Questo lavoro è sostenuto da NIH concedere R00 CA160574 (SFB) e da una borsa di studio del programma di formazione Biotecnologie Rutgers (a SMM).

Questa procedura è stata approvata dal Comitato di cura e l&#39;uso degli animali Istituzionale presso la Rutgers, l&#39;Università statale del New Jersey. I topi sono stati trattati in conformità con la guida NIH per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio. Gli scienziati dovrebbero consultare i loro organizzazioni nazionali ed istituzionali animali per linee guida stabilite e approvate. Prima di iniziare, preparare le soluzioni elencate nella tabella 1. 1 B Isolamento cellulare e attivazione Euthanize un mouse utilizzando CO 2 seguita da dislocazione cervicale. Posizionare il mouse in modo che il lato sinistro del corpo è alto e spruzzare il mouse con etanolo al 70% fino a quando il pelo è umido. Sezionare la milza e posto in un piatto di coltura tissutale 35 mm con tampone di lavaggio 2 ml. In una cappa a flusso laminare, delicatamente rompere la milza nel piatto di coltura di tessuti utilizzando la parte piatta di una siringa da 5 ml. <ol><li> Inserire una rete di nylon di 70 micron in un 50Tubo ml e trasferire il campione milza in 2 ml tampone di lavaggio nella rete di nylon. Interrompere delicatamente la milza nella rete utilizzando la parte piatta della siringa. </li><li> Risciacquare retro della siringa e la placca 35 mm, con 8 ml di tampone di lavaggio e filtrata attraverso la maglia di nylon 70 micron. Centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Aspirare e scartare il surnatante e risospendere il pellet in 3 ml di tampone di lisi ACK. Pipettare su e giù brevemente per interrompere grumi e incubare per 5 min. Aggiungere 10 ml di tampone di lavaggio e centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Aspirare e scartare il surnatante e risospendere il pellet toccando il fondo della provetta poi pipettando in 1 ml di tampone di lavaggio. Aggiungere 50 ml di anti-CD43 MACS micro-perline e incubare in ghiaccio per 30 min. Aggiungere 10 ml di tampone di lavaggio, mescolare delicatamente e centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. Aggiungere 10 ml di tampone di lavaggio, mescolare delicatamente e centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Impostare unMini-MACS colonna posizionando una colonna sul magnete MACS. Posizionare un marcato tubo da 15 ml di sotto della colonna. Aggiungere 1 ml di tampone di lavaggio alla colonna e lasciar correre attraverso il tubo da 15 ml. </li><li> Aspirare il surnatante e risospendere in 1 ml di tampone di lavaggio. Caricare il campione nella colonna dopo che il tampone di lavaggio è eseguito attraverso. </li><li> Dopo che il campione è percorrere la colonna, aggiungere 1 ml di tampone di lavaggio per lavare la colonna. Aggiungere 7 ml di tampone di lavaggio direttamente al campione prelevato nella provetta da 15 ml. </li><li> Contare le cellule utilizzando un emocitometro. Trasferire il volume richiesto di cellule necessarie per 5.000.000 cellule / pozzetto in una provetta da 50 ml. Centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. Supplemento medio delle cellule B con LPS 1: 500 e IL4 1: 1.000. </li><li> Aspirare il surnatante e aggiungere il volume appropriato di supporto integrato delle cellule B necessaria per la concentrazione finale di 1.000.000 cellule / ml. </li><li> Cellule piastra in piastre da 6 pozzetti con 5 ml di cellule a 1.000.000 cellule / ml e posto in un umidifiEd coltura cellulare incubatore a 37 ° C, 5% di CO 2. </li></ol> 2 B Cella di fissaggio <ol><li> Aggiungere 50 ml di Colcemid al pozzo contenente 5 ml di cellule B (per una concentrazione finale di 100 ng / ml) e incubare 1 ora a 37 ° C. Preriscaldare soluzione KCl 75 mM in un bagno di 37 ° C Acque. Trasferire le cellule B ad una etichetta tubo 15 ml. Coprire l&#39;etichetta con nastro e centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Aspirare il surnatante lasciando 1 ml nella provetta e risospendere il pellet pipettando. Aggiungere 5 ml della preriscaldata KCl goccia a goccia, mentre toccando o pulsare in un vortice. </li><li> Aggiungere 10 ml di KCl e mescolare capovolgendo. Incubare in un bagno d&#39;acqua a 37 ° per 15 min. Aggiungere 5 gocce di fissativo fresco e mescolare capovolgendo. Centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. Aspirare il surnatante lasciando 1 ml nella provetta e risospendere pellet pipettando su e giù. </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml di fissativo fresco goccia a goccia, mentre toccando o pulsante su un VORtex. Aggiungere altri 10 ml di fissativo e incubare per 30 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. Aspirare il surnatante lasciando 1 ml in provetta e risospendere da pipettaggio. Aggiungere 14 ml di fissativo fresco e centrifugare a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Ripetere il punto 2.7 altre due volte. </li><li> Aggiungere 14 ml di fissativo fresco. Sigillare i tappi con Parafilm e conservare una notte a -20 ° C. </li></ol> 3 Preparazione di metafase spread cromosomi <ol><li> Impostare una camera ambientale regolata a 22,9 ° C e 52% di