The "Brain Milking" Method for the Isolation of Neural Stem Cells and Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells from Live Rats

Summary

A method for the isolation of neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from the brains of live rats is presented here in experimental detail. It allows multiple collections of these cells from the same animals without compromising their well-being.

Abstract

Tissue-specific neural stem cells (NSCs) remain active in the mammalian postnatal brain. They reside in specialized niches, where they generate new neurons and glia. One such niche is the subependymal zone (SEZ; also called the ventricular-subventricular zone), which is located across the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles, adjacent to the ependymal cell layer. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are abundantly distributed throughout the central nervous system, constituting a pool of proliferative progenitor cells that can generate oligodendrocytes.

Both NSCs and OPCs exhibit self-renewal potential and quiescence/activation cycles. Due to their location, the isolation and experimental investigation of these cells is performed postmortem. Here, we describe in detail "brain milking", a method for the isolation of NSCs and OPCs, amongst other cells, from live animals. This is a two-step protocol designed for use in rodents and tested in rats. First, cells are "released" from the tissue via stereotaxic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of a "release cocktail". The main components are neuraminidase, which targets ependymal cells and induces ventricular wall denudation, an integrin-β1-blocking antibody, and fibroblast growth factor-2. At a second "collection" step, liquid biopsies of cerebrospinal fluid are performed from the cisterna magna, in anesthetized rats without the need of an incision.

Results presented here show that isolated cells retain their endogenous profile and that NSCs of the SEZ preserve their quiescence. The denudation of the ependymal layer is restricted to the anatomical level of injection and the protocol (release and collection) is tolerated well  by the animals. This novel approach paves the way for performing longitudinal studies of endogenous neurogenesis and gliogenesis in experimental animals.

Introduction

Tissue-specific stem cells are partially committed cells that can give rise to all cell populations that constitute the respective tissues. Apart from being multipotent, they are self-renewing cells and crucial for maintaining the homeostasis and the regenerative capacity of tissues¹. Some tissue-specific stem cells remain in an active, strongly proliferative state, such as intestinal or hematopoietic stem cells. Others, such as brain stem cells, remain largely quiescent or dormant². In the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) can be found in specialized areas, often called niches. Two such well described areas exist in....

Protocol

Animal breeding, maintenance, and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, authorized by the Home Office, and with the Presidential Decree 56/2013 of the Hellenic Republic, scrutinized by the Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Bodies of the Universities of Cambridge and Patras, as well as approved and scrutinized by the local Prefectural Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol number: 5675/39/18-01-2021). Male and female Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Eva.......

Discussion

Stem and progenitor cells are relatively sparse in mammalian brain tissue. In addition, NSCs are located in areas inaccessible for easy and safe biopsies (ventricular walls, hippocampus). Therefore, the only way to work experimentally with such cells, so far, has been their postmortem isolation. A method allowing the single or repeated collection of NSCs and OPCs from live rats, named milking, is described here step by step. The method is based on two key features: i) NSCs or OPCs are separated by the ependymal cell mono.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Release cocktail
β1-integrin-blocking antibody	BD Biosciences	#555002	purified NA/LE Hamster Anti-Rat CD29 Clone Ha2/5, 1 mg/mL. Any abntibody with blocking activity should be appropriate.
Neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens (Clostridium welchii)	Sigma-Aldrich	#N2876	Neuraminidases fromother sources (e.g., from Vibrio cholerae) have not been tested.
Recombinant Human FGF-basic (154 a.a.)	Peprotech	#100-18B	kept as a 1 μg/μL stock, diluted in sterile water at -20 °C
Surgical procedures
10 µL Syringe	Hamilton	#80330	Model 701 RN, Small Removable Needle, 26s gauge, 2 in., point style 2
BD Micro-fine 1 mL insulin syringes	BD biosciences	04085-00	29 G x 12.7 mm
BETADINE CUT.SOL 10% FLx30ML	LAVIPHARM-CASTALIA	SKU: 5201048131168
Bupaq	RICHTERPHARMA	1021854AF	10 mL (buprenophine 0.3 mg/mL)
Digital New Standard Stereotaxic, Rat and Mouse	Stoelting	51500D
Homeothermic Monitoring System	Harvard Apparatus	55-7020
ISOFLURIN 1,000 mg/g inhalation vapour, liquid	Vetpharma Animal Health	32509/4031
Ketamidor	RICHTER PHARMA	SKU: 9004114002531	Ketamine 100 mg/mL
Nylon suture, Ethilon	Ethicon	D9635	Clear , size 5-0
Rechargeable Cordless Surgical Trimmers	Stoelting	Item:51472
Scalpel blades, sterile	Swann Morton	AW050
Scopettes Jr.  8-inch Swabs	Birchwood Laboratories	34-7021-12P
Stereotaxic High Speed Drill	Foredom	1474w/o1464
Stoelting’s Stereotaxic Instrument Kit	Stoelting	Item: 52189
Xylan 2%	Chanelle Pharmaceuticals	13764/03/19-5-2004	Xylazine, 25 mL
Tissue and cells handling and immunostainings
96-well plates appropriate for microscopy	Greiner	#655866	Screen star microplate
B27 supplement	ThermoFisher Scientific	A1486701
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)	Merck	P06-1391100	Fraction V, heat shock
Citrate	Merck	71497	Sodium citrate monobasic
Cryostat	Leica	CM1510S
DAPI	Merck, Calbiochem	28718-90-3	Nuclear staining, Dilution: 1/1,000
DMEM	ThermoFisher Scientific	11995065	High glucose, pyruvate
donkey anti-goat	Biotium	20016 or 20106 or 20048	Dilution: 1/1,000
donkey anti-mouse	Biotium	20014 or 20105 or 20046	Dilution: 1/1,000
donkey anti-rabbit	Biotium	20015 or 20098 or 20047	Dilution: 1/1,000
EGF	Peprotech	315-09
FGF-2 (or bFGF)	Peprotech	100-18B
goat anti-GFAP	Abcam	ab53554	Dilution: 1/500
goat anti-SOX2	Santa Cruz Biotecnology	sc-17320	Dilution: 1/200
mouse anti-ID3	Santa Cruz Biotecnology	sc-56712	Dilution: 1/200
mouse anti-S100β	Sigma	S2532	Dilution: 1/200
Mowiol	Merck, Calbiochem	475904	Mounting medium
N2 supplement	ThermoFisher Scientific	17502048
Parafolmadehyde	Merck	158127
Poly-D-Lysine	Merck, Millipore	A-003-E	Solution, 1.0 mg/mL
rabbit anti-Doublecortin (DCX)	Abcam	ab18723	Dilution: 1/500
rabbit anti-PDGFRα	Abcam	ab51875	Dilution: 1/200
rabbit anti-β- catenin	Abcam	ab16051	Dilution: 1/500
Triton X-100	Merck	X100
Microscopy and image analysis
Confocal microscope	Leica	SP6 and SP8
Image analysis	NIH, USA	ImageJ
Image analysis	Leica	LasX