. Lascia sul ghiaccio.</li>
		<li>Rimuovere il supernatante speso (contenente celle planctoniche) utilizzando una pipetta multicanale (vedere tabella 1).</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 90 μl M63 (Mg/Arg) a tutti i pozzi.</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 10 μl di ogni concentrazione antibiotica 10x per ottenere le concentrazioni finali desiderate. Aggiungere 10 μl di acqua (nessun controllo antibiotico) al pozzo finale per ogni replica e ceppo.</li>
		<li>Incubare la piastra del microtitoro per 24 ore a 37 °C.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Rinfrescare il supporto e consentire il distacco di cellule vive.
	<ol>
<li>Rimuovere il supernatante speso (contenente celle planctoniche) utilizzando una pipetta multicanale.</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 115 μl M63 (Mg/Arg) a tutti i pozzi.</li>
		<li>Incubare la piastra del microtitoro per 24 ore a 37 °C.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Saggio per cellule vive.
	<ol>
<li>Etichettare due piastre di agar LB per piastra microtiter a 96 pozzo.</li>
		<li>Sterilizzare il dispositivo multiprong (vedi tabella 1) immergere i prong in etanolo al 100% e passare le sporgenze attraverso la fiamma aperta di un bruciatore Bunsen. ripetere. Lascia raffreddare leggermente le sporgenze. Utilizzando il dispositivo multiprong, trasferire ~3 μl (quantità che viene tipicamente trattenuta sulle punte delle punte) della coltura planctonica da ogni pozzo della piastra del microtitolo alla superficie di una piastra di agar LB.</li>
		<li>Incubare le piastre di agar LB per 16 ore a 37 °C.</li>
		<li>Determinare la concentrazione battericida minima dell'antibiotico identificando, a occhio, il taglio per la crescita batterica (Figura 1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. MBC-P
<ol><li>
Preparazione di ceppi batterici
	<ol>
<li>Coltiva una cultura del ceppo di interesse di tipo selvaggio e del ceppo mutante per 16 ore in un mezzo ricco a 37 °C.</li>
		<li>Diluire le colture notturne sature 1:100 in mezzo fresco per i test di resistenza agli antibiotici. Un mezzo standard per P. aeruginosa è il mezzo minimo M63 integrato con solfato di magnesio e arginina (vedi tabella 1).</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 90 μl di diluizione per pozzo in un piatto di microtitolo da 96 po' (vedi tabella 1). Poiché questi saggi vengono in genere eseguiti in triplice copia per ogni ceppo, dovrebbero esserci 24 pozzi di ogni ceppo.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Esposizione delle cellule planctoniche a un gradiente di concentrazione di antibiotici
	<ol>
<li>Preparare una serie di diluizione 10x di antibiotico per 7 pozzi. Esempio: per la tobramicina antibiotica, le concentrazioni finali nei pozzi sono 0,032, 0,016, 0,008, 0,004, 0,002, 0,001 e 0,0005 mg/ml. Da uno stock di 25 mg/ml, preparare diluizioni di 0,32, 0,16, 0,08, 0,04, 0,02, 0,01 e 0,005 mg/ml. Lascia sul ghiaccio.</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 10 μl di ogni concentrazione antibiotica 10x per ottenere le concentrazioni finali desiderate. Aggiungere 10 μl di acqua (nessun controllo antibiotico) al pozzo finale per ogni replica e ceppo.</li>
		<li>Incubare la piastra del microtitoro per 24 ore a 37 °C.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Saggio per cellule vive.
	<ol>
<li>Etichettare due piastre di agar LB per piastra microtiter a 96 pozzo.</li>
		<li>Sterilizzare il dispositivo multiprong (vedi tabella 1) immergere i prong in etanolo al 100% e passare le sporgenze attraverso la fiamma aperta di un bruciatore Bunsen. ripetere. Lascia raffreddare leggermente le sporgenze. Utilizzando il dispositivo multiprong, trasferire ~3 μl (quantità che viene tipicamente trattenuta sulle punte delle punte) della coltura planctonica da ogni pozzo della piastra del microtitolo alla superficie di una piastra di agar LB.</li>