umidità. </li><li> Centrifugare le cellule B fissato a 300 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. Aspirare fissativo lasciando 70 microlitri nel tubo e risospendere da pipettaggio. </li><li> Posizionare i vetrini etichettati in camera umida con un angolo di 35 °. Goccia 35 ml di cellule B risospese su un vetrino e rilasciare due scivoli per campione. Lasciare i vetrini si asciughino in camera umida per 30 minuti poi memorizzare le diapositivein una scatola di diapositive a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 4. telomeri PNA FISH <ol><li> Preparazione della sonda <ol><li> Pre-caldo formammide deionizzata a 37 ° C. Mescolare 2 ml di sonda PNA telomeri con 7 microlitri formammide deionizzata preriscaldata e incubare a 37 ° C con agitazione per 1 ora. </li><li> Pre-caldo mix FISH maestro a 37 ° C. Aggiungere 7 ml di pre-riscaldato mix FISH maestro alla miscela dal punto 4.1.1 e incubare a 37 ° C per 1-3 ore. </li><li> Denaturare la miscela sonda per 8 minuti a 80 ° C. Pre-temprare la sonda per 1 ora a 37 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Pretrattamento dei vetrini cromosomi <ol><li> Pre-riscaldare un barattolo di vetro scorrevole colorazione contenente 50 ml di HCl 0,01 M a 37 ° C in un bagno d&#39;acqua. </li><li> Collocare i vetrini in un altro vaso di vetro scorrevole-colorazione contenente 2x SSC per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Aggiungere 2 ml di pepsina magazzino al vetro pre-riscaldato slide-colorazione barattolo e mescolare capovolgendo. Trasferire i vetrini di questo vetro sljar ide-colorazione e incubare 90 sec a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lavare i vetrini 2x in un altro vaso di vetro scorrevole-colorazione contenente 1x PBS per 5 minuti ciascuno a temperatura ambiente, agitando. Quindi lavare i vetrini per 5 min in PBS 1x / MgCl 2 a temperatura ambiente, agitando. </li><li> Trasferire i vetrini in un vaso di vetro scorrevole-colorazione contenente appena preparato 1% di formaldeide / 1x PBS / MgCl 2 per 10 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavare i vetrini per 5 min in un altro vaso di vetro scorrevole-colorazione contenente 1x PBS a temperatura ambiente, agitando. </li><li> Preparare una serie di disidratazione di etanolo avendo in vetro separata vasetti di slide-colorazione contenenti il ​​70%, 90% e il 100% di etanolo. </li><li> Trasferire i vetrini per ogni barattolo per 3 min, iniziando con etanolo al 70%, quindi il 90% di etanolo, e poi il 100% di etanolo. Posizionare vasetti etanolo a -20 ° C una volta terminato. </li><li> Lasciare i vetrini all&#39;aria secca toccando eccesso di etanolo su un tovagliolo di carta e puntellare le diapositive con un angolo di 35 °. Una volta asciutto, mark un&#39;area 18 x 18 mm per ibridazione sul retro delle diapositive utilizzando una penna diamante. </li></ol></li><li> Denaturazione delle diapositive per FISH <ol><li> Applicare 120 microlitri formammide 70% deionizzata / 2X SSC a un coprioggetto 24 x 60 mm. Toccare la diapositiva per il coprioggetto. Denaturare il vetrino a 80 ° C su una piastra calda per 90 sec. </li><li> Far scorrere velocemente e con cura il vetrino e porre il vetrino in ghiaccio freddo etanolo al 70% per 3 minuti, seguito da 90% di etanolo, e il 100% di etanolo ciascuno per 3 min. Lasciare i vetrini all&#39;aria secca. </li><li> Preparare una camera umida allineando una scatola di plastica con un coperchio stretto e carta velina bagnata. La carta deve essere umido, ma non saturo d&#39;acqua. </li><li> In una camera umida, applicare la miscela pre-ricotto sonda dal passo 4.1.3 per l&#39;area contrassegnata sul vetrino, coprire con un coperchio 18 x 18 mm, antiscivolo e incubare a 37 ° C per 1 ora. </li></ol></li><li> Lavaggi post-incubazione <ol><li> Preriscaldare il 50% formammide / 2x SSC, SSC 1x, 4x e SSC / 0,1% Tween-20 in un 45 °; C bagnomaria. </li><li> Rimuovere con attenzione il coprioggetto e lavare i vetrini in pre-riscaldato 50% formammide / 2x SSC 3xfor 5 minuti ciascuna nel buio e agitando. Lavare i vetrini in pre-riscaldato 1x SSC 3xfor 5 minuti ciascuno, tremante. Infine, lavare i vetrini in pre-riscaldato 4x SSC / 0,1% Tween-20 3xfor 5 minuti ciascuno. </li><li> Colorare i vetrini per 3 min in DAPI in una luce protetta vetrino-colorazione vaso. </li><li> Lavare i vetrini per 5 min in 2x SSC, tremante. Applicare 35 ml di mezzo di montaggio Mowiol, coprire con 24 x 60 mm coprioggetto e conservare le diapositive a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 5 Analisi microscopica di cromosomi <ol><li> Analizzare le diapositive metafase utilizzando un microscopio a fluorescenza standard. Utilizzare una piattaforma di imaging con una fase automatizzata, ad esempio la piattaforma METASYSTEMS Metafer per ottenere migliori risultati. Per ogni spread metafase, raccogliere un&#39;immagine per DAPI fluorescenza di visualizzare cromosomi, e un&#39;immagine per il segnale fluorescente dal telomero probe. (Ad esempio, Cy3- altri fluors sono disponibili e funzionano altrettanto bene.) </li><li> Sovrapponete le immagini con un programma di analisi di immagine e analizzare. </li></ol>

