The authors thank Bryan T. Vinyard of the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Biometrical Consulting Service, Beltsville, MD for statistical analyses. This work was supported in part by a grant to J.C.D. from the Deployed War Fighter Protection (DWFP) Research Program funded by the Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB).

1. allevamento Ae. adulti aegypti <ol><li> Le uova si schiudono in circa ¾ di pollice in acque poco profonde cassetto. Sovraffollamento ridurrà la dimensione degli adulti. </li><li> Larve posteriore a 25 ° C (12-HL: 12-HD) ed alimentare con cibo per pesci a terra. NOTA: sovralimentazione può ridurre i tassi di sopravvivenza. </li><li> Rimuovere pupe individualmente da pipetta Pasteur quotidiano e trasferimento in piatti di plastica (9 centimetri × 5,5 centimetri) all&#39;interno secchielli di contenimento con fini coperchi maglia, stabilendo così 24 gruppi di età hr. </li><li> Mangimi zanzare adulte soluzione al 10% di saccarosio dal batuffolo di cotone collocato sulle pareti schermo di un contenitore gabbia le zanzare in una camera climatica a 27 ° C e 70% di umidità relativa sotto la stessa fotoperiodo come larve. </li><li> Per elettrofisiologia, utilizzare 5-10 giorno animali vecchi. In generale, gli animali più grandi produrranno risultati migliori. Per l&#39;isolamento di RNA, usare gli animali che si trovano all&#39;interno di un unico 24 ore raggruppamento età nel vecchio campo di 5-10 giorni. </li></ol><ol><li> Determinare una concentrazione adeguata di elettroliti (ad esempio 1-10 mm) suscita l&#39;attività minima da neuroni sensoriali selezionati. 10 mM NaCl o 1mm KCl sono elettroliti ragionevoli per testare l&#39;attività di base quando si inizia un esperimento. </li><li> Sciogliere ogni chimica sperimentale nel solvente appropriato (se non l&#39;acqua, usare etanolo o DMSO) che ha poco o nessun effetto sulla attività picco rispetto all&#39;elettrolito sola. Le concentrazioni finali di 10% etanolo o 1% DMSO sono concentrazioni iniziali ragionevoli. </li><li> Selezionare appropriata (ad esempio il chinino per amaro o di saccarosio per dolci) i prodotti chimici di controllo che sono ben descritti, deterrenti alimentazione o stimolanti negli insetti. </li></ol> 3. Elettrofisiologia (registrazione punta 8; Figura 1) <ol><li> Elettrodi di vetro Form tirando meccanicamente capillari di vetro. Ottimizzare il calore e tirare le impostazioni di tirare vetro per formare recordi opportunamente sagomataElettrodi ng. Rompere con cautela fine del elettrodo di vetro con pinze sotto un microscopio da dissezione per creare elettrodo punta apertura che è sufficientemente ampia per busta bersaglio sensillum, ma abbastanza piccolo per evitare il contatto con le strutture vicine. </li><li> Al microscopio, identificare visivamente dalla morfologia e posizionare il target sensilla / sensillum per garantire la ripetibilità della registrazione punta. Animali Prep per consentire l&#39;accesso gratuito al sensilla dall&#39;angolo di entrata dell&#39;elettrodo. </li><li> Freddo insetti anestetizzare adulti in freezer a -20 ° C. Evitare danni ai neuroni periferici da sovraesposizione a temperature fredde. Tagliare sottili strisce di nastro adesivo con lama di rasoio sul vetrino. Immobilizzare intero insetto su un vetrino con strisce strette. </li><li> Inserire un filo di tungsteno affilata chimicamente nel torace dorsale o occhio per servire come indifferente (terra) dell&#39;elettrodo. </li><li> Riempire elettrodo vetro fatto a passo 3,1 con una soluzione stimolante di interesse. Utilizzando una siringa inserita, compilare capIllary dalla fine tirato a Blunt fine. Rovesciare tutte le bolle d&#39;aria, tenendo fine abbattuto. Inserire un filo d&#39;argento (chloriding opzionale) nell&#39;elettrodo di vetro fatto a passo 3.1 per servire come elettrodo di registrazione e stimolante. </li><li> Collegare gli elettrodi ad un preamplificatore che è stato progettato per registrazioni da contatto chemoreceptive sensilli negli insetti. Questo preamplificatore (300 Hz-3 kHz filtro passa-banda) ridurrà il tempo di assestamento di catturare l&#39;attività neuronale più vicino allo stimolo introduzione possibile. Raccogliere, archiviare e analizzare i segnali elettrici con un microcomputer dotato di software di registrazione picco. NOTA: Messa a terra del sistema di registrazione correttamente può migliorare drasticamente il rapporto segnale-rumore. </li><li> Stimolare sensilla con una soluzione di controllo (solo elettrolita) per garantire la funzionalità. Conte picchi a partire 200 msec seguito l&#39;artefatto stimolo per tutte le preparazioni. </li><li> Casuale l&#39;ordine di sostanze chimiche di prova per tutti gli esperimenti, tranne studi dose-risposta,per eliminare pregiudizi. Per gli studi dose-risposta, esporre sensilla ad aumentare concentrazioni della sostanza chimica sperimentale. Lasciare un minimo di 3 minuti tra stimoli al fine di garantire un adeguato recupero. NOTA: Questo requisito può variare a seconda degli insetti e sensilli. Soglia è definita come quella concentrazione per cui errore standard non si sovrappone con l&#39;errore standard per la concentrazione più bassa testata. </li></ol> 4. RNA Isolamento e Sequencing (Figura 2) <ol><li> Preparare i pestelli RNasi-free ermetici da loro raffreddamento in ghiaccio secco prima di tessuto disruption.Prepare accompagnano pestelli RNasi-free che si adattano provette con tappo a scatto saldamente. Tenere tubi di raccolta chiusi a meno dissezione attivamente per evitare eccessiva formazione di condensa. </li><li> Utilizzando aspiratore filtrato, mettere da 30 a 40 le zanzare-anestetizzato freddo (15 sec in -20 ° C freezer) sul palco freddo e mostra per il sesso. Luogo animali dorsale lato negativo, afferrare le ali per non danneggiare appendici gusto.</li><li> Utilizzando due coppie di pinza sottile, sezionare Paired Labella o tarsi da maschi o femmine sotto un microscopio da dissezione e limitare l&#39;inserimento di tessuti adiacenti. NOTA: 500 Labella accoppiato produce circa 800-1000 nanogrammi di mRNA totale. 400 tarsi individuale (5 segmenti ciascuno) produrranno 1,200-1,800 nanogrammi di mRNA totale. </li><li> Con un paio di Ansimare-pinze, leggermente cogliere proboscide zanzara solo prossimali di Labella esporre mandrini interni. Utilizzando altra coppia di raccolta-pinze, rimuovere Labella e aggiungere tessuto lato del tubo di raccolta a freddo. </li><li> Con un paio di pinze, leggermente cogliere gamba zanzare allo svincolo di tibia e primo segmento tarsale. Utilizzando altra coppia di pinze, rimuovere tarsi e aggiungere tessuto lato del tubo di raccolta a freddo. NOTA: Prendere in considerazione i tipi di cellule a livello di interfaccia del tessuto desiderato e indesiderati. Mentre è importante limitare l&#39;inclusione di tessuto limitrofo, è altrettanto importante non omettere porzioni