Questo lavoro è supportato dalla American Heart Association 14FTF20370058 (DMA) e NIH T32 HL007101-35 (DMA).

1. Preparati conduttanza catetere e calibrazione della pressione <ol><li> Collegare il catetere conduttanza al modulo del catetere emodinamica. Elettronico calibrare le misure di pressione e di volume registrando pressione preimpostata e il volume impostato sul modulo catetere. Registrare un tracciato pari a 0 mm Hg e 25 mm Hg (Figura 1A) e assegnare le tensioni su entrambi i tracciati di pressione (Figura 1B e 1C). Allo stesso modo, registrare un tracciato volume di 5 RVU e 25 RVU (Figura 1D) e assegnare le tensioni su entrambi i tracciati volume (1E e 1F). </li><li> Confermare la taratura di pressione elettronico con una taratura pressione manuale, utilizzando una colonna di mercurio sfigmomanometro. Montare il porto bracciale sfigmomanometro con un rubinetto a 3 vie. Riempire un sistema di valvola emostatica 3 vie, spesso utilizzato per angioplastica coronarica, con acqua RT utilizzando la porta laterale. <ol><li> Posizionare la punta di un catetere conduttanza nella valvola emostatica pieno di liquido e fissare delicatamente ingegnoHout attorcigliamento del catetere. Collegare la valvola emostatica alla sfigmomanometro e gonfiare a 200 mmHg e bloccare rubinetto a 3 vie. Verificare se la pressione misurata corrisponde alla pressione gonfiato sul sfigmomanometro. </li></ol></li><li> Luogo catetere salina riscaldata a 37 ° C che è al livello della pressione campo operatorio e misura. Regolare il controllo della pressione fino a quando le pressioni registrate è pari a zero. </li></ol> 2. Anestesia / intubazione <ol><li> Somministrare ketamina / xilazina (80-100 / 10 mg kg -1) come un&#39;iniezione intraperitoneale. Nota: agenti anestetici alternativi possono essere utilizzati. Una lunga lista di anestetici sono forniti in recensioni precedenti di questa tecnica 11,12. Anestesia corretta può essere confermata da dolce pizzico coda. </li><li> Una volta anestetizzato, radersi il collo e il petto con tosatrici e posto su un tappetino riscaldato. Mantenere la temperatura rettale mouse 36,5-37,5 ° C. Basse temperature del corposi tradurrà in tassi di cuore depressi. Applicare pomata per gli occhi per evitare secchezza </li><li> Eseguire un&#39;incisione mediana del collo e sezionare i muscoli tracheali via per esporre la trachea. Inserire un tubo endotracheale attraverso la bocca, mentre si visualizza la trachea al fine di garantire l&#39;intubazione, e connettersi al respiratore. </li><li> Mantenere mouse sul ventilatore durante la procedura. Impostazioni Impostare ventilatore in base al peso animale come descritto in precedenza 11. Volume corrente (ml) = 6.2 x (peso animale in chilogrammi) 1.01 e la frequenza respiratoria = 53.5 x (peso animale in chilogrammi) -0.26. </li></ol> 3. Posizionamento di conduttanza catetere nella camera LV <ol><li> Approccio carotidea <ol><li> Per garantire la sterilità, due serie di strumenti chirurgici sterili sono uno Used- per incisione cutanea iniziale e quella di operare nel toracotomia. Gli strumenti devono essere decontaminati con uno sterilizzatore a secco tra gli animali nel corso di una singola sessione chirurgica unnd autoclave alla fine di ogni giornata chirurgica. </li><li> Dopo che la pelle è stata decontaminata con tre cicli di una macchia della pelle clorexidina + alcool (soluzione alcolica / 70% clorexidina 0,5%), fare un&#39;incisione sopra la carotide destra da mandibola a sterno. Sezionare il tessuto circostante per esporre la carotide destra, e tagliare il nervo vago che corre adiacente alla carotide. </li><li> Posizionare un sterile sutura 6-0 seta intorno all&#39;estremità distale (lontano dal petto) della carotide, cravatta e sicuro. Inserire due suture aggiuntivi sotto prossimale carotide (più vicino al petto) alla prima sutura liberamente legare la sutura centrale. Tirare delicatamente la sutura prossimale e sicuro fissando alla pelle. Assicurarsi che la carotide è stato bloccato sia prossimale e distale prima di procedere. </li><li> Fai una piccola incisione nella carotide R., prossimale alla prima sutura, e si estendono longitudinalmente verso il petto. </li><li> Inserire la punta del catetere conduttanza,precedentemente