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N., Reijo Pera, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metaphase+spreads+and+spectral+karyotyping+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Metaphase spreads and spectral karyotyping of human embryonic stem cells.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2008, (2008).</li><li>Schreck, R. R., Disteche, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+4.">Chapter 4.</a> Chromosome banding techniques. Unit 2, (2001).</li><li>Gilley, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA-PKcs+is+critical+for+telomere+capping.">DNA-PKcs is critical for telomere capping.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98 (26), 15084-15088 (2001).</li><li>Bolzan, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosomal+aberrations+involving+telomeres+and+interstitial+telomeric+sequences.">Chromosomal aberrations involving telomeres and interstitial telomeric sequences.</a> Mutagenesis. 27 (1), 1-15 (2012).</li><li>Bolzan, A. D., Telomeres Bianchi, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=interstitial+telomeric+repeat+sequences+and+chromosomal+aberrations.">interstitial telomeric repeat sequences and chromosomal aberrations.</a> Mutat Res. 612 (3), 189-214 (2006).</li><li>Poon, S. S., Lansdorp, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+18.">Chapter 18.</a> Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH). Unit 18 14, (2001).</li><li>Morales, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=53BP1+and+p53+synergize+to+suppress+genomic+instability+and+lymphomagenesis.">53BP1 and p53 synergize to suppress genomic instability and lymphomagenesis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103 (9), 3310-3315 (2006).</li><li>Halaby, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+interaction+of+Rnf8+and+p53+in+the+protection+against+genomic+instability+and+tumorigenesis.">Synergistic interaction of Rnf8 and p53 in the protection against genomic instability and tumorigenesis.</a> PLoS Genet. 9 (1), e1003259 (2013).</li></ol>

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Considerando che i linfociti B attivati ​​sono particolarmente adatti alla preparazione degli spread cromosomi mitotici, possono essere utilizzati anche altri tipi di cellule. Linfociti T condividere molti dei vantaggi delle cellule B, in quanto possono essere purificati dai nodi milza o linfonodi, e hanno un elevato indice mitotico, quando stimolato dalla crescita in terreno contenente mitogeni appropriate 8. Le cellule staminali embrionali (cellule ES) sono adatti anche per l&#39;analisi della metafase ...