		<li>Incubare le piastre di agar LB per 16 ore a 37 °C.</li>
		<li>Determinare la concentrazione battericida minima dell'antibiotico identificando, a occhio, il taglio per la crescita batterica (Figura 2).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hoiby, N., Bjarnsholt, T., Givskov, M., Molin, S., Ciofu, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibiotic+resistance+of+bacterial+biofilms.">Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms.</a> Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 35 (4), 322-332 (2010).</li><li>Mah, T. F., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+biofilm+resistance+to+antimicrobial+agents.">Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents.</a> Trends Microbiol. 9 (1), 34-39 (2001).</li><li>Mah, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilm-specific+antibiotic+resistance.">Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance.</a> Future Microbiol. 7 (9), 1061-1072 (2012).</li><li>Mah, T. F., Pitts, B., Pellock, B., Walker, G. C., Stewart, P. S., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+basis+for+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+antibiotic+resistance.">A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance.</a> Nature. 426 (6964), 306-310 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, L., Mah, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Involvement+of+a+Novel+Efflux+System+in+Biofilm-Specific+Resistance+to+Antibiotics.">The Involvement of a Novel Efflux System in Biofilm-Specific Resistance to Antibiotics.</a> J. Bacteriol. 190 (13), 4447-4452 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, L., Hinz, A. J., Nadeau, J. P., Mah, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+tssC1+Links+Type+VI+Secretion+and+Biofilm-specific+Antibiotic+Resistance.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa tssC1 Links Type VI Secretion and Biofilm-specific Antibiotic Resistance.</a> J. Bacteriol. 193 (19), 5510-5513 (2011).</li><li>Beaudoin, T., Zhang, L., Hinz, A. J., Parr, C. J., Mah, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Biofilm-Specific+Antibiotic+Resistance+Gene,+ndvB,+is+Important+for+Expression+of+Ethanol+Oxidation+Genes+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+Biofilms.">The Biofilm-Specific Antibiotic Resistance Gene, ndvB, is Important for Expression of Ethanol Oxidation Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms.</a> J. Bacteriol. 194 (12), 3128-3136 (2012).</li><li>O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtiter+Dish+Biofilm+Formation+Assay.">Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (47), e2437 (2011).</li><li>Lewis, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multidrug+tolerance+of+biofilms+and+persister+cells.">Multidrug tolerance of biofilms and persister cells.</a> Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 322, 107-131 (2008).</li><li>Merritt, J. H., Kadouri, D. E., O'Toole, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growing+and+Analyzing+Static+Biofilms.">Growing and Analyzing Static Biofilms.</a> Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 1, 1B.1.1-1B.1.17 (2005).</li><li>Ramey, B. E., Parsek, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+1.+Growing+and+analyzing+biofilms+in+fermenters.">Chapter 1. Growing and analyzing biofilms in fermenters.</a> Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 1, 1B.3.1-1B.3.14 (2005).</li></ol>