imbevuto in soluzione salina calda per 30 minuti, nel recipiente attraverso l&#39;incisione e fissare il catetere con la sutura centrale. </li><li> Avanzare delicatamente il catetere nel ventricolo sinistro attraverso la carotide, mentre si guarda il loop pressione-volume tracciamento per garantire il corretto posizionamento. Nota: il posizionamento ottimale del catetere dovrebbe produrre loop pressione-volume che appaiono rettangolare (vedi figura 2). Se si incontra resistenza al passaggio del catetere, delicatamente tirare indietro e avanzare di nuovo con una leggera pressione. Rotazione delicato del catetere può aiutare con il posizionamento nel ventricolo sinistro. Forzare il catetere conduttanza può portare a gravi complicanze cardiovascolari o danni al catetere. </li><li> Registra basale pressione-volume loop ~ 10 minuti dopo il posizionamento del catetere e di raggiungere uno stato stabile (figura 2). </li></ol></li><li> Approccio apicale <ol><li> In un mouse anestetizzato e ventilato, fare un fr un&#39;incisioneom il processo xifoideo e tagliare attraverso la parete toracica laterale fino a quando il diaframma è visibile. </li><li> Tagliare se il diaframma e visualizzare l&#39;apice del cuore. </li><li> Inserire il catetere nella conduttanza all&#39;apice del ventricolo sinistro attraverso una ferita ago stab (usando un ago G 25-30), fino l&#39;elettrodo prossimale è appena dentro il ventricolo. </li><li> Record basale pressione-volume loop ~ 10 minuti dopo il posizionamento del catetere e raggiungere uno stato stazionario. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Variazione Postcarico Utilizzando Transient aortica Occlusione <ol><li> Per eseguire transitoria occlusione aortica, fare una piccola incisione orizzontale nella parte superiore del torace e sezionare il tessuto circostante per esporre l&#39;aorta trasversale. </li><li> Posizionare una legatura 6-0 di seta sotto l&#39;aorta trasversale. Dopo loop pressione-volume sono tornati ai valori basali, stringere entrambe le estremità della sutura con un morsetto ago, delicatamente e sollevare lentamente la sutura sopra 1-2 sec, e rilasciare lentamente la tensione. </li&gt; <li> Ripetere questa procedura, fino a tre registrazioni ottimali separati sono realizzati dallo stesso animale. Nota: registrazioni ottimale dovrebbe avere almeno 5 cicli di loop di volume e pressione un aumento costante pressione sistolica terminali durante l&#39;applicazione della tensione sulla sutura (Figura 3A e 3C). </li></ol> 5. Variazione precarico Utilizzando Transient Vena cava inferiore Occlusion (IVC) <ol><li> Per eseguire transitoria occlusione della vena cava inferiore, fare una incisione orizzontale sotto il processo xifoideo, sotto il diaframma per esporre il IVC. </li><li> Posizionare una legatura 6-0 di seta sotto il IVC. Dopo loop pressione-volume sono tornati ai valori basali, stringere entrambe le estremità della sutura con un morsetto ago; delicatamente e lentamente aumentare la sutura sopra 1-2 sec, e rilasciare lentamente la tensione. IVC occlusione può essere effettuata anche mediante l&#39;applicazione di pressione leggera con un batuffolo di cotone punta. </li><li> Ripetere questa procedura, fino a tre registrazioni ottimali separati sono made dallo stesso animale. Nota: registrazioni ottimale dovrebbe avere almeno 5 cicli di loop di volume e pressione un calo costante pressioni telediastolico ventricolare sinistra durante l&#39;applicazione della tensione sulla sutura (Figura 4A e 4B). </li></ol> 6. Saline Calibrazione <ol><li> Al termine dello studio, un (V p) valore di conduttanza parallela può essere ottenere iniettando un bolo di 10 ml di soluzione salina ipertonica (15%) nel animale attraverso la vena giugulare (Figura 5A e 5B). Nota: Questo bolo causerà un apparente aumento di volume senza variazione della pressione. Questa apparente variazione di volume è il risultato di un cambiamento nella pozza di sangue conduttanza piuttosto che a causa di un effettivo aumento di volume. Un calo transitorio dP / dt max può osservare, come soluzione salina ipertonica ha un effetto inotropo negativo 13. Il V p calcolata può essere inserito in un software di analisi del ciclo di volume di pressione lungocon i