A correction was made to: Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH.&#160;Table 1 (the list of solutions to prepare) was omitted from the Protocol section. The contents of Table 1 are as follows:
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Solution</td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
			<td>Storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">B Cell Wash Buffer</td>
			<td>500 ml 1x Hanks Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Filter through 0.22 &#956;m stericup filtration unit</td>
			<td rowspan="3">4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml 50 &#176;C heat inactivated FCS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml 100x Pen/Strep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="8">B Cell Medium</td>
			<td>418.5 ml RPMI-1640</td>
			<td rowspan="8">Filter through 0.22 &#956;m stericup filtration unit</td>
			<td rowspan="8">4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml 50 &#176;C heat inactivated FCS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml 100x Pen/Strep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml nonessential amino acids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml sodium pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.8 ml 14.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml 1M HEPES</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixative</td>
			<td>3:1 v/v methanol/glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Make fresh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">0.075 M KCl</td>
			<td>1.395 g KCl</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2">Room Temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 ml distilled H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">FISH Master Mix</td>
			<td>40 ml 50% Dextran sulfate</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Vortex the solution and leave in a shaking platform overnight</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Aliquot and store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ml 20x SSC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 ml sterile distilled H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">70% Formamide/2x SSC</td>
			<td>10 ml 20x SSC</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Adjust to pH 7 with 1M HCl</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Aliquot and store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ml distilled H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 ml deionized formamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">0.01 M HCl</td>
			<td>1 ml 1M HCl</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Adjust to pH 2.0</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Room Temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>99 ml distilled H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">1x PBS/MgCl2</td>
			<td>50 ml 1M MgCl2</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2">Room Temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>950 ml 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">50% Formamide/2x SSC</td>
			<td>20 ml 20x SSC</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Adjust to pH 7.25 
			Formamide used in this step does not have to be deionized.</td>
			<td rowspan="3">Make fresh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>80 ml distilled H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 ml formamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">4x SSC/0.1% Tween20</td>
			<td>50 ml 20x SSC</td>
			<td rowspan="3"></td>
			<td rowspan="3">Room Temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 ml distilled H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 &#956;l Tween20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">DAPI staining solution (80 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>40 &#956;l 0.2mg/ml DAPI stock</td>
			<td rowspan="2"></td>
			<td rowspan="2">4 &#176;C in light protected staining jar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 ml 2x SSC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="5">Mowiol Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>6 g glycerol</td>
			<td rowspan="5">Incubate at 50 &#176;C with stirring for 2hrs</td>
			<td rowspan="5">Aliquot and store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.4 g Mowiol 4-88</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 ml distilled H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12 ml 0.2 M TrisCl pH 8.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>230 &#956;l 1% Thimerosal (w/v in water)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. List of solutions.&#160;

A correction was made to: Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH.

Erratum: Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Il cancro è causato da un accumulo di mutazioni che interessano i geni che regolano la crescita delle cellule normali. La mutazione è una conseguenza di modifiche alla struttura e la sequenza del genoma causato da danni al DNA. Danno al DNA può avvenire attraverso una varietà di processi, compresi gli agenti esogeni come radiazioni ionizzanti, e come un sottoprodotto del normale metabolismo cellulare, come deaminazione spontanea di basi nucleotidiche o danni che si verificano per contatto con le specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno 1. Anche se le cellule di mammifero in possesso di una serie di attività di riparazione che può invertire il danno del DNA o ripristinare la sequenza in siti rottura, le mutazioni si accumulano comunque per tutta la durata di una cella. Danno al DNA può contribuire inoltre alla senescenza e la perdita di efficacia delle cellule staminali, due processi che sono associati con la malattia associata all&#39;invecchiamento 2. Comprendere la riparazione dei danni al DNA è quindi di fondamentale importanza per affrontare due segnoquestioni ificant nella salute pubblica. Una crescente evidenza suggerisce che mammiferi percorsi di riparazione del DNA possono contribuire all&#39;evoluzione del genoma delle cellule di cancro 3,4, il che rende ancora più indispensabile per capire i processi coinvolti nella soppressione mutazione a livello molecolare. Visualizzazione diretta di aberrazioni cromosomiche è un potente e quantitativi mezzi per determinare il grado di instabilità genomica in un particolare tipo di cellula. Cromosomi abbreviato da cellule in metafase possono essere isolate e ispezionati utilizzando la luce o la microscopia a fluorescenza. Tali approcci citogenetiche sono stati in pratica per diversi decenni e può essere utilizzato per dimostrare l&#39;aspetto di traslocazioni o specifici tipi di aberrazioni cromosomiche associate alla perdita di attività di riparazione del DNA. Il protocollo si presta a diversi potenziali estensioni: i cromosomi possono essere etichettati con sonde per cariotipo spettrale (SKY) o multicolor fluorescente in situ ibridazione(MFISH) per identificare traslocazioni 5,6. Queste tecniche permettono anche la frequenza di traslocazioni cromosomiche e la struttura di traslocazioni cromosomiche complesse da determinare, che fornisce informazioni aggiuntive di là di quanto è possibile con questo protocollo. In alternativa, sonde sequenza-specifiche possono essere generati e utilizzati per testare la frequenza di rottura del DNA in siti genomici selezionati 7. In questo protocollo, si descrive la preparazione del cromosoma metafase diffonde da linfociti B. Un peptide acido nucleico (PNA) sonda fluorescenza marcata per le ripetizioni telomeriche viene utilizzato, che segna in modo efficiente telomeri in metafase cromosoma si diffonde Questo protocollo ha diversi vantaggi. Cellule B possono essere indotte a crescere ad alto indice mitotico in modo che gli spread di alta qualità possono essere prodotti in modo coerente. Cellule B da topi geneticamente modificati sono anche molto meno probabile che contengono mutazioni genetiche secondarie che possono confondere l&#39;analisi del contributodi geni specifici per l&#39;integrità genomica. L&#39;approccio PNA-FISH può essere completato in un giorno, e permette il punteggio più accurata delle rotture cromosomiche. Usando questo approccio, in particolare in combinazione con attrezzature specifiche descritte in questo protocollo, è possibile produrre molto consistenti, spread alta qualità e analizzare rapidamente la velocità e il tipo di instabilità genomica.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">Name</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50% Dextran sulfate</td>
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			<td>PNA Bio Inc</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mowiol 4-88</td>
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			<td>Miltenyl Biotec.&#160;</td>
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rapid analysis of chromosome aberrations in mouse b lymphocytes by pna-fish