L'autrice dichiara di non avere interessi finanziari concorrenti.

La resistenza agli antibiotici nelle cellule planctoniche è definita come un aumento della concentrazione inibitoria minima (MIC) di un antibiotico a causa di un cambiamento permanente nelle cellule(ad esempio una mutazione). I meccanismi di resistenza o tolleranza specifici del biofilm che sono stati identificati fino ad oggi sono il risultato dell'espressione di geni di tipo selvatico all'interno dei biofilm. Pertanto, la definizione classica di resistenza non si applica ai biofilm. Tuttavia, è stata present...

I test di resistenza agli antibiotici sono stati inizialmente sviluppati per saggiare la resistenza delle colture planctoniche (a nuoto libero) dei batteri. Poiché molte infezioni batteriche coinvolgono biofilm (cellule attaccate alla superficie), eravamo interessati a sviluppare un metodo per saggiare la resistenza agli antibiotici specifica del biofilm. Tuttavia, la maggior parte dei test di resistenza agli antibiotici sono poco adatti per misurare la resistenza dei biofilm. Ad esempio, determinare la concentrazione inibitoria minima (MIC) è il gold standard per determinare la resistenza agli antibiotici delle colture batteriche planctoniche 1. Questo saggio comporta la miscelazione di una coltura planctonica diluita con una serie di diluizione di antibiotici.  La concentrazione di antibiotico che inibisce la crescita visibile delle cellule planctoniche è il MIC. Poiché questo saggio si basa sull'inibizione della crescita, per definizione, non può funzionare con colture di biofilm, il che richiede l'esame della sensibilità antibiotica delle cellule in un biofilm precarato. Invece di misurare l'inibizione della crescita, il saggio MBC-B qui descritto determina la concentrazione di antibiotici che uccide le cellule già esistenti in un biofilm. Pertanto, questo test mira a imitare i trattamenti antibiotici delle infezioni da biofilm accertate e fornire una visione più pertinente della resistenza agli antibiotici batterici in vivo.
Poiché i biofilm sono generalmente più resistenti agli antibiotici rispetto alle colture planctoniche 2-4 , è stato necessario escogitare un metodo che mette direttamente in relazione la resistenza antibiotica di un biofilm a quella di una coltura planctonica. Quindi un altro obiettivo di questo metodo è quello di essere in grado di confrontare direttamente il livello di resistenza agli antibiotici tra cellule planctoniche e biofilm. I test MBC-P e MBC-B qui descritti lo rendono possibile perché le cellule sono coltivate in condizioni simili. Abbiamo utilizzato questo metodo per studiare diversi geni che sono importanti per la resistenza agli antibiotici specifica del biofilm 5-8 .

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			1x&#160;M63
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Prepare as a 5x&#160;M63 stock by dissolving 15g KH2PO4, 35g K2HPO4 and 10g (NH4)2SO4 in 1 L of water. This stock does not need to be autoclaved and can be stored at room temperature.&#160; Dilute 5x&#160;stock 1:5, autoclave, cool, then add the desired components.
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			KH2PO4
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Fisher
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			P285-500
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			K2HPO4
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Fisher
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			P288-500
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			(NH4)2SO4
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Sigma
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			A5132
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Magnesium sulfate
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Fisher
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			M63-500
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Add to 1 mM final concentration.&#160; Prepare as a 1 M stock in water and autoclave.
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Tobramycin
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Sigma
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Prepare 50 mg/m&#160;stock. Aliquot and store at -20&#176;C.
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Arginine
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Sigma
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			A5131
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Add to 0.4% final concentration.&#160; Prepare as a 20% stock in water and filter sterilize.&#160; This alternative carbon/energy source can replace glucose and casamino acids
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			96-well microtiter plates
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Corning
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			3595
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Sterile, flat-bottom, low evaporation
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Tranferpette (multichannel pipette)
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			BrandTech
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			2703610
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			8-channel, 20-200 &#956;l
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Multiprong device
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			Dan-Kar
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			MC48
			</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">
			48 prongs fit into &#189; of a 96-well microtiter plate
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishing the minimal bactericidal concentration of an antimicrobial agent for planktonic cells (mbc-p) and biofilm cells (mbc-b)