parametri di calibrazione cuvetta e convertire da RVUs in microlitri. </li></ol> 7. Cuvette di calibrazione <ol><li> Per eseguire una calibrazione cuvetta, posizionare una vaschetta con pozzetti di diametro noto forniti dal produttore su una piastra elettrica o di un bagno d&#39;acqua riscaldata a 37 ° C. Riempire i primi 4-5 fori con caldo sangue eparinato fresco da topi sottoposti a valutazioni emodinamiche. Nota: Una calibrazione cuvetta permette una valutazione precisa del ventricolo sinistro pozza di sangue con il sangue del mouse e permette la conversione dei dati di volume da RVUs a microlitri. </li><li> Inserire il catetere conduttanza nel primo pozzo, fino a quando tutti gli elettrodi sono sommersi. Spostare delicatamente il catetere nel pozzo, che genererà diversi RVU. </li><li> Registrare i cambiamenti di conduttanza del canale volume in RVU. Selezionare la massima RVU per la calibrazione. Nota: Il volume dei pozzetti può essere calcolata da 1) usando l&#39;equazione per il volume di un cilindro, in cui il raggio è quella del pozzo cuvetta e la lunghezza è basata sulla lunghezza tra i due elettrodi di rilevamento interne o 2) controllando nelle istruzioni del produttore. L&#39;uscita conduttanza può essere correlata con i volumi noti per sviluppare una equazione di taratura che converte il dato da RVUs in microlitri 11. </li></ol> 8. Eutanasia <ol><li> A conclusione del protocollo, i topi vengono sacrificati mediante dislocazione cervicale mentre sotto anestesia. </li><li> Al fine di assicurare la morte, i topi che sono stati sottoposti dislocazione cervicale devono essere sottoposti a un metodo secondario di eutanasia. Usiamo dissanguamento in anestesia, con la raccolta di tessuto cardiaco per la sperimentazione, o toracotomia bilaterale sotto anestesia. </li></ol> 9. Analisi dei dati utilizzando pressione, volume e Loop software di analisi <ol><li> Calcola V p da Saline di calibrazione <ol><li> Selezionare pressione e volumi Loops ottenuto durante l&#39;espulsione di salina ipertonica (Figura 5A e 5B) </li><li> Esporta loop al software di analisi del volume di pressione. Scegliere l&#39;opzione per la calibrazione Saline (Figura 5C) </li><li> Registrare il valore V p calcolato (Figura 5D). Nota: Il valore di p V è calcolata individuando l&#39;intersezione del volume 1) Fine-diastolico vs. volume telesistolico dalla taratura salina e 2) linea del volume volume = telesistolico End-diastolica. L&#39;intersezione di queste linee fornisce V p, che viene calcolato dal software di analisi ciclo pressione volume. </li></ol></li><li> Inserisci conduttanza a volume (RVU) relazione nelle opzioni del canale del volume (Figura 1F) </li><li> Misurare Baseline pressione Volume relazione ciclo <ol><li> Selezionare 8-10 cicli cardiaci di canali di pressione e di volume una volta che lo stato stazionario è stato raggiunto (Figura 2A) e l&#39;esportazione in analisi morbidoware. Identificare 5-6 cicli di fine espirazione (Figura 2b) </li><li> Utilizzare il valore p V per correggere la conduttanza parallelo. Scegliere l&#39;opzione &quot;stato stazionario&quot; e generare una tabella riassuntiva emodinamica (Figura 2C) </li></ol></li><li> Misura di pressione Volume ciclo Relation durante aortica Costrizione <ol><li> Selezionare 8-10 cicli cardiaci di canali di pressione e di volume che corrispondono a costrizione aortica prima dell&#39;aumento delle pressioni telediastolico (Figura 3A) e esportazione software di analisi. Identificare 5-6 cicli di fine espirazione (Figura 3C) </li><li> Selezionare analisi &quot;contrattilità&quot; (Figura 3B), che calcola il volume di pressione Relation telesistolico (ESPVR) </li></ol></li><li> Misura di pressione Volume ciclo Relation durante IVC Costrizione <ol><li> Selezionare 8-10 cicli cardiaci di canali di pressione e di volume che corrispondono a IVC costrizione (Figure 4A) e l&#39;esportazione di software di analisi. Identificare 5-6 cicli di fine espirazione (Figura 4B) </li><li> Selezionare analisi &quot;contrattilità&quot; (Figura 3B), che calcolerà precarico recruitable corsa di lavoro (PRSW) (Figura 4C), massimo dP / dt vs EDV (Figura 4D), così come la ESPVR e relazione del volume pressione telediastolica (Figura 4E) </li></ol></li></ol>