di tessuto desiderato. Il ficampione finale deve rappresentare accuratamente l&#39;intero organo di interesse. Creare un confine preciso con le pinze di presa in modo tale che una pinza di raccolta possono liberare proprio raschiando o afferrare solo il tessuto desiderato. </li><li> Periodicamente, spin down tubo di raccolta brevemente 0 ° C centrifugare a 9.000 xg per mantenere il tessuto sul fondo della provetta. Se l&#39;umidità si accumula nei tubi di raccolta durante la dissezione, aggiungere 50ul di freddo reagente Trizol per coprire il tessuto raccolti. </li><li> Utilizzando anti-macchia marcatore laboratorio, etichetta chiaramente uno senza RNase 1,5 ml schiocco provetta con tappo per ogni tipo di tessuto per la raccolta. Usando 1,5 ml provetta rack e azoto liquido, congelare poi macinare tessuto in polvere fine (pezzi pregiati se in Trizol). Ripetere una volta. Portare il volume totale di Trizol a 1 ml e sospendere nuovamente il tessuto terra nel vortex. </li><li> Aggiungere 200 ul di cloroformio e mescolare accuratamente. Dopo 5 min a temperatura ambiente, centrifugare a centrifugare a 4 ° C e 11.000 xg per 15 min. Attentamenteaggiungere strato acquoso direttamente ad una colonna filtro DNA genomico. Spin down a 11.000 x g per 5 min. Aggiungere uguale volume di RNase-free etanolo al 70% a flusso continuo e mescolare pipetta. Trasferire il liquido a una colonna collezione RNA e continuare l&#39;estrazione di RNA secondo le istruzioni fornite. </li><li> Quantificare e valutare la purezza di RNA totale su uno spettrofotometro di precisione e procedere con qualsiasi metodo di sequenziamento RNA standard. </li></ol> 5. quantitativa RT-PCR convalida di RNA Sequencing (Figura 3) <ol><li> Selezionare come molti geni come possibile confrontare i livelli di espressione genica relativi su una gamma dinamica, sia in previsto abbondanza sequenza e la funzione del gene chemosensory presunta. </li><li> Coppie di progettazione di primer per ogni gene target per amplificare uno specifico prodotto della PCR 100-180 paio di basi. Escludi non specifico di amplificazione gDNA garantendo almeno un fondo per set estende un confine introne. In alternativa, utilizzare il trattamento DNasi per ridurre la contaminazione genomico. </li><li> Raccoglieretessuto insetto come descritto nel paragrafo precedente. Calcolare la quantità di tessuto è necessario per fornire abbastanza RNA per completare tutte le reazioni qRT-PCR. NOTA: triplice copia biologica e reazioni triplicate tecnici forniranno la massima fiducia nei risultati. </li><li> Calcola relativa quantificazione gene come X bersaglio - (Ct [destinazione] -Ct [riferimento]) per ogni gene target e media per ogni replica, sia biologico e tecnico. Utilizzare gene housekeeping (s) per normalizzare valori Ct tra i replicati biologici e di sradicare la scala Y in confronto di espressione relativa. </li><li> Valutare la somiglianza di RNA-Seq e dataset qRT-PCR usando la procedura di equivalenza bootstrap basato regressione-9, in modo iterativo applicato, per i dati di ogni tessuto. NOTA: Questa procedura identifica la più piccola &quot;regione di somiglianza&quot; che può essere costruito intorno alla dati RNA-Seq e qRT-PCR osservata, e consentire l&#39;espressione genica relativa come misurato da qRT-PCR da considerare statisticamente equivalente alla misurazione dell&#39;espressione genica relativa da RNA-seq. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