Questo protocollo consente un confronto diretto tra resistenza planctonica e biofilm per un ceppo batterico in grado di formare un biofilm in vitro. I batteri vengono inoculati nei pozzi di una piastra di microtitolo da 96 po '. Nel caso del saggio planctonico, alle sospensioni batteriche vengono aggiunte diluizioni seriali dell'agente antimicrobico di scelta. Nel saggio del biofilm, una volta inoculato, i batteri vengono lasciati a formare un biofilm per un determinato periodo di tempo. Le cellule non attaccate vengono rimosse dai pozzi, il supporto viene rifornito e vengono aggiunte diluizioni seriali dell'agente antimicrobico di scelta. Dopo l'esposizione all'agente antimicrobico, le cellule planctoniche vengono studiate per la crescita. Per il saggio del biofilm, il supporto viene rinfrescato con nuovi mezzi privi dell'agente antimicrobico e le cellule del biofilm vengono lasciate recuperare. La vitalità delle cellule biofilm viene saggiata dopo il periodo di recupero. L'MBC-P per l'agente antimicrobico è definito come la più bassa concentrazione di farmaco che uccide le cellule nella coltura planctonica.  Al contrario, l'MBC-B per un ceppo è determinato esponendo biofilm preformati ad concentrazioni crescenti di agente antimicrobico per 24 ore. L'MBC-B è definito come la più bassa concentrazione di agente antimicrobico che uccide le cellule nel biofilm.

Sono stati eseguiti saggi MBC-P e MBC-B, confrontando la sensibilità del tipo selvaggio PA14 con PA14 ∆ndvB. La tobramicina è stata usata come antibiotico. Vengono presentati i risultati corrispondenti al passaggio 1.4.4 (Figura 1) e al passaggio 2.3.4 (Figura 2). PA14 e ∆ndvB sono stati inoculati nei saggi MBC-P e MBC-B in triplice copia. Dopo aver completato i passaggi 1.0-1.4 del protocollo MBC-B e i passaggi 2.0-2.3 del protocollo MBC-P, le celle vitali sono s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of an Antimicrobial Agent for Planktonic Cells MBC-P and Biofilm Cells MBC-B at JoVE.com

Establishing the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of an Antimicrobial Agent for Planktonic Cells MBC-P and Biofilm Cells MBC-B

Questo protocollo consente un confronto diretto tra resistenza planctonica e biofilm per un ceppo batterico che può formare un biofilm in vitro utilizzando una piastra microtitere a 96 pozzoli. I batteri planctonici o biofilm sono esposti a diluizioni seriali dell'agente antimicrobico di scelta. La vitalità è dimostrata dalla crescita sulle piastre di agar.

Stabilire la concentrazione battericida minima di un agente antimicrobico per cellule planctoniche (MBC-P) e cellule biofilm (MBC-B)

This protocol allows for a direct comparison between planktonic and biofilm resistance for a bacterial strain that can form a biofilm in vitro. Bacteria ...

establishing-minimal-bactericidal-concentration-an-antimicrobial

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Establishing the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of an Antimicrobial Agent for Planktonic Cells (MBC-P) and Biofilm Cells (MBC-B)

19.9K Views.  University of Ottawa. Questo protocollo consente un confronto diretto tra resistenza planctonica e biofilm per un ceppo batterico che può formare un biofilm in vitro utilizzando una piastra microtitere a 96 pozzoli. I batteri planctonici o biofilm sono esposti a diluizioni seriali dell'agente antimicrobico di scelta. La vitalità è dimostrata dalla crescita sulle piastre di agar.

Video: Establishing the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of an Antimicrobial Agent for Planktonic Cells MBC-P and Biofilm Cells MBC-B

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological properties compared to free living microorganisms. Biofilms in nature are often difficult to investigate and reside under poorly defined conditions1. Using a transparent substratum it is possible to device a system where simple biofilms can be examined in a non-destructive way in real-time: here we demonstrate the assembly and operation of a flow cell model system, for in vitro 3D studies of microbial biofilms generating high reproducibility under well-defined conditions2,3.
The system consists of a flow cell that serves as growth chamber for the biofilm. The flow cell is supplied with nutrients and oxygen from a medium flask via a peristaltic pump and spent medium is collected in a waste container. This construction of the flow system allows a continuous supply of nutrients and administration of e.g. antibiotics with minimal disturbance of the cells grown in the flow chamber. Moreover, the flow conditions within the flow cell allow studies of biofilm exposed to shear stress. A bubble trapping device confines air bubbles from the tubing which otherwise could disrupt the biofilm structure in the flow cell.
The flow cell system is compatible with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and can thereby provide highly detailed 3D information about developing microbial biofilms. Cells in the biofilm can be labeled with fluorescent probes or proteins compatible with CLSM analysis. This enables online visualization and allows investigation of niches in the developing biofilm. Microbial interrelationship, investigation of antimicrobial agents or the expression of specific genes, are of the many experimental setups that can be investigated in the flow cell system.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilm in Flow Cells