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Si descrive un metodo per l&#39;analisi del ciclo perfoming pressione-volume utilizzando un catetere conduttanza nei topi, per ricavare analisi complete sia di contrattilità cardiaca e relax. Suga, Sagawa e colleghi utilizzati pressione-volume loop per definire le misure di contrattilità cardiaca, in particolare la pendenza della ESPVR, o l&#39;elastanza telesistolico (es E), e E max. Elastance, definito dal rapporto di pressione a volume (P / V), varia in base alla durata della sistole. Durante ...

Analisi del ciclo del volume pressione cardiaca fornisce informazioni dettagliate della funzione cardiaca e sono il gold standard per la valutazione funzionale 1. Mentre le tecniche di imaging come l&#39;ecocardiografia o risonanza magnetica cardiaca forniscono misure funzionali, queste misure sono fortemente dipendenti dalle condizioni di carico. Misure indipendenti dal carico di contrattilità cardiaca e relax richiedono misure dinamiche della pressione ventricolare e rapporto di volume entro una gamma di precarico e postcarico. Questa comprensione della relazione pressione-volume nasce dal lavoro pionieristico di Sagawa e colleghi 2,3. Hanno dimostrato in ex vivo cuori canini perfusi che le misure contrattilità derivati ​​ciclo pressione-volume erano indipendenti di condizioni di carico 4. In vivo applicazione di queste analisi è diventato possibile con lo sviluppo di cateteri conduttanza nel 1980. Questo progresso tecnico ha permesso Kass e colleghi per eseguire pressione-volume l&#39;analisi di circuiti negli esseri umani 5,6. La miniaturizzazione dei cateteri di conduttanza e miglioramenti nelle tecniche chirurgiche alla fine degli anni 1990 7 ha fatto l&#39;analisi di roditore funzione cardiaca fattibile, consentendo studi genetici e farmacologici da eseguire. Questo progresso ha da portare alla diffusione di analisi del ciclo pressione-volume e ha generato una grande quantità di comprensione mammiferi fisiologia cardiaca. Un concetto fondamentale l&#39;uso di cateteri conduttanza e l&#39;interpretazione dei dati ottenuti è il rapporto tra volume e conduttanza. Conduttanza è inversamente proporzionale alla tensione, che viene misurata utilizzando un catetere con elettrodi posti prossimalmente, solitamente poste sotto la valvola aortica, e distalmente, all&#39;apice LV 8. Le variazioni di tensione o conduttanza sono misurate dai cambiamenti nel flusso di corrente da prossimale a distale dell&#39;elettrodo. Anche se la pozza di sangue contribuisconos significativamente alla conduttanza, il contributo della parete ventricolare, definito conduttanza parallelo (V p), alla conduttanza misurata deve essere sottratto per ottenere misurazioni di volume LV assolute. I metodi per eseguire questa correzione, chiamato calibrazione salina, sono discussi nel protocollo di seguito. La relazione matematica tra conduttanza e volume, descritto da Baan e colleghi, è che il volume = 1 / α; (ρ L 2) (GG p), dove α = campo uniforme fattore di correzione, ρ = resistività del sangue, L = distanza tra gli elettrodi, G = conduttanza e G p = conduttanza non sangue 9. Da segnalare, il campo fattore di correzione uniforme nei topi avvicina 1.0 a causa di piccoli volumi camera 10. Accoppiato con trasduttori di pressione, catetere conduttanza fornisce dati relativi alla pressione simultanea e di volume in tempo reale. PRESSU cardiacari-analisi del volume presenta particolari vantaggi rispetto ad altre misure della funzione cardiaca, in quanto consentono di misurazione della funzione ventricolare indipendente dalle condizioni di carico e di frequenza cardiaca. Specifici indici cardiaci indipendenti dal carico di contrattilità includono: telesistolico relazione del volume di pressione (ESPVR), d P / d t max -end-diastolico relazione del volume, elastanza massimo (E max) e del precarico lavoro ictus recruitable (PRSW). Una misura indipendente dal carico di funzione diastolica è il volume di pressione rapporto fine diastole (EDPVR) 11. Il protocollo che segue descrive il comportamento di analisi del ciclo di volume pressione cardiaca, utilizzando sia un carotidea ed un approccio apicale. Mentre la metodologia per eseguire questi studi sono stati descritti in dettaglio in precedenza 8,11, rivedremo passaggi chiave per ottenere misurazioni della pressione volumi precisi, tra cui la correzione sia saline e la calibrazione provetta, e di fornire una dimostrazione visiva di thesprocedure e. La ricerca con animali effettuati per questo studio è stata gestita secondo protocolli approvati e ai regolamenti sul benessere degli animali di cura e l&#39;uso degli animali Comitato Istituzionale del Duke University Medical Center.