L&#39;aspetto più impegnativo di potenziali d&#39;azione di registrazione da sensilla gustativa è decidere quali risposte sono &quot;normali&quot;. Quando impiegando singolo sensillum gustativa punta registrando la prima volta per una determinata specie di insetti, il numero totale e sensibilità dei neuroni recettori gustativi (GRN) sono probabilmente sconosciuta. Molte registrazioni preliminari vengono prima tenuti a decidere la gamma e le concentrazioni di sostanze chimiche da testare. In questo caso, abbiamo comin...

Composti come DEET, Picaridin, Citronellale e IR3535 hanno dimostrato di respingere in modo efficace le zanzare, comprese le importanti vettori della malattia Aedes aegypti 1,2. Registriamo potenziali d&#39;azione dei neuroni sensoriali associati a specifici sensilla gustativa per determinare le cellule coinvolte con repellenza zanzare. Accoppiato con sequenziamento valle di geni espressi in questi tessuti, possiamo identificare i geni più probabile che mediano le risposte di queste cellule per lo screening di nuovi composti per le capacità repellenza migliorate. RNA-Seq è uno strumento potente, diventando rapidamente standard per il rilevamento delle modifiche temporali e spaziali in espressione genica. RNA-Seq analisi di appendici chemosensoriali insetti e gli organi sono stati utilizzati per scoprire recettori molecolari in diverse specie di insetti 3-5, migliorando notevolmente il convenzionale PCR-ricerche gene per gene 6. Gli insetti rappresentano la classe degli animali più diversi, presentano molte opportunità di studiare la connessione tra geni e fenotipi unici. Tecnologia RNA-seq può essere impiegato su qualsiasi tessuto vivente insetto. Allo stesso modo, la registrazione elettrofisiologica da cellule sensoriali all&#39;interno uniporous sensilli gustativi può essere raggiunto in molte diverse specie di insetti. L&#39;abbinamento di queste due tecniche permette ai ricercatori di restringere i geni coinvolti set in un fenotipo chemosensory osservato. Diverse specie presenteranno sfide specifiche, ma possono informare il collegamento tra i geni dei recettori chemosensoriali e un adattamento chemosensory. Le dimensioni e la morfologia dei chemosensory sensilli è variabile e rendere necessario l&#39;risoluzione dei problemi durante la registrazione di potenziali di azione per ridurre il rumore e identificare segnali ripetibili. Dissezioni di organi chemiosensoriali possono essere banale o delicati e richiede tempo, a seconda della morfologia e dimensioni dell&#39;insetto. Recupero di RNA di alta qualità può richiedere un po &#39;di risoluzione dei problemi e, come ad esempio evitare alcuni pigmenti durantecollezione tessuti. Mentre dimostrare gli effetti dei composti repellenti attraverso studi comportamentali è diretta e informativo, questo approccio è tempo intenso e largo rispetto al meccanismo d&#39;azione. Elettrofisiologia accoppiato con RNA-Seq consente analisi più specifiche su ciò che spinge a comportamenti di evitamento insetti. Una volta che il &quot;toolkit&quot; della discriminazione chimico è stato identificato in una specie di insetti, i tentativi più specifiche per migliorare il repellenti conosciute sono possibili. Recettori e proteine ​​associate a cellule sensoriali responsabili di questi comportamenti possono essere espressi heterologously per lo screening chimico diretta. Inoltre, modellistica molecolare in grado di prevedere quali sostanze chimiche si suscitare reazioni forti da questi recettori 7. L&#39;istantanea di tutti i geni attivi in ​​una serie limitata di tessuti chemosensoriali può anche essere utile per identificare geni simili in altre specie. Utilizzando omologia di sequenza e di espressione similarities, i ricercatori possono formare gruppi di recettori molecolari più probabile che mediano le risposte a repellenti che sono ampiamente efficaci sugli insetti. Vi presentiamo il seguente protocollo per aiutare i ricercatori a decostruire percorsi chemosensoriali insetti e di convincere di più per approfondire la neuroetologia di non-modello e insetti economicamente importanti.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1272">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:467px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Glass capillary</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">A-M Systems</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">628000</td>
			<td>Standard, 1.5mm X 0.86mm, 4&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Silver wire</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">A-M Systems</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">7875</td>
			<td>.015&#34; bare</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Tungsten wire</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Alfa Products</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">369</td>
			<td>0.127mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Fine forceps</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">11252</td>
			<td>#5SF Inox</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Refridgerated stage</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">BioQuip Products</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">1429</td>
			<td>Chill Table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Preamplifier</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Taste Probe</td>
			<td style="width:467px;">preamplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Software for electrophysiology</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Syntech</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Autospike</td>
			<td style="width:467px;">software for electrophysiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">TetraMin fish food</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Tetra</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Tropical fish food granules</td>
			<td>fish food ground to fine powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TRIzol</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td>RNA isolation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNeasy Plus Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">74136</td>
			<td style="width:467px;">includes gDNA eliminator and RNeasy spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nanodrop spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Nano Drop Products</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">ND-1000</td>
			<td>tabletop spectrometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:251px;">R statistics</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">freeware (created by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka)</td>
			<td>www.r-project.org</td>
			<td>Use the lm function of the stats package and the equiv.boot function of the equivalence package in the R computing environment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">1.5ml tube rack</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Evergreen</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">240-6388-030</td>
			<td>Pour liquid nitrogen into a few empty wells to freeze and grind tissue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">1.5mL collection tubes with pestle</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Grainger</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">6HAX6</td>
			<td>RNase free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">11178160</td>
			<td>Spin down frozen tissue to keep at bottom of 1.5 mL tube.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primer-BLAST Primer Designing tool</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">NCBI</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

physiological recordings and rna sequencing of the gustatory appendages of the yellow-fever mosquito aedes aegypti