Riparazione del DNA difettoso porta ad una maggiore instabilità genomica, che è la causa principale delle mutazioni che portano alla tumorigenesi. Analisi della frequenza e il tipo di aberrazioni cromosomiche in diversi tipi cellulari permette difetti nei percorsi di riparazione del DNA da chiarire. Comprensione mammiferi riparazione del DNA biologia è stato molto aiutato dalla produzione di topi con ko in geni specifici. L&#39;obiettivo di questo protocollo è quello di quantificare l&#39;instabilità genomica nei linfociti B del mouse. Etichettatura dei telomeri con sonde PNA-FISH (peptide di acido nucleico - ibridazione fluorescente in situ) facilita l&#39;analisi rapida di instabilità genomica degli spread metafase cromosomiche. Cellule B hanno vantaggi specifici relativi ai fibroblasti, perché hanno ploidia normale e un indice mitotico superiore. Cultura a breve termine di cellule B consente quindi la misurazione precisa di instabilità genomica in una popolazione di cellule primarie, che rischia di avere mutazione genetica secondaria menos di quello che è tipicamente presenti nei fibroblasti trasformati o linee cellulari di pazienti.

Cromosomi in metafase derivati ​​da una cella dovrebbe formare un cluster discreto contenente 40 cromosomi (se si utilizza cellule di topo) (Figura 1A). Ogni cromosoma ha un centromero ad una estremità, che è visibile come una sfera azzurro. In cromosomi normali, due segnali telomeri sono visti alla fine dei cromatidi e due segnali di ciascun centromero. Nuclei in interfase saranno presenti sul vetrino pure. Questi saranno visibili come sfere blu, con segnali telomeri rosse, ma non cromosomi conde...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH at JoVE.com

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Percorsi di riparazione del DNA sono essenziali per il mantenimento dell&#39;integrità genomica e prevenire la mutazione e il cancro. L&#39;obiettivo di questo protocollo è quello di quantificare l&#39;instabilità genomica mediante l&#39;osservazione diretta di aberrazioni cromosomiche in metafase si diffonde dalle cellule B del mouse utilizzando ibridazione in situ fluorescente (FISH) per ripetizioni telomeriche del DNA.

Analisi rapida di aberrazioni cromosomiche in linfociti B mouse da PNA-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency ...

rapid-analysis-chromosome-aberrations-mouse-b-lymphocytes-pna

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

16.9K Views.  Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.  Percorsi di riparazione del DNA sono essenziali per il mantenimento dell'integrità genomica e prevenire la mutazione e il cancro. L'obiettivo di questo protocollo è quello di quantificare l'instabilità genomica mediante l'osservazione diretta di aberrazioni cromosomiche in metafase si diffonde dalle cellule B del mouse utilizzando ibridazione in situ fluorescente (FISH) per ripetizioni telomeriche del DNA. 