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			<td>AnaSed (xylazine)&#160;</td>
			<td>Lloyd Laboratories</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc</td>
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			<td>disposable underpads</td>
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			<td>ADInstruments Inc</td>
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			<td>ADInstruments Inc</td>
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			<td>Intradermic tubing PE-50 (Becton Dickinson, cat. no.)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
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			<td>Needle assortment (18, 25 and 30 gauge; Thomas Scientific)</td>
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			<td>0.9% (wt/vol) sodium chloride injection, USP , cat. no. )</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>NDC no. 0409-4888-50</td>
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			<td>Alconox (Alconox Inc.) for catheter cleaning</td>
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cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis using conductance catheters in mice

Cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis is the &#8220;gold-standard&#8221; in the assessment of load-dependent and load-independent measures of ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Measures of ventricular contractility and compliance are obtained through examination of cardiac response to changes in afterload and preload. These techniques were originally developed nearly three decades ago to measure cardiac function in large mammals and humans. The application of these analyses to small mammals, such as mice, has been accomplished through the optimization of microsurgical techniques and creation of conductance catheters. Conductance catheters allow for estimation of the blood pool by exploiting the relationship between electrical conductance and volume. When properly performed, these techniques allow for testing of cardiac function in genetic mutant mouse models or in drug treatment studies. The accuracy and precision of these studies are dependent on careful attention to the calibration of instruments, systematic conduct of hemodynamic measurements and data analyses. We will review the methods of conducting pressure-volume loop experiments using a conductance catheter in mice.

Analisi di circuiti di pressione-volume può essere utilizzato per misurare la funzione cardiaca in topi geneticamente modificati 14,15 o topi sottoposti a studi di droga 16. Cicli di volume pressione rappresentativi sono forniti dal lavoro precedentemente pubblicato 16 indagare l&#39;effetto della beta-arrestina polarizzato AT1R ligando, TRV120023. Per verificare se TRV120023 colpisce la funzione cardiaca in vivo, l&#39;analisi del ciclo di pressione-volume è stato eseguito su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cardiac Pressure-Volume Loop Analysis Using Conductance Catheters in Mice at JoVE.com

Cardiac Pressure-Volume Loop Analysis Using Conductance Catheters in Mice

Cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis is the most comprehensive way to measure cardiac function in the intact heart. We describe a technique to perform and analyze cardiac pressure volume loops, using conductance catheters.

Cardiac pressione Volume Analysis Loop Utilizzando conduttanza Cateteri nei topi

Cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis is the &#8220;gold-standard&#8221; in the assessment of load-dependent and load-independent measures of ventricular ...

cardiac-pressure-volume-loop-analysis-using-conductance-catheters

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.3K Views.  Duke University Medical Center. Cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis is the most comprehensive way to measure cardiac function in the intact heart. We describe a technique to perform and analyze cardiac pressure volume loops, using conductance catheters. 

Video: Cardiac Pressure-Volume Loop Analysis Using Conductance Catheters in Mice

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

Patch clamp e Tecniche di perfusione per la valutazione dei canali ioni Espresso in Xenopus Ovociti

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Bioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks in vivo. In this regard, the search for experimental models to build blood vessel networks in vivo is of utmost importance 1. The feasibility of bioengineering microvascular networks in vivo was first shown using human tissue-derived mature endothelial cells (ECs) 2-4; however, such autologous endothelial cells present problems for wide clinical use, because they are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities and require harvesting from existing vasculature. These limitations have instigated the search for other sources of ECs. The identification of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) in blood presented an opportunity to non-invasively obtain ECs 5-7. We and other authors have shown that adult and cord blood-derived ECFCs have the capacity to form functional vascular networks in vivo 7-11. Importantly, these studies have also shown that to obtain stable and durable vascular networks, ECFCs require co-implantation with perivascular cells. The assay we describe here illustrates this concept: we show how human cord blood-derived ECFCs can be combined with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a single cell suspension in a collagen/fibronectin/fibrinogen gel to form a functional human vascular network within 7 days after implantation into an immunodeficient mouse. The presence of human ECFC-lined lumens containing host erythrocytes can be seen throughout the implants indicating not only the formation (de novo) of a vascular network, but also the development of functional anastomoses with the host circulatory system. This murine model of bioengineered human vascular network is ideally suited for studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human vascular network formation and for the development of strategies to vascularize engineered tissues.

Here, we describe a methodology to deliver human cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embedded in a collagen/fibronectin gel, subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. This cell/gel combination generates a human vascular network that connects with the mouse vasculature.

Bioingegneria reti umane in topi immunodeficienti microvascolari

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks ...