Electrophysiological recording of action potentials from sensory neurons of mosquitoes provides investigators a glimpse into the chemical perception of these disease vectors. We have recently identified a bitter sensing neuron in the labellum of female Aedes aegypti that responds to DEET and other repellents, as well as bitter quinine, through direct electrophysiological investigation. These gustatory receptor neuron responses prompted our sequencing of total mRNA from both male and female labella and tarsi samples to elucidate the putative chemoreception genes expressed in these contact chemoreception tissues. Samples of tarsi were divided into pro-, meso- and metathoracic subtypes for both sexes. We then validated our dataset by conducting qRT-PCR on the same tissue samples and used statistical methods to compare results between the two methods. Studies addressing molecular function may now target specific genes to determine those involved in repellent perception by mosquitoes. These receptor pathways may be used to screen novel repellents towards disruption of host-seeking behavior to curb the spread of harmful viruses.

Le registrazioni in tracce di potenziali d&#39;azione da Ae. aegypti sensilla gustativa (Figura 1) dimostrare l&#39;efficacia della stimolazione diretta con una gamma di prodotti chimici. Questa tecnica può essere usata per quantificare risposte a qualsiasi sostanza chimica stimolante contando punte di una data ampiezza e durata in un intervallo di tempo ragionevole (generalmente inferiore a 500 ms). Registrazioni Trace devono essere facilmente riproducibili sotto un dato insieme di condizioni...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Physiological Recordings and RNA Sequencing of the Gustatory Appendages of the Yellow-fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti at JoVE.com

Physiological Recordings and RNA Sequencing of the Gustatory Appendages of the Yellow-fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Utilizzando due metodi per stimare l&#39;espressione genica nei principali appendici gustative di Aedes aegypti, abbiamo individuato il set di geni putativamente sottostanti le risposte neuronali di composti amari e ripugnanti, come determinato da un esame elettrofisiologico.

Fisiologici Registrazioni e RNA sequenziamento delle appendici gustative del Mosquito febbre gialla<em&gt; Aedes aegypti</em

Electrophysiological recording of action potentials from sensory neurons of mosquitoes provides investigators a glimpse into the chemical perception of ...

physiological-recordings-rna-sequencing-gustatory-appendages-yellow

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Physiological Recordings and RNA Sequencing of the Gustatory Appendages of the Yellow-fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

8.0K Views.  United States Department of Agriculture.  Utilizzando due metodi per stimare l'espressione genica nei principali appendici gustative di Aedes aegypti, abbiamo individuato il set di geni putativamente sottostanti le risposte neuronali di composti amari e ripugnanti, come determinato da un esame elettrofisiologico. 

Video: Physiological Recordings and RNA Sequencing of the Gustatory Appendages of the Yellow-fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

Building a Better Mosquito: Identifying the Genes Enabling Malaria and Dengue Fever Resistance in A. gambiae and A. aegypti Mosquitoes

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections.   Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections. Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.

Costruire un Mosquito migliore: l&#39;identificazione dei geni Abilitazione malaria e febbre dengue Resistenza in A. gambiae e A. aegypti zanzare

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus ...

Ricerca

Biologia

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion rate. This method can be used to obtain a better understanding of the process of diuresis in insects and is especially useful in the study of diuresis in blood-feeding arthropods that are able to take up huge amounts of liquid in a single blood meal. 
This RNAi-mediated gene knockdown combined with an in vivo diuresis assay was developed by the Hansen lab to study the effects of RNAi-mediated knockdown of aquaporin genes on Aedes aegypti mosquito diuresis1. 
The protocol is setup in two parts: the first demonstration illustrates how to construct a simple mosquito injection device and how to prepare and inject dsRNA into the thorax of mosquitoes for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The second demonstration illustrates how to determine excretion rates in mosquitoes using an in vivo bioassay.