Video: Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Combinazione di nastro adesivo a base di campionamento e di fluorescenza In situ</emIbridazione> per il rilevamento rapido di Salmonella Su prodotti freschi

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Methods to Assess Beta Cell Death Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease. During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin production is lost, presumably this results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Understanding the mechanisms of beta cell death during 
the development of T1D will provide insights to generate an effective cure for this disease. Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays have historically used the 
radionuclide Chromium 51 (51Cr) to label target cells. These targets are then exposed to effector cells and the release of 51Cr from target 
cells is read as an indication of lymphocyte-mediated cell death. Inhibitors of cell death result in decreased release of 51Cr.
 As effector cells, we used an activated autoreactive clonal population of CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) isolated from a mouse stock transgenic for both the alpha and beta chains of the AI4 T cell receptor (TCR). Activated AI4 T cells were co-cultured with 51Cr labeled target NIT cells for 16 hours, release of 51Cr was recorded to calculate specific lysis 
Mitochondria participate in many important physiological events, such as energy production, regulation of signaling transduction, and apoptosis. The study of beta cell mitochondrial functional changes during the development of T1D is a novel area of research. Using the mitochondrial membrane potential dye Tetramethyl Rhodamine Methyl Ester (TMRM) and confocal microscopic live cell imaging, we monitored mitochondrial membrane potential over time in the beta cell line NIT-1. For imaging studies, effector AI4 T cells were labeled with the fluorescent nuclear staining dye Picogreen. NIT-1 cells and T cells were co-cultured in chambered coverglass and mounted on the microscope stage equipped with a live cell chamber, controlled at 37&deg;C, with 5% CO2, and humidified. During these experiments images were taken of each cluster every 3 minutes for 400 minutes.
Over a course of 400 minutes, we observed the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in NIT-1 cell clusters where AI4 T cells were attached. In the simultaneous control experiment where NIT-1 cells were co-cultured with MHC mis-matched human lymphocyte Jurkat cells, mitochondrial membrane potential remained intact. This technique can be used to observe real-time changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in cells under attack of cytotoxic lymphocytes, cytokines, or other cytotoxic reagents.

Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assays can be used to test autoreactive responses and study mechanisms of cell death in vitro. However, using live-cell confocal microscopic imaging techniques with fluorescent dyes, the type and kinetics of cell death as well as the pathways utilized can be studied in greater detail.

Metodi per valutare la morte delle cellule beta Mediata da linfociti T citotossici

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease.  During the pathogenesis, patients become progressively more insulinopenic as 
insulin ...

Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa

Mucosal surfaces, including in the gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts, provide portals of entry for pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria 1. Mucosae are also inductive sites in the host to generate immunity against pathogens, such as the Peyers patches in the intestinal tract and the nasal-associated lymphoreticular tissue in the respiratory tract. This unique feature brings mucosal immunity as a crucial player of the host defense system. Many studies have been focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory mucosal sites. However, there has been little investigation of reproductive mucosal sites. The genital tract mucosa is the primary infection site for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), including bacterial and viral infections. STDs are one of the most critical health challenges facing the world today. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that there are 19 million new infectious every year in the United States. STDs cost the U.S. health care system $17 billion every year 2, and cost individuals even more in immediate and life-long health consequences. In order to confront this challenge, a greater understanding of reproductive mucosal immunity is needed and isolating lymphocytes is an essential component of these studies. Here, we present a method to reproducibly isolate lymphocytes from murine female genital tracts for immunological studies that can be modified for adaption to other species. The method described below is based on one mouse.&#x2003;

An efficient way to isolate lymphocytes from mouse genital tract is described. This method takes advantage of enzyme digestion and Percoll gradient separation to allow efficient isolation. This technique is also adaptable to for use in other species

Isolamento dei linfociti da mouse mucosa del tratto genitale

Mucosal surfaces, including in the gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts, provide portals of entry for pathogens, such as viruses and ...

Rapid and Robust Analysis of Cellular and Molecular Polarization Induced by Chemokine Signaling

Cells respond to chemokine stimulation by losing their round shape in a process called polarization, and by altering the subcellular localization of many proteins. Classic imaging techniques have been used to study these phenomena. However, they required the manual acquisition of many cells followed by time consuming quantification of the morphology and the co-localization of the staining of tens of cells. Here, a rapid and powerful method is described to study these phenomena on samples consisting of several thousands of cells using an imaging flow cytometry technology that combines the advantages of a microscope with those of a cytometer. Using T lymphocytes stimulated with CCL19 and staining for MHC Class I molecules and filamentous actin, a gating strategy is presented to measure simultaneously the degree of shape alterations and the extent of co-localization of markers that are affected by CCL19 signaling. Moreover, this gating strategy allowed us to observe the segregation of filamentous actin (at the front) and phosphorylated Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin (phospho-ERM) proteins (at the rear) in polarized T cells after CXCL12 stimulation. This technique was also useful to observe the blocking effect on polarization of two different elements: inhibition of actin polymerization by a pharmacological inhibitor and expression of mutants of the Par6/atypical PKC signaling pathway. Thus, evidence is shown that this technique is useful to analyze both morphological alterations and protein redistributions.

