APエイデン、XRバオ、M.ブレナー、D.ガラ、W.絡まる、A. Jafferさん、A.メルニコフ、A.ミーレ、G. Giannoukos、C. Nusbaum、AJM Walhout、我々は議論やコードのためにA. Kosmrljに感謝、L.ウッド、とK.ゼリドビッチ議論のための、可視化とヘルプとL.ガフニーとB.ウォン。 ファニーメイとジョンヘルツ財団大学院奨学金、国防科学と工学大学院生フェローシップ、NSF大学院生フェローシップ、国立宇宙生物医学研究所、およびnoを付与することによってサポートされています。米国立ヒトゲノム研究所（NHGRI）（EL）からT32 HG002295、i2b2（生物学およびベッドサイドの統合のための情報）、ブリガムアンドウィメンズ病院（LAM）における生物医学コンピューティングのためのNIH -サポートされているセンター、助成金がない。 NHGRIからHG003143、とケック財団著名な若手学者賞（JD）。生とマッピングされたのHi - Cの配列データは、GEOのデータベース（で寄託されている<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/</a> ）、無加盟。 GSE18199。追加の視覚エフェクトがご利用いただけます<a href="http://hic.umassmed.edu">http://hic.umassmed.edu</a> 。

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+regulation+through+nuclear+organization.">Gene regulation through nuclear organization.</a> Nat Struct and Mol Biol. 14, 1049-1055 (2007).</li><li>Dekker, J., Rippe, K., Dekker, M., Kleckner, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capturing+Chromosome+Conformation.">Capturing Chromosome Conformation.</a> Science. 295, 1306-1311 (2002).</li><li>Zhao, Z., Tavoosidana, G., Sj&#246;linder, M., G&#246;nd&#246;r, A., Mariano, P., Wang, S., Kanduri, C., Lezcano, M., Sandhu, K. S., Singh, U., Pant, V., Tiwari, V., Kurukuti, S., Ohlsson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circular+chromosome+conformation+capture+(4C)+uncovers+extensive+networks+of+epigenetically+regulated+intra-+and+interchromosomal+interactions.">Circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) uncovers extensive networks of epigenetically regulated intra- and interchromosomal interactions.</a> Nat Genet. 38, 1341-1347 (2006).</li><li>Simonis, M., Klous, P., Splinter, E., Moshkin, Y., Willemsen, R., de Wit, E., van Steensel, B., de Laat, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+organization+of+active+and+inactive+chromatin+domains+uncovered+by+chromosome+conformation+capture-on-chip+(4C)+uncovers+extensive+networks+of+epigenetically+regulated+intra-+and+interchromosomal+interactions.">Nuclear organization of active and inactive chromatin domains uncovered by chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C) uncovers extensive networks of epigenetically regulated intra- and interchromosomal interactions.</a> Nat Genet. 38, 1348-1354 (2006).</li><li>Dostie, J., Richmond, T. A., Arnaout, R. A., Selzer, R. R., Lee, W. L., Honan, T. A., Rubio, E. D., Krumm, A., Lamb, J., Nusbaum, C., Green, R. D., Dekker, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosome+Conformation+Capture+Carbon+Copy+(5C):+A+massively+parallel+solution+for+mapping+interactions+between+genomic+elements.">Chromosome Conformation Capture Carbon Copy (5C): A massively parallel solution for mapping interactions between genomic elements.</a> Genome Res. 16, 1299-1309 (2006).</li><li>Miele, A., Dekker, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+Cis-+and+Trans+Chromatin+Interaction+Networks+Using+Chromosome+Conformation+Capture+(3C).">Mapping Cis- and Trans Chromatin Interaction Networks Using Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C).</a> Methods Mol Biol. 464, 105-121 (2009).</li><li>Maccallum, I., Przybylski, D., Gnerre, S., Burton, J., Shlyakhter, I., Gnirke, A., Malek, J., McKernan, K., Ranade, S., Shea, T. P., Williams, L., Young, S., Nusbaum, C., Jaffe, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ALLPATHS+2:+small+genomes+assembled+accurately+and+with+high+continuity+from+short+paired+reads.">ALLPATHS 2: small genomes assembled accurately and with high continuity from short paired reads.</a> Genome Biol . 10, R103-R103 (2009).</li></ol>