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

In this protocol we combine RNAi-mediated gene silencing with an in vivo diuresis assay to study the effects knockdown of genes of interest has on mosquito fluid excretion.

RNAi-mediato Knockdown Gene e<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Saggio La diuresi in femmina adulta<em&gt; Aedes aegypti</em&gt; Le zanzare

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

Depletion of Ribosomal RNA for Mosquito Gut Metagenomic RNA-seq

The mosquito gut accommodates dynamic microbial communities across different stages of the insect's life cycle. Characterization of the genetic capacity and functionality of the gut community will provide insight into the effects of gut microbiota on mosquito life traits. Metagenomic RNA-Seq has become an important tool to analyze transcriptomes from various microbes present in a microbial community. Messenger RNA usually comprises only 1-3% of total RNA, while rRNA constitutes approximately 90%. It is challenging to enrich messenger RNA from a metagenomic microbial RNA sample because most prokaryotic mRNA species lack stable poly(A) tails. This prevents oligo d(T) mediated mRNA isolation. Here, we describe a protocol that employs sample derived rRNA capture probes to remove rRNA from a metagenomic total RNA sample. To begin, both mosquito and microbial small and large subunit rRNA fragments are amplified from a metagenomic community DNA sample. Then, the community specific biotinylated antisense ribosomal RNA probes are synthesized in vitro using T7 RNA polymerase. The biotinylated rRNA probes are hybridized to the total RNA. The hybrids are captured by streptavidin-coated beads and removed from the total RNA. This subtraction-based protocol efficiently removes both mosquito and microbial rRNA from the total RNA sample. The mRNA enriched sample is further processed for RNA amplification and RNA-Seq.

A ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depletion protocol was developed to enrich messenger RNA (mRNA) for RNA-seq of the mosquito gut metatranscriptome. Sample specific rRNA probes, which were used to remove rRNA via subtraction, were created from the mosquito and its gut microbes. Performance of the protocol can result in the removal of approximately 90-99% of rRNA.

L&#39;esaurimento delle RNA ribosomiale per metagenomiche Gut Mosquito RNA-seq

The mosquito gut accommodates dynamic microbial communities across different stages of the insect's life cycle. Characterization of the genetic capacity ...

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

One of the major questions in microbial ecology is &#8220;who is there?&#8221; This question can be answered using various tools, but one of the long-lasting gold standards is to sequence 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons generated by domain-level PCR reactions amplifying from genomic DNA. Traditionally, this was performed by cloning and Sanger (capillary electrophoresis) sequencing of PCR amplicons. The advent of next-generation sequencing has tremendously simplified and increased the sequencing depth for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The introduction of benchtop sequencers now allows small labs to perform their 16S rRNA sequencing in-house in a matter of days. Here, an approach for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using a benchtop next-generation sequencer is detailed. The environmental DNA is first amplified by PCR using primers that contain sequencing adapters and barcodes. They are then coupled to spherical particles via emulsion PCR. The particles are loaded on a disposable chip and the chip is inserted in the sequencing machine after which the sequencing is performed. The sequences are retrieved in fastq format, filtered and the barcodes are used to establish the sample membership of the reads. The filtered and binned reads are then further analyzed using publically available tools. An example analysis where the reads were classified with a taxonomy-finding algorithm within the software package Mothur is given. The method outlined here is simple, inexpensive and straightforward and should help smaller labs to take advantage from the ongoing genomic revolution.

Characterizing microbial community has been a longstanding goal in environmental microbiology. Next-generation sequencing methods now allow for the characterization of microbial communities at an unprecedented depth with minimal cost and labor. We detail here our approach to sequence bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes using a benchtop sequencer.

Sequenziamento di prossima generazione del 16S RNA ribosomiale Gene ampliconi

One of the major questions in microbial ecology is &#8220;who is there?&#8221; This question can be answered using various tools, but one of the ...

