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Method Article
A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.
Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.
The Open Field Maze (OFM) was initially developed in 1934 as a test to measure emotionality in rodents1. It has attained the status of being one of the most widely used measures of behavior in animal psychology2. It provides an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviors requiring no training to the test subject and little to no specialized training for the human administering the test. These attributes have led to wide-spread use of the open field maze in research extended to other animal species such as calves, pigs, rabbits, primates, honeybees and lobsters3. Part of its popularity arises from the fact that the psychological and physiological concepts underlying the tests are generally straight-forward and well understood. For example, it has been postulated that evolutionary forces have selected for a common response in animals such that most species display anxiety-mediated fear or flight responses to specific stimuli. Rodents for example, show distinct aversions to large, brightly lit, open and unknown environments4. We can assume they have been phylogenetically conditioned to see these types of environments as dangerous. All of these features are incorporated in the open field maze and form the basis of its use in behavioral paradigm testing.
An open field maze consists of a wall-enclosed area that is of sufficient height to prevent the subject from escaping. Typical maze shapes are circular or square with an area large enough, based on the size of the subject tested, to elicit a feeling of openness in the center of the maze. A number of variables can be scored in the open field maze with most parameters involving differing types of motor activity2. Ambulation is the most common behavior studied but others such as latency or rearing can also be measured. Most often, rodent behavior is analyzed in a bare maze. However, the addition of objects, either one or many to the maze floor, adds the ability to see how the subject interacts with novel additional stimuli2. Relevant parameters when objects are presented are typically the number of approaches to an object or in some cases, preference or aversion for one object over another.
Many behavioral tests of anxiety are based on the subject animal’s body activity and locomotion5. Interpreting behavioral tests for emotionality while separating non-emotional confounding factors, such as motor activity, has been the subject of intense debate6,7. As the OFM was originally described, two measures of emotionality can be deduced, locomotor activity and fecal boli deposits or defecation1. However, these two measures have been shown in some studies to be unrelated supporting the conclusion that emotionality in rodents is multidimensional5. Regardless, discrepancies in the literature regarding these measures and emotionality or anxiety in mouse models may be attributed to differences in analysis criteria or differences in testing procedures. Studies have conclusively linked results from OFM analysis with other measures of anxiety when comparing mouse models8.
注:ここに実行されたすべての手順は、に提出され、動物実験委員会(研究コンプライアンス室)によって承認され、NIHガイドライン以下の行われたました。行動試験パラダイムで使用されるマウスは、ナイーブと他のテストには使用されませんでした。このプロトコルで使用されるC57BL / 6野生型およびノックアウトマウスは、9以前に記載されており、ここに示されたデータは、その原稿からのものである。
テストルームとオープンフィールド装置の作製
2.活性を測定するためにソフトウェアの準備
オープンフィールド試験の3.管理
注:このプロトコルで使用されるソフトウェアパッケージは、一度に最大16の個々のマウスの追跡を可能にする。完了を容易にするために、上述したように、ここで説明するプロトコルは、OFMの単一象限を使用して、単一のマウスである。このプロトコルの使用中の機器については、4個々のマウスの最大は迷路の各象限を使用して追跡することができた。複数エンクロージャー迷路を利用した場合は、その定義された象限に第一の主題のマウスを配置した後、分析を追跡するための、それぞれの迷路の象限に残りのマウスを置く。このプロトコルの目的のために、さらなる命令は、迷路の単一象限に特異的である。
4.測定とテスト手順の間挙動の解析
注:測定のために、オープンフィールド行動の三つの側面が容易に(説明を参照してください)このプロトコルを使用して特徴づけられる。ビデオトラッキングソフトウェアでこれらの測定値にアクセスする方法についての簡単な命令は以下の通りである。
ほとんどの場合、試験したマウスの株当たりの個体の平均数は約20で十分な統計的関連性を生成することである。しかし、この数は、マウスの可用性に応じて8-30の範囲にすることができる。必要な測定または比較に応じて、年齢をマッチさせた被験者を使用することも好ましい。
オープンフィールド迷路に測定するための第一と間違いなく最も重要な特定のパラメータ?...
オープンフィールド迷路は、動物行動研究において最も広く使用されているプラットフォームのひとつです。 2,4 OFMの実行中に収集し、分析することができる重要な従来の動物行動学パラメータの数。これらのデータは、研究者は、全体的な運動活性から不安関連感情的な行動8に至るまでの行動を測定することができます。しかし、OFMの使用はその欠点がないわけではな...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
This work was supported by The National Institute of Health (NIH-2RO1NS033661) and by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (HATCH ALA021-1-09017).
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Multi Unit Open Field Test | San Diego Instruments, Inc. | White 7001-0354 | Any single or multi unit open field maze can be used |
SMART DT Tracking Software | PanLab/Harvard Apparatus | 76-0695 | Any tracking software can be utilized with this protocol |
Sony 990x Video Camera Recorder | Sony | CCD-TRV328 | Any suitable video camera can be attached to computer for recording tracking profiles. |
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