Protocol describing the application of a flow cell system for growing and analyzing microbial biofilms for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa e biofilm Saccharomyces cerevisiae in celle di flusso

Many microbial cells have the ability to form sessile microbial communities defined as biofilms that have altered physiological and pathological ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms are community-associated bacteria attached to a surface and encased in a matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix is multifaceted, including facilitating nutrient acquisition, and offers significant protection against environmental stresses (e.g. host immune responses). In an effort to acquire a better understanding as to how the bacteria within a biofilm respond to environmental stresses we have used a protocol wherein we visualize bacterial biofilms which have formed in an 8-well chamber slide. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Live/Dead stain and examined using a confocal microscope to characterize the relative biofilm size, and structure under varying incubation conditions. Z-stack images were collected via confocal microscopy and analyzed by COMSTAT. This protocol can be used to help elucidate the mechanism and kinetics by which biofilms form, as well as identify components that are important to biofilm structure and stability.

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

This article describes the procedure for the formation and visualization of a bacterial biofilm grown within an 8-well chamber slide

Nella formazione di biofilm in vitro in un 8-bene scorrere Camera

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant)3,4. We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells5. Here, we describe the full procedure for performing the infection experiments described in our earlier work5. This includes the creation of fluorescent phages, infection of the cells, imaging under the microscope and data analysis. The fluorescent phage is a "hybrid", co-expressing wild- type and YFP-fusion versions of the capsid gpD protein. A crude phage lysate is first obtained by inducing a lysogen of the gpD-EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) phage, harboring a plasmid expressing wild type gpD. A series of purification steps are then performed, followed by DAPI-labeling and imaging under the microscope. This is done in order to verify the uniformity, DNA packaging efficiency, fluorescence signal and structural stability of the phage stock. The initial adsorption of phages to bacteria is performed on ice, then followed by a short incubation at 35&deg;C to trigger viral DNA injection6. The phage/bacteria mixture is then moved to the surface of a thin nutrient agar slab, covered with a coverslip and imaged under an epifluorescence microscope. The post-infection process is followed for 4 hr, at 10 min interval. Multiple stage positions are tracked such that ~100 cell infections can be traced in a single experiment. At each position and time point, images are acquired in the phase-contrast and red and green fluorescent channels. The phase-contrast image is used later for automated cell recognition while the fluorescent channels are used to characterize the infection outcome: production of new fluorescent phages (green) followed by cell lysis, or expression of lysogeny factors (red) followed by resumed cell growth and division. The acquired time-lapse movies are processed using a combination of manual and automated methods. Data analysis results in the identification of infection parameters for each infection event (e.g. number and positions of infecting phages) as well as infection outcome (lysis/lysogeny). Additional parameters can be extracted if desired.

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

This article describes the procedure for preparing a fluorescently-labeled version of bacteriophage lambda, infection of E. coli bacteria, following the infection outcome under the microscope, and analysis of infection results.

A seguito di Cell-destino<em&gt; E. coli</em&gt; Dopo l&#39;infezione da fago lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

Multiplex PCR Assay for Typing of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Mec Types I to V in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing is a very important molecular tool for understanding the epidemiology and clonal strain relatedness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly with the emerging outbreaks of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) occurring on a worldwide basis. Traditional PCR typing schemes classify SCCmec by targeting and identifying the individual mec and ccr gene complex types, but require the use of many primer sets and multiple individual PCR experiments. We designed and published a simple multiplex PCR assay for quick-screening of major SCCmec types and subtypes I to V, and later updated it as new sequence information became available. This simple assay targets individual SCCmec types in a single reaction, is easy to interpret and has been extensively used worldwide. However, due to the sophisticated nature of the assay and the large number of primers present in the reaction, there is the potential for difficulties while adapting this assay to individual laboratories. To facilitate the process of establishing a MRSA SCCmec assay, here we demonstrate how to set up our multiplex PCR assay, and discuss some of the vital steps and procedural nuances that make it successful.