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, most notably developmental arrest and reduced metabolism. Global gene expression profiling via RNA-Seq can provide important insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of photoperiodic diapause. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an outstanding organism for studying the transcriptional bases of diapause due to its ease of rearing, easily induced diapause, and the genomic resources available. This manuscript presents a general experimental workflow for identifying diapause-induced transcriptional differences in A. albopictus. Rearing techniques, conditions necessary to induce diapause and non-diapause development, methods to estimate percent diapause in a population, and RNA extraction and integrity assessment for mosquitoes are documented. A workflow to process RNA-Seq data from Illumina sequencers culminates in a list of differentially expressed genes. The representative results demonstrate that this protocol can be used to effectively identify genes differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in A. albopictus due to photoperiodic differences. With modest adjustments, this workflow can be readily adapted to study the transcriptional bases of diapause or other important life history traits in other mosquitoes.

An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

RNA-Seq analyses are becoming increasingly important for identifying the molecular underpinnings of adaptive traits in non-model organisms. Here, a protocol to identify differentially expressed genes between diapause and non-diapause Aedes albopictus mosquitoes is described, from mosquito rearing, to RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of RNA-Seq data.

Un Sperimentale e Bioinformatica Protocollo per analisi di RNA-Seq di photoperiodic diapausa nella zanzara tigre,<em&gt; Aedes albopictus</em

Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, ...

Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient&#39;s hematopoietic system in many diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. Elucidating the mechanisms controlling HSCs self-renewal and differentiation is important for application of HSCs for research and clinical uses. However, it is not possible to obtain large quantity of HSCs due to their inability to proliferate in vitro. To overcome this hurdle, we used a mouse bone marrow derived cell line, the EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphocytic) cell line, as a model system for this study.
RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been increasingly used to replace microarray for gene expression studies. We report here a detailed method of using RNA-Seq technology to investigate the potential key factors in regulation of EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. The protocol provided in this paper is divided into three parts. The first part explains how to culture EML cells and separate Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The second part of the protocol offers detailed procedures for total RNA preparation and the subsequent library construction for high-throughput sequencing. The last part describes the method for RNA-Seq data analysis and explains how to use the data to identify differentially expressed transcription factors between Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The most significantly differentially expressed transcription factors were identified to be the potential key regulators controlling EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. In the discussion section of this paper, we highlight the key steps for successful performance of this experiment.
In summary, this paper offers a method of using RNA-Seq technology to identify potential regulators of self-renewal and differentiation in EML cells. The key factors identified are subjected to downstream functional analysis in vitro and in vivo.

RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to identify significantly and differentially expressed transcription factors in Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- subpopulations of mouse EMLcells. These transcription factors might play important roles in determining the switch between self-renewing Lin-CD34+ and partially differentiated Lin-CD34- cells.

Identificazione dei fattori chiave di regolazione auto-rinnovamento e differenziazione in cellule ematopoietiche precursori EML da Analysis RNA-sequencing

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient&#39;s hematopoietic system in many diseases such as ...

Targeted RNA Sequencing Assay to Characterize Gene Expression and Genomic Alterations

RNA sequencing (RNAseq) is a versatile method that can be utilized to detect and characterize gene expression, mutations, gene fusions, and noncoding RNAs. Standard RNAseq requires 30 - 100 million sequencing reads and can include multiple RNA products such as mRNA and noncoding RNAs. We demonstrate how targeted RNAseq (capture) permits a focused study on selected RNA products using a desktop sequencer. RNAseq capture can characterize unannotated, low, or transiently expressed transcripts that may otherwise be missed using traditional RNAseq methods. Here we describe the extraction of RNA from cell lines, ribosomal RNA depletion, cDNA synthesis, preparation of barcoded libraries, hybridization and capture of targeted transcripts and multiplex sequencing on a desktop sequencer. We also outline the computational analysis pipeline, which includes quality control assessment, alignment, fusion detection, gene expression quantification and identification of single nucleotide variants. This assay allows for targeted transcript sequencing to characterize gene expression, gene fusions, and mutations.

We describe a targeted RNA sequencing-based method that includes preparation of indexed cDNA libraries, hybridization and capture with custom probes and data analysis to interrogate selected transcripts for gene expression, mutations, and gene fusions. Targeted RNAseq permits cost-effective, rapid evaluation of selected transcripts on a desktop sequencer.