Chemokine signaling elicits marked alterations of cellular morphology and some important redistributions of intracellular proteins. Here, a rapid and detailed protocol is provided to study these events.

Analisi rapida e robusta di Cellulare e Molecolare polarizzazione indotta da chemochine Signaling

Cells respond to chemokine stimulation by losing their round shape in a process called polarization, and by altering the subcellular localization of many ...

Detection of True IgE-expressing Mouse B Lineage Cells

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH isotypes, such as IgA, IgE and IgG. Measurement of IgH CSR in vitro is a key method for the study of a number of biologic processes ranging from DNA recombination and repair to aspects of molecular and cellular immunology. In vitro CSR assay involves the flow cytometric measurement surface Ig expression on activated B cells. While measurement of IgA and IgG subclasses is straightforward, measurement of IgE by this method is problematic due to soluble IgE binding to Fc&#949;RII/CD23 expressed on the surface of activated B cells. Here we describe a unique procedure for accurate measurement of IgE-producing mouse B cells that have undergone CSR in culture. The method is based on trypsin-mediated cleavage of IgE-CD23 complexes on cell surfaces, allowing for detection of IgE-producing B lineage cells by cytoplasmic staining. This procedure offers a convenient solution for flow cytometric analysis of CSR to IgE.

In vitro analysis of class switch recombination in mice is challenging due to cytophilic IgE molecules bound to Fc receptors on the surface of B cells. We describe a method for IgE detection using trypsin-mediated cleavage of surface-bound IgE prior to fixation and permeabilization for cytoplasmic fluorescence staining.

Rilevazione di True IgE-esprimono mouse B Cells Lineage

B lymphocyte immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) is a process wherein initially expressed IgM switches to other IgH ...

A Simple and Rapid Protocol to Non-enzymatically Dissociate Fresh Human Tissues for the Analysis of Infiltrating Lymphocytes

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted as an important hallmark of cancer. Our research on breast cancer focuses on the active role that tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play in tumor progression and patient outcome. Toward this goal, we developed a methodology for the rapid isolation of intact lymphoid cells from normal and abnormal tissues in an effort to evaluate them proximate to their native state. Homogenates prepared using a mechanical dissociator show both increased viability and cell recovery while preserving surface receptor expression compared to enzyme-digested tissues. Furthermore, enzymatic digestion of the remaining insoluble material did not recover additional CD45+ cells indicating that quantitative and qualitative measurements in the primary homogenate likely genuinely reflect infiltrating subpopulations in the tissue fragment. The lymphoid cells in these homogenates can be easily characterized using immunological (phenotype, proliferation, etc.) or molecular (DNA, RNA and/or protein) approaches. CD45+ cells can also be used for subpopulation purification, in vitro expansion or cryopreservation. An additional benefit of this approach is that the primary tissue supernatant from the homogenates can be used to characterize and compare cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins and antigens present in normal and malignant tissues. This protocol functions extremely well for human breast tissues and should be applicable to a wide variety of normal and abnormal tissues.

This protocol describes the rapid non-enzymatic dissociation of fresh human tissue fragments for qualitative and quantitative assessment of CD45+ cells (lymphocytes/leukocytes) present in various normal and malignant human tissues. Additionally, the supernatant obtained from the primary tissue homogenate can be collected and stored for further analysis or experimentation.

Un semplice e rapido protocollo non-enzimaticamente dissociare freschi tessuti umani per l&#39;analisi di linfociti infiltranti

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted ...

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to the palatine tonsils situated at the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Surgically removed palatine tonsils provide a convenient accessible source of B and T lymphocytes to study the interplay between foreign pathogens and the host immune system. This video protocol describes the dissection and processing of surgically removed human palatine tonsils, followed by the isolation of the individual B and T cell populations from the same tissue sample. We present a method, which efficiently separates tonsillar B and T lymphocytes using an antibody-dependent affinity protocol. Further, we use the method to demonstrate that human adenovirus infects specifically the tonsillar T cell fraction. The established protocol is generally applicable to efficiently and rapidly isolate tonsillar B and T cell populations to study the role of different types of pathogens in tonsillar immune responses.

Palatine tonsils are a rich source of B and T lymphocytes. Here we provide an easy, efficient and rapid protocol to isolate B and T lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils. The method described has been specifically adapted for studies of the viral etiology of tonsil inflammation known as tonsillitis.

