The patient who participated in exercise testing is deeply appreciated. This research was supported by National Science Council, Taiwan (NMRPG3G6231/2/3), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Grant No. CMRPG3G0601/2), and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University and the Taiwan Ministry of Education&#39;s Higher Education Deep Plowing Program (Grant Numbers EMRPD1H0351 and EMRPD1H0551).

The following protocol was approved by the ethics committee in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan. The exercise test was carried out in an air-conditioned laboratory with an atmospheric temperature of 22-25 &#176;C, pressure of 755 to 770 Torr, and relative humidity of 55-65%. Before each test, the gas analyzer was calibrated following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions using room air and a gas mixture of known concentration (FO2: 0.12; FCO2: 0.05; N2 as balance). The turbine f...

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Cerebral oxygenation monitored noninvasively and continuously by NIRS has been applied in various scenarios, including cardiovascular surgery13 and brain functional analyses such as those that estimate neural activity14. This protocol integrated NIRS into conventional CPET to identify the involvement of the cerebral hemodynamic response in exercise intolerance in patients with HF. It increases the value of exercise testing in determining prognosis and disease severity.
...

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has been applied in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF) for multiple aims, including the quantification of cardiopulmonary fitness, prognosis, diagnosing causes of exercise limitations, and exercise prescriptions1,2,3. During testing, hemodynamic variables and data derived from automatic gas exchange are monitored and analyzed. Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) monitoring has value for grading prognosis and disease severity4,5.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) uses infrared light to penetrate the skull and estimate brain tissue oxygenation continuously and non-invasively6. Since oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin have different light absorption spectra and are the primary chromophores that absorb light, their concentrations can be measured using light transmission and absorption6,7. However, background light absorbers also scatter light and may influence the measurement8. This study adopted a spatially resolved NIRS to measure SctO2 from rest to peak exercise9. Four wavelengths were emitted to compensate for wavelength-dependent scattering losses and eliminate background interference, thus enhancing accuracy10.
SctO2 represents the proportion of oxygen delivery vs. consumption in cerebral tissue. Cerebral desaturation is associated with disrupted cerebral blood flow (CBF), decreased arterial oxygen concentration, and increased cerebral tissue oxygen consumption11. Other than cardiac output insufficiency, advanced HF causes cerebral hypoperfusion during exercise by indirectly inducing cerebral vasoconstriction via diminishing arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) through hyperventilation12.
The clinical significance of cerebral oxygenation in HF was revealed by Chen et al.4. First, SctO2 was significantly decreased in the HF group compared with healthy controls. SctO2 is not only diminished at rest but also declined further during exercise. It is not observed in the healthy group. Second, SctO2rest and SctO2peak were correlated with VO2peak, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), all of which are established prognostic markers. Therefore, SctO2rest and SctO2peak are very likely to be prognostic and reflect disease severity in HF patients. Another study by Koike et al. suggested that the change in cerebral oxyhemoglobin measured at the forehead from rest to peak exercise was significantly lower in non-survivors compared to that in survivors of patients with coronary artery disease5. Hence, cerebral oxygenation may be employed to stratify the disease severity and prognosis of patients with HF.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicycle ergometer</td>
			<td>Ergoline, Germany</td>
			<td>Ergoselect 150P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing gas analysis</td>
			<td>Cardinal-health Germany</td>
			<td>MasterScreen CPX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Finger pulse oximetry</td>
			<td>Nonin Onyx, Plymouth, Minnesota</td>
			<td>Model 9500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sphygmomanometer</td>
			<td>SunTech Medical, UK</td>
			<td>Tango</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

integration of brain tissue saturation monitoring in cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with heart failure

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF). However, in clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cerebral hemodynamics is not assessed. NIRS is used to measure cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) in the frontal lobe. This method is reliable and valid and has been utilized in several studies. SctO2 is lower during both rest and peak exercise in patients with HF than in healthy controls (66.3 &#177; 13.3% and 63.4 &#177; 13.8% vs. 73.1 &#177; 2.8% and 72 &#177; 3.2%). SctO2 at rest is significantly linearly correlated with peak VO2 (r = 0.602), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (r = 0.501), and brain natriuretic peptide (r = -0.492), all of which are recognized prognostic and disease severity markers, indicating its potential prognostic value. SctO2 is determined mainly by end-tidal CO2 pressure, mean arterial pressure, and hemoglobin in the HF population. This article demonstrates a protocol that integrates SctO2 using NIRS into incremental CPET on a calibrated bicycle ergometer.