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in humans.There is therefore considerable interest in this protein, but efforts to study its structure and activity have been hampered by the difficulty of expressing and purifying sufficient amounts of the protein1-3. Like many 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane proteins, expression in a fast-growing organism is desirable, but challenging, and in the yeast S. cerevisiae, so far low amounts were obtained and rapid degradation of the recombinant protein was observed 4-9. Proteins involved in the processing of recombinant CFTR in yeast have been described6-9 .In this report we describe a methodology for expression of CFTR in yeast and its purification in significant amounts. The protocol describes how the earlier proteolysis problems can be overcome and how expression levels of CFTR can be greatly improved by modifying the cell growth conditions and by controlling the induction conditions, in particular the time period prior to cell harvesting. The reagants associated with this protocol (murine CFTR-expressing yeast cells or yeast plasmids) will be distributed via the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, which has sponsored the research. An article describing the design and synthesis of the CFTR construct employed in this report will be published separately (Urbatsch, I.; Thibodeau, P. et al., unpublished). In this article we will explain our method beginning with the transformation of the yeast cells with the CFTR construct - containing yeast plasmid (Fig. 1). The construct has a green fluorescent protein (GFP) sequence fused to CFTR at its C-terminus and follows the system developed by Drew et al. (2008)10. The GFP allows the expression and purification of CFTR to be followed relatively easily. The JoVE visualized protocol finishes after the preparation of microsomes from the yeast cells, although we include some suggestions for purification of the protein from the microsomes. Readers may wish to add their own modifications to the microsome purification procedure, dependent on the final experiments to be carried out with the protein and the local equipment available to them. The yeast-expressed CFTR protein can be partially purified using metal ion affinity chromatography, using an intrinsic polyhistidine purification tag. Subsequent size-exclusion chromatography yields a protein that appears to be &gt;90% pure, as judged by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie-staining of the gel.

Expression and Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Attempts to express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have, until now, yielded relatively low amounts of protein. This protocol and the associated reagents distributed via the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation should allow the preparation of milligram amounts of this 'difficult' eukaryotic membrane protein.

Espressione e purificazione della proteina transmembrana cistica regolatore fibrosi conduttanza in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The  cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride  channel, that when mutated, can give rise to cystic fibrosis in  ...

Measurement of Leaf Hydraulic Conductance and Stomatal Conductance and Their Responses to Irradiance and Dehydration Using the Evaporative Flux Method (EFM)

Water is a key resource, and the plant water transport system sets limits on maximum growth and drought tolerance. When plants open their stomata to achieve a high stomatal conductance (gs) to capture CO2 for photosynthesis, water is lost by transpiration1,2. Water evaporating from the airspaces is replaced from cell walls, in turn drawing water from the xylem of leaf veins, in turn drawing from xylem in the stems and roots. As water is pulled through the system, it experiences hydraulic resistance, creating tension throughout the system and a low leaf water potential (&Psi;leaf). The leaf itself is a critical bottleneck in the whole plant system, accounting for on average 30% of the plant hydraulic resistance3. Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf = 1/ leaf hydraulic resistance) is the ratio of the water flow rate to the water potential gradient across the leaf, and summarizes the behavior of a complex system: water moves through the petiole and through several orders of veins, exits into the bundle sheath and passes through or around mesophyll cells before evaporating into the airspace and being transpired from the stomata. Kleaf is of strong interest as an important physiological trait to compare species, quantifying the effectiveness of the leaf structure and physiology for water transport, and a key variable to investigate for its relationship to variation in structure (e.g., in leaf venation architecture) and its impacts on photosynthetic gas exchange. Further, Kleaf responds strongly to the internal and external leaf environment3. Kleaf can increase dramatically with irradiance apparently due to changes in the expression and activation of aquaporins, the proteins involved in water transport through membranes4, and Kleaf declines strongly during drought, due to cavitation and/or collapse of xylem conduits, and/or loss of permeability in the extra-xylem tissues due to mesophyll and bundle sheath cell shrinkage or aquaporin deactivation5-10. Because Kleaf can constrain gs and photosynthetic rate across species in well watered conditions and during drought, and thus limit whole-plant performance they may possibly determine species distributions especially as droughts increase in frequency and severity11-14.
We present a simple method for simultaneous determination of Kleaf and gs on excised leaves. A transpiring leaf is connected by its petiole to tubing running to a water source on a balance. The loss of water from the balance is recorded to calculate the flow rate through the leaf. When steady state transpiration (E, mmol &bull; m-2 &bull; s-1) is reached, gs is determined by dividing by vapor pressure deficit, and Kleaf by dividing by the water potential driving force determined using a pressure chamber (Kleaf= E /- &Delta;&psi;leaf, MPa)15.
This method can be used to assess Kleaf responses to different irradiances and the vulnerability of Kleaf to dehydration14,16,17.

Measurement of Leaf Hydraulic Conductance and Stomatal Conductance and Their Responses to Irradiance and Dehydration Using the Evaporative Flux Method EFM

We describe a relatively rapid (30 min) and realistic method for simultaneously measurement of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and stomatal conductance (gs) for transpiring excised leaves. The method can be modified to measure the light and dehydration responses of Kleaf and gs.