Efficiente protocollo Isolamento da B e T linfociti umani da Palatine Tonsille

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to ...

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality every year. The Influenza A and B assay was the first CLIA-waived molecular rapid flu test available. The Influenza A and B test works by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. Here, the performance of the Influenza A and B assay on frozen, archived nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens stored in viral transport medium (VTM) were compared to a respiratory panel assay.
The performance of the Influenza A and B assay was evaluated by comparing the results to the respiratory panel reference method. The sensitivity for total influenza virus A was 67.5% (95% CI (CI), 56.6-78.5) and the specificity was 86.9% (CI, 71.0-100). For influenza virus B testing, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% (CI, 68.5-100) and 98.8% (CI, 68.5-100), respectively.
This system has the advantage of a significantly shorter test time than any other currently available molecular assay and the simple, pipette-free procedure runs on a fully integrated, closed, small-footprint system. Overall, the Influenza A and B assay evaluated in this study has the potential to serve as a point-of-care rapid influenza diagnostic test.

We describe a rapid, molecular-based Influenza A and B assay. The Influenza assay detects each target within 15 min by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. The Influenza A and B assay is user-friendly and required minimal hands-on time to perform.

Rilevazione rapida molecolare e la differenziazione dei virus influenzali A e B

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses A and B in humans and causes a significant amount of morbidity and mortality ...

Molecular Diffusion in Plasma Membranes of Primary Lymphocytes Measured by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful technique for studying the diffusion of molecules within biological membranes with high spatial and temporal resolution. FCS can quantify the molecular concentration and diffusion coefficient of fluorescently labeled molecules in the cell membrane. This technique has the ability to explore the molecular diffusion characteristics of molecules in the plasma membrane of immune cells in steady state (i.e., without processes affecting the result during the actual measurement time). FCS is suitable for studying the diffusion of proteins that are expressed at levels typical for most endogenous proteins. Here, a straightforward and robust method to determine the diffusion rate of cell membrane proteins on primary lymphocytes is demonstrated. An effective way to perform measurements on antibody-stained live cells and commonly occurring observations after acquisition are described. The recent advancements in the development of photo-stable fluorescent dyes can be utilized by conjugating the antibodies of interest to appropriate dyes that do not bleach extensively during the measurements. Additionally, this allows for the detection of slowly diffusing entities, which is a common feature of proteins expressed in cell membranes. The analysis procedure to extract molecular concentration and diffusion parameters from the generated autocorrelation curves is highlighted. In summary, a basic protocol for FCS measurements is provided; it can be followed by immunologists with an understanding of confocal microscopy but with no other previous experience of techniques for measuring dynamic parameters, such as molecular diffusion rates.

A method to measure protein diffusion in membranes of primary immune cells using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is described. In this paper, the use of antibodies for fluorescent labeling is illustrated.

Diffusione molecolare nel plasma membrane dei linfociti primari misurati da Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful technique for studying the diffusion of molecules within biological membranes with high spatial ...

Rapid Quantification of Mitogen-induced Blastogenesis in T Lymphocytes for Identifying Immunomodulatory Drugs

Lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation is a readily quantifiable phenomenon useful for testing immunomodulatory (i.e., immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory) chemical compounds and biologics. One of the earliest steps during mitogenesis is cell enlargement or blastogenic transformation, whereupon the cell volume increases before division. It is usually detectable in the first several hours of T-lymphocyte stimulation. Here, we describe a rapid method to quantify blastogenesis in T lymphocytes isolated from mouse spleens and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using an automated cell counter. Various commonly used proliferation assays for the most part are laborious and only reflect the overall population effect rather than individual cellular effects within a population. In contrast, the presented automated cell counter assay provides rapid, direct, and precise measurements of cell diameters that can be used for assessing the effectiveness of various mitogens and immunomodulatory drugs in vitro.

T-lymphocyte mitogenesis is accompanied by blastogenic transformation, whereupon the cell volume enlarges before cell division. Here, we describe a method to quantify blastogenesis in T lymphocytes using an automated cell counter with the capability of measuring cell diameters.

La quantificazione rapida di Mitogen indotta blastogenesi in linfociti T per l&#39;identificazione farmaci immunomodulatori

Lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation is a readily quantifiable phenomenon useful for testing immunomodulatory (i.e., ...

Analisi rapida di aberrazioni cromosomiche in linfociti B mouse da PNA-FISH

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Combinazione di nastro adesivo a base di campionamento e di fluorescenza In situ per il rilevamento rapido di Salmonella Su prodotti freschi