Thirty-four HF patients and 17 healthy controls were enrolled at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. Each subject underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing that incorporated SctO2 monitoring by NIRS. Briefly, SctO2 (rest; peak) values were significantly lower in the HF group (66.3 &#177; 13.3%; 63.4 &#177; 13.8%,) than in the control (73.1 &#177; 2.8%; 72 &#177; 3.2%) group (Figure 1). In the HF group, SctO2 at rest ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure at JoVE.com

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

This protocol integrated near-infrared spectroscopy into conventional cardiopulmonary exercise testing to identify the involvement of the cerebral hemodynamic response in exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure.

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ...

The degree of cerebral tissue saturation in heart failure has been proven to reflect functional capacity and disease severity and has potential prognostic value. Radon monitoring during exercise testing has clinical value. Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation measured by NIRS is simple and convenient.This protocol-integrated NIRS into conventional CPET to increase the value of exercise testing in patients with heart failure. Demonstrating the procedure will be Yu Chen Liu, a technician from our laboratory. To begin this procedure, clean the patient's forehead twice with an alcohol pad to remove sweat and dirt from the skin.Obtain large NIRS sensors in which the distance between the emitter and the detector is five cm and place the sensors on the forehead, bilaterally. Ensure that the sensors are securely attached. Next apply EKG electrodes to the anterior chest, bilateral acromioclavicular joints, and low back.Have the patient sit on the bicycle ergometer and place the armband of the sphygmomanometer on them. Then, wear the mask of gas analysis for the patient place the sensors for the pulse oximeter on the patient's index finger. First, tell the patient to rest for at least two minutes to obtain a stable baseline value including the cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and respiratory exchange ratio.Next, have the patient complete the warm-up stage on the cycle ergometer at a work rate of 10 watts for one minute. Increase the rate by 10 watts per minute then ask the patient to pedal at around 60 rpm until he fails to keep up with a cadence of over 50 rpm despite strong encouragement. Automatically average the cerebral tissue oxygen saturation value every second from the data scanned at a frequency of 100 Hz.Automatically measure the blood pressure every two minutes with the sphygmomanometer.Analyze the gas component, breath-by-breath, including the oxygen uptake and the end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure. Then, have the patient complete the recovery stage at a work rate of zero watts for two to six minutes. In this study, both heart failure patients and healthy controls underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing that incorporates cerebral tissue oxygen saturation monitoring by NIRS.The cerebral tissue oxygen saturation values are seen to briefly be significantly lower in the heart failure group than in the control group. In the heart failure group, the cerebral tissue oxygen saturation at rest and at peak are linearly correlated with Brain Natriuretic Peptide, the peak oxygen uptake, and the oxygen uptake efficiency slope. Notably, the cerebral tissue oxygen saturation at rest is determined by the partial pressure of the end-tidal carbon dioxide at rest, hemoglobin, and mean arterial pressure at rest.The procedure is simple and convenient. Patients with low cerebral saturation index warrent high medical attention. Integration of NIRS into CPET helps delineate the involvement of cerebral hemodynamic suppression causing exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure.Besides its prognostic value, it needs longitudinal research to confirm.

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5.7K Views.  Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou. Il grado di saturazione cerebrale del tessuto nell'insufficienza cardiaca ha dimostrato di riflettere la capacità funzionale e la gravità della malattia e ha un potenziale valore prognostico. Il monitoraggio del radon durante i test di esercizio ha un valore clinico. La saturazione dell'ossigeno del tessuto cerebrale misurata dal NIRS è semplice e conveniente.Questo NIRS integrato nel protocollo è integrato nel CPET convenzionale per aumentare il valore dei test di esercizio nei pa...