Mirati RNA Sequencing test per caratterizzare espressione genica e genomica Alterazioni

RNA sequencing (RNAseq) is a versatile method that can be utilized to detect and characterize gene expression, mutations, gene fusions, and noncoding ...

Fat Body Organ Culture System in Aedes Aegypti, a Vector of Zika Virus

The insect fat body plays a central role in insect metabolism and nutrient storage, mirroring functions of the liver and fat tissue in vertebrates. Insect fat body tissue is usually distributed throughout the insect body. However, it is often concentrated in the abdomen and attached to the abdominal body wall.
The mosquito fat body is the sole source of yolk proteins, which are critical for egg production. Therefore, the in vitro culture of mosquito fat body tissues represents an important system for the study of mosquito physiology, metabolism, and, ultimately, egg production. The fat body culture process begins with the preparation of solutions and reagents, including amino acid stock solutions, Aedes physiological saline salt stock solution (APS), calcium stock solution, and fat body culture medium. The process continues with fat body dissection, followed by an experimental treatment. After treatment, a variety of different analyses can be performed, including RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), qPCR, Western blots, proteomics, and metabolomics.
In our example experiment, we demonstrate the protocol through the excision and culture of fat bodies from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, a principal vector of arboviruses including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. RNA from fat bodies cultured under a physiological condition known to upregulate yolk proteins versus the control were subject to RNA-Seq analysis to demonstrate the potential utility of this procedure for investigations of gene expression.

Fat Body Organ Culture System in Aedes Aegypti, a Vector of Zika Virus

The fat body is the central metabolic organ in insects. We present a live organ culture system that enables the user to study the responses of isolated fat body tissue to various stimuli.

Sistema di coltura di organo del grasso corporeo in Aedes Aegypti, vettore di Virus di Zika

The insect fat body plays a central role in insect metabolism and nutrient storage, mirroring functions of the liver and fat tissue in vertebrates. Insect ...

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can be released into the field to either reduce population sizes through incompatible matings or to transform populations with mosquitoes that are refractory to virus transmission. For these strategies to succeed, the mosquitoes released into the field from the laboratory must be competitive with native mosquitoes. However, maintaining mosquitoes in the laboratory can result in inbreeding, genetic drift and laboratory adaptation which can reduce their fitness in the field and may confound the results of experiments. To test the suitability of different Wolbachia infections for deployment in the field, it is necessary to maintain mosquitoes in a controlled laboratory environment across multiple generations. We describe a simple protocol for maintaining Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the laboratory, which is suitable for both Wolbachia-infected and wild-type mosquitoes. The methods minimize laboratory adaptation and implement outcrossing to increase the relevance of experiments to field mosquitoes. Additionally, colonies are maintained under optimal conditions to maximize their fitness for open field releases.

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are being released into natural populations to suppress the transmission of arboviruses. We describe methods to rear Ae. aegypti with Wolbachia infections in the laboratory for experiments and field release, taking precautions to minimize laboratory adaptation and selection.

Mantenimento di Aedes aegypti zanzare infettate con Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, ...

Improved Fecundity and Fertility Assay for Aedes aegypti using 24 Well Tissue Culture Plates (EAgaL Plates)

Mosquitoes represent a significant public health problem as vectors of various pathogens. For those studies that require an assessment of mosquito fitness parameters, in particular egg production and hatch rates at the individual level, conventional methods have put a substantial burden on investigators due to high labor intensity and laboratory space requirements. Described is a simple method using 24 well tissue culture plate with agarose in each well and digital imaging of each well to determine egg numbers and hatch rates at an individual level with substantially reduced time and space requirements.

Improved Fecundity and Fertility Assay for Aedes aegypti using 24 Well Tissue Culture Plates EAgaL Plates

Described is a time and space-saving method to count eggs and determine hatch rates of individual mosquitoes using 24 well tissue culture plates, which can substantially increase the scale and speed of fecundity and fertility assays.

Test migliorato di fecondità e fertilità per Aedes aegypti utilizzando 24 piastre di coltura dei tessuti dei pozzi (piastre EAgaL)

Mosquitoes represent a significant public health problem as vectors of various pathogens. For those studies that require an assessment of mosquito fitness ...