Multiplex PCR Assay for Typing of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Mec Types I to V in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

We demonstrate a simple multiplex PCR assay for quick-screening and typing of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) types I-V for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and provide some of the vital steps and procedural nuances that make it successful for adapting this assay to individual laboratories.

Multiplex PCR per la tipizzazione di stafilococco cassette cromosomiche Mec Tipi I a V, resistente alla meticillina<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em

Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing  is a very important molecular tool for understanding the epidemiology and  clonal strain ...

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. Regulatory systems that utilize intracellular cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) as a second messenger are one such class of target. c-di-GMP is a signaling molecule found in almost all bacteria that acts to regulate an extensive range of processes including antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and virulence. The understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling controls aspects of antibiotic resistant biofilm development has suggested approaches whereby alteration of the cellular concentrations of the nucleotide or disruption of these signaling pathways may lead to reduced biofilm formation or increased susceptibility of the biofilms to antibiotics. We describe a simple high-throughput bioreporter protocol, based on green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose expression is under the control of the c-di-GMP responsive promoter cdrA, to rapidly screen for small molecules with the potential to modulate c-di-GMP cellular levels in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). This simple protocol can screen upwards of 3,500 compounds within 48 hours and has the ability to be adapted to multiple microorganisms.

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This article describes the high-throughput assay that has been successfully established to screen large libraries of small molecules for their potential ability to manipulate cellular levels of cyclic di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing a new powerful tool for antibacterial drug discovery and compound testing.

Creazione di una configurazione high-throughput screening per piccole molecole che modulano c-di-GMP Segnalazione di<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. ...

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

The study of polymicrobial interactions across the taxonomic kingdoms that include fungi, bacteria and virus have not been previously examined with respect to how viral members of the microbiome affect subsequent microbe interactions with these virus-infected host cells. The co-habitation of virus with bacteria and fungi is principally present on the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity and genital tract. Mucosal cells, particularly those with persistent chronic or persistent latent viral infections, could have a significant impact on members of the microbiome through virus alteration in number and type of receptors expressed. Modification in host cell membrane architecture would result in altered ability of subsequent members of the normal flora and opportunistic pathogens to initiate the first step in biofilm formation, i.e., adherence. This study describes a method for quantitation and visual examination of HSV&#39;s effect on the initiation of biofilm formation (adherence) of S. aureus and C. albicans.

A method is described herein for the determination of inter-Kingdom association and competition (bacterial and fungal) for adherence to virus-infected HeLa cell monolayers. This protocol can be extended to multiple combinations of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses.

Determinazione del biofilm iniziazione su cellule infettate da virus da batteri e funghi

The study of polymicrobial interactions across the taxonomic kingdoms that include fungi, bacteria and virus have not been previously examined with ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

Sviluppo e validazione di una singola molecola ultrasensibile di matrice digitale analisi enzima-collegata dell'immunosorbente per umana dell'interferone-α

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular components responsible for supplying cell energy; however, excess mitochondria also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could cause cell death. Therefore, the number of mitochondria must constantly be adjusted to fit the needs of the cells. This dynamic regulation is achieved in part through the function of lysosomes that remove surplus/damaged organelles and macromolecules. Hence, cellular mitochondrial and lysosomal contents are key indicators to evaluate the metabolic adjustment of cells. With the development of probes for organelles, well-characterized lysosome or mitochondria-specific dyes have become available in various formats to label cellular lysosomes and mitochondria. Multicolor flow cytometry is a common tool to profile cell phenotypes, and has the capability to be integrated with other assays. Here, we present a detailed protocol of how to combine organelle-specific dyes with surface markers staining to measure the amount of lysosomes and mitochondria in different T cell populations on a flow cytometer.