Misurazione della Leaf conduttanza idraulica e conduttanza stomatica e le loro risposte ad irraggiamento e disidratazione con il metodo del flusso evaporativo (EFM)

Water is a key resource, and the plant water transport system sets limits on maximum growth and drought tolerance. When plants open their stomata to ...

Intravital Microscopy of the Microcirculation in the Mouse Cremaster Muscle for the Analysis of Peripheral Stem Cell Migration

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to nonmarrow tissue have not been completely clarified. We describe here the technique of intravital microscopy applied to the mouse cremaster microcirculation for analysis of peripheral bone marrow stem cell migration in vivo. Intravital microscopy of the M. cremaster has been previously introduced in the field of inflammatory research for direct observation of leucocyte interaction with the vascular endothelium. Since sufficient peripheral stem and progenitor cell migration includes similar initial steps of rolling along and firm adhesion at the endothelial lining it is conceivable to apply the M. cremaster model for the observation and quantification of the interaction of intravasculary administered stem cells with the endothelium. As various chemical components can be selectively applied to the target tissue by simple superfusion techniques, it is possible to establish essential microenvironmental preconditions, for initial stem cell recruitment to take place in a living organism outside the bone marrow.

Intravital microscopy of the mouse M. cremaster microcirculation offers a unique and well-standardized in vivo model for the analysis of peripheral bone marrow stem cell migration.

Microscopia intravitale del microcircolo nel muscolo mouse Cremaster per l&#39;analisi di migrazione delle cellule staminali periferiche

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to ...

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein cause cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease that currently limits the average life expectancy of sufferers to &#60;40 years of age. The development of novel drug molecules to restore the activity of CFTR is an important goal in the treatment CF, and the isolation of functionally active CFTR is a useful step towards achieving this goal.
We describe two methods for the purification of CFTR from a eukaryotic heterologous expression system, S. cerevisiae. Like prokaryotic systems, S. cerevisiae can be rapidly grown in the lab at low cost, but can also traffic and posttranslationally modify large membrane proteins. The selection of detergents for solubilization and purification is a critical step in the purification of any membrane protein. Having screened for the solubility of CFTR in several detergents, we have chosen two contrasting detergents for use in the purification that allow the final CFTR preparation to be tailored to the subsequently planned experiments.
In this method, we provide comparison of the purification of CFTR in dodecyl-&#946;-D-maltoside (DDM) and 1-tetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1&#39;-rac-glycerol) (LPG-14). Protein purified in DDM by this method shows ATPase activity in functional assays. Protein purified in LPG-14 shows high purity and yield, can be employed to study post-translational modifications, and can be used for structural methods such as small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. However it displays significantly lower ATPase activity.

Purification of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Heterologous expression and purification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are significant challenges and limiting factors in the development of drug therapies for cystic fibrosis. This protocol describes two methods for the isolation of milligram quantities of CFTR suitable for functional and structural studies.&#160;

Purificazione della fibrosi cistica regolatore della conduttanza transmembrana proteina espressa in<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein cause cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease that ...

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis

Alopecia is a common form of hair loss which can occur in many different conditions, including male-pattern hair loss, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and alopecia areata. Alopecia can also occur as a side effect of chemotherapy in cancer patients. In this study, our goal was to develop a consistent and reliable method to quantify hair loss in mice, which will allow investigators to accurately assess and compare new therapeutic approaches for these various forms of alopecia. The method utilizes a standard gel imager to obtain and process images of mice, measuring the light absorption, which occurs in rough proportion to the amount of black (or gray) hair on the mouse. Data that has been quantified in this fashion can then be analyzed using standard statistical techniques (i.e., ANOVA, T-test). This methodology was tested in mouse models of chemotherapy-induced alopecia, alopecia areata and alopecia from waxing. In this report, the detailed protocol is presented for performing these measurements, including validation data from C57BL/6 and C3H/HeJ strains of mice. This new technique offers a number of advantages, including relative simplicity of application, reliance on equipment which is readily available in most research laboratories, and applying an objective, quantitative assessment which is more robust than subjective evaluations. Improvements in quantification of hair growth in mice will improve study of alopecia models and facilitate evaluation of promising new therapies in preclinical studies.

Alopecia is a common form of hair loss which can occur in many different conditions, including as a side-effect of chemotherapy. We have developed a method to quantify hair loss in mice, utilizing a standard gel imager to perform a grayscale analysis, to facilitate study of promising new alopecia therapies.

Una nuova tecnica di analisi quantitativa di perdita dei capelli nei topi mediante analisi in scala di grigi

Alopecia is a common form of hair loss which can occur in many different conditions, including male-pattern hair loss, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and ...

Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

Leaf functional traits are important because they reflect physiological functions, such as transpiration and carbon assimilation. In particular, morphological leaf traits have the potential to summarize plants strategies in terms of water use efficiency, growth pattern and nutrient use. The leaf economics spectrum (LES) is a recognized framework in functional plant ecology and reflects a gradient of increasing specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and cation content, and decreasing leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and carbon nitrogen ratio (CN). The LES describes different strategies ranging from that of short-lived leaves with high photosynthetic capacity per leaf mass to long-lived leaves with low mass-based carbon assimilation rates. However, traits that are not included in the LES might provide additional information on the species&#39; physiology, such as those related to stomatal control. Protocols are presented for a wide range of leaf functional traits, including traits of the LES, but also traits that are independent of the LES. In particular, a new method is introduced that relates the plants&#8217; regulatory behavior in stomatal conductance to vapor pressure deficit. The resulting parameters of stomatal regulation can then be compared to the LES and other plant functional traits. The results show that functional leaf traits of the LES were also valid predictors for the parameters of stomatal regulation. For example, leaf carbon concentration was positively related to the vapor pressure deficit (vpd) at the point of inflection and the maximum of the conductance-vpd curve. However, traits that are not included in the LES added information in explaining parameters of stomatal control: the vpd at the point of inflection of the conductance-vpd curve was lower for species with higher stomatal density and higher stomatal index. Overall, stomata and vein traits were more powerful predictors for explaining stomatal regulation than traits used in the LES.

Unraveling how physiology and morphology are linked allows a deeper understanding of mechanistic functioning of plant leaves. We present both a procedure to derive parameters of stomatal regulation from stomatal conductance measurements and correlations with traditional functional leaf traits.

Relative conduttanza stomatica a Leaf tratti funzionali

Leaf functional traits are important because they reflect physiological functions, such as transpiration and carbon assimilation. In particular, ...

Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Papillary muscle isolated from adult mouse hearts can be used to study cardiac contractility during different physiological/pathological conditions. The contractile characteristics can be evaluated independently of external influences such as vascular tonus or neurohumoral status. It depicts a scientific approach between single cell measurements with isolated cardiac myocytes and in vivo studies like echocardiography. Thus, papillary muscle preparations serve as an excellent model to study cardiac physiology/pathophysiology and can be used for investigations like the modulation by pharmacological agents or the exploration of transgenic animal models. Here, we describe a method of isolating the murine left anterior papillary muscle to investigate cardiac contractility in an organ bath setup. In contrast to a muscle strip preparation isolated from the ventricular wall, the papillary muscle can be prepared in toto without damaging the muscle tissue severely. The organ bath setup consists of several temperature-controlled, gassed and electrode-equipped organ bath chambers. The isolated papillary muscle is fixed in the organ bath chamber and electrically stimulated. The evoked twitch force is recorded using a pressure transducer and parameters such as twitch force amplitude and twitch kinetics are analyzed. Different experimental protocols can be performed to investigate the calcium- and frequency-dependent contractility as well as dose-response curves of contractile agents such as catecholamines or other pharmaceuticals. Additionally, pathologic conditions like acute ischemia can be simulated.

Murine left ventricular papillary muscle can be used to investigate cardiac contractility in vitro. This article describes in detail the isolation and experimental protocols to study cardiac contractile characteristics.

Misure contrattilità isolati su muscoli papillari per le inchieste sui Cardiac inotropo nei topi

Papillary muscle isolated from adult mouse hearts can be used to study cardiac contractility during different physiological/pathological conditions. The ...

Measuring Pressure Volume Loops in the Mouse

Understanding the causes and progression of heart disease presents a significant challenge to the biomedical community. The genetic flexibility of the mouse provides great potential to explore cardiac function at the molecular level. The mouse&#39;s small size does present some challenges in regards to performing detailed cardiac phenotyping. Miniaturization and other advancements in technology have made many methods of cardiac assessment possible in the mouse. Of these, the simultaneous collection of pressure and volume data provides a detailed picture of cardiac function that is not available through any other modality. Here a detailed procedure for the collection of pressure-volume loop data is described. Included is a discussion of the principles underlying the measurements and the potential sources of error. Anesthetic management and surgical approaches are discussed in great detail as they are both critical to obtaining high quality hemodynamic measurements. The principles of hemodynamic protocol development and relevant aspects of data analysis are also addressed.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for the collection of pressure-volume data from the mouse.

Misurazione Loops Volume Pressione nel mouse

Understanding the causes and progression of heart disease presents a significant challenge to the biomedical community. The genetic flexibility of the ...