This article illustrates a powerful method to quantify mitochondria or lysosomes in living cells. The combination of lysosome- or mitochondria-specific dyes with fluorescently conjugated antibodies against surface markers allows the quantification of these organelles in mixed cell populations, like primary cells harvested from tissue samples, by using multicolor flow cytometry.

Quantificazione di basata su citometria a flusso multicolor dei mitocondri e lisosomi in cellule di T

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular ...

Production and Characterization of Human Macrophages from Pluripotent Stem Cells

Macrophages are present in most vertebrate tissues and comprise widely dispersed and heterogeneous cell populations with different functions. They are key players in health and disease, acting as phagocytes during immune defense and mediating trophic, maintenance, and repair functions. Although it has been possible to study some of the molecular processes involved in human macrophage function, it has proved difficult to apply genetic engineering techniques to primary human macrophages. This has significantly hampered our ability to interrogate the complex genetic pathways involved in macrophage biology and to generate models for specific disease states. An off-the-shelf source of human macrophages that is amenable to the vast arsenal of genetic manipulation techniques would, therefore, provide a valuable tool in this field. We present an optimized protocol that allows for the generation of macrophages from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in vitro. These iPSC-derived macrophages (iPSC-DMs) express human macrophage cell surface markers, including CD45, 25F9, CD163, and CD169, and our live-cell imaging functional assay demonstrates that they exhibit robust phagocytic activity. Cultured iPSC-DMs can be activated to different&#160;macrophage states that display altered gene expression and phagocytic activity by the addition of LPS and IFNg, IL4, or IL10. Thus, this system provides a platform to generate human macrophages carrying genetic alterations that model specific human disease and a source of cells for drug screening or cell therapy to treat these diseases.

This protocol describes the robust generation of macrophages from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and methods for their subsequent characterization. Cell surface marker expression, gene expression, and functional assays are used to assess the phenotype and function of these iPSC-derived macrophages.

Produzione e caratterizzazione di macrofagi umani da cellule staminali pluripotenti

Macrophages are present in most vertebrate tissues and comprise widely dispersed and heterogeneous cell populations with different functions. They are key ...

Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis

When developing novel antimicrobials, the success of animal trials is dependent on accurate extrapolation of antimicrobial efficacy from in vitro tests to animal infections in vivo. The existing in vitro tests typically overestimate antimicrobial efficacy as the presence of host tissue as a diffusion barrier is not accounted for. To overcome this bottleneck, we have developed an ex vivo porcine corneal model of bacterial keratitis using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a prototypic organism. This article describes the preparation of the porcine cornea and protocol for establishment of the infection. Bespoke glass molds enable straightforward setup of the cornea for infection studies. The model mimics in vivo infection as bacterial proliferation is dependent on the ability of the bacterium to damage corneal tissue. Establishment of infection is verified as an increase in the number of colony forming units assessed via viable plate counts. The results demonstrate that infection can be established in a highly reproducible fashion in the ex vivo corneas using the method described here. The model can be extended in the future to mimic keratitis caused by microorganisms other than P. aeruginosa. The ultimate aim of the model is to investigate the effect of antimicrobial chemotherapy on the progress of bacterial infection in a scenario more representative of in vivo infections. In so doing, the model described here will reduce the use of animals for testing, improve success rates in clinical trials and ultimately enable rapid translation of novel antimicrobials to the clinic.

This article describes a step-by-step protocol to set up an ex vivo porcine model of bacterial keratitis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is used as a prototypic organism. This innovative model mimics in vivo infection as bacterial proliferation is dependent on the ability of the bacterium to damage corneal tissue.

Stabilire un modello di Cornea ex vivo suina per lo studio dei trattamenti farmacologici contro la cheratite batterica

When developing novel antimicrobials, the success of animal trials is dependent on accurate extrapolation of antimicrobial efficacy from in vitro tests to ...