のHi - Cのメソッドの仮特許（第100分の61、151）検討中です。

私たちは、公平な、ゲノムワイドな方法で、クロマチンの相互作用をマッピングすることで、ゲノムの3次元構造を研究する方法を提示する。離れて前の仕事からこの技術を設定するどのような最も重要な実験的なステップは、 - 平滑末端ライゲーションの前に架橋された断片の末端制限でビオチン化ヌクレオチドの取り込みです。この手順を実行すると、正常にすべてのライゲーション接合の深いシーケンシングを可能にし、ハイCにその範囲とパワーを与えます。 読み取りの数は最終的に相互作用マップの解像度を決定します。ここでは、ヒトゲノムのための1 MBの相互作用マップが〜3000万配列可能読み取りを使用して表示されます。 nの係数が&quot;万能&quot;の解像度を増加させるために、読み取りの数は、nは 2倍に増やす必要があります。 のHi - Cの技術は容易にそのようなハイブリッドライブラリの生成（ゲノムの特定の部分を対象とする）とライゲーション後のクロマチン免疫沈降した後、キャプチャのような他の手法、（特定のタンパク質に関連付けられている地域のクロマチン環境を調べるために）と組み合わせることができる。

Erratum:

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Protease inhibitors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P8340-5ml</td>
<td>Step 1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>biotin-14-dCTP</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>19518-018</td>
<td>Step 1.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Klenow</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NEB</td>
<td>M0210</td>
<td>Steps 1.6 and 2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>T4 DNA ligase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>15224</td>
<td>Step 1.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>T4 DNA polymerase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NEB</td>
<td>M0203</td>
<td>Steps 1.17 and 2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10x ligation buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NEB</td>
<td>B0202</td>
<td>Steps 2.2 and 3.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>T4 PNK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NEB</td>
<td>M0201</td>
<td>Step 2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Klenow (exo-)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NEB</td>
<td>M0212</td>
<td>Step 2.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dynabeads MyOne Streptavin C1 Beads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>650.01</td>
<td>Step 3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>T4 DNA ligase HC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Enzymatics</td>
<td>L603-HC-L</td>
<td>Step 3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Phusion HF mastermix</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NEB</td>
<td>F531</td>
<td>Step 3.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ampure beads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
<td>A2915</td>
<td>Step 3.9</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

hi-c: a method to study the three-dimensional architecture of genomes.

染色体の三次元折りに近い空間的近接2月6日に、ゲノムを区分けすると、そのようなプロモーターおよびエンハンサーのような遠くの機能要素を、もたらすことができます。染色体の組織とゲノムの活動との関係を解読することは転写と複製のように、ゲノムのプロセスを理解する上で助けとなる。しかし、ほとんどは染色体が折り畳ま方法については知られている。顕微鏡は、遺伝子座を同時にまたは高解像度での大きな数字を区別することができません。日付に、染色体のコンフォメーションキャプチャ（3C）とその後の適応を用いた染色体の相互作用の検出は、ゲノムワイドな研究は不可能7-10を作り、標的遺伝子座のセットの選択が必要。 我々は、Hi - C、公平な、ゲノムワイドなファッションで長距離相互作用を同定することができる3Cの拡張を開発した。ハイCでは、細胞は、共有結合したDNA -タンパク質の架橋によって互いに結合される相互作用する遺伝子座を引き起こして、ホルムアルデヒドで固定されています。 DNAは、その後、制限酵素で断片化している場合、これらの遺伝子座は、リンクされたままになります。ビオチン残基が5&#39;突出末端は次が記入されているとして組み込まれて、平滑末端ライゲーションは、架橋DNA断片間ライゲーションのイベントに有利な希釈条件下で行われる。核内で相互に近接してもともとのフラグメントのペアに対応ライゲーション産物のゲノムワイドなライブラリで、この結果、。各ライゲーション産物は、接合部の部位にビオチンが付いています。ライブラリが剪断され、接合部はストレプトアビジンビーズでプルダウンしています。精製された接合部は、その後、相互作用フラグメントのカタログで、その結果、ハイスループットシーケンサーを用いて分析することができます。 結果として得られる接触行列の直接分析は、染色体テリトリーの存在と小さな遺伝子が豊富な染色体の選択的結合として、ゲノム構成の多数の機能を明らかにする。アクセス可能な、オープンを含む小さい密集した区画、および活性クロマチンと閉鎖を含む、より緻密なコンパートメント、アクセス不能、および不活性クロマチン領域：相関分析は、ヒトゲノムは、2つのコンパートメントに分離されていることを示している、連絡先の行列に適用することができます。最後に、理論的な導出と計算機シミュレーションとの結合の接触行列のアンサンブルの分析は、、メガベーススケールでのHi - Cは、フラクタル球の立体構造と一貫性の機能を明らかにすることを明らかにした。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes. at JoVE.com

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

のHi - Cのメソッドは、クロマチンの相互作用（1）の公平な、ゲノムワイドな同定が可能になります。のHi - Cのカップル近接ライゲーションと超並列シーケンシング。結果のデータは、複数のスケールでのゲノムアーキテクチャを研究するために使用することができます：最初の結果は、染色体テリトリー、オープンおよびクローズクロマチンの分離、およびメガベーススケールでのクロマチン構造などの機能を同定した。

ハイC：ゲノムの三次元構造を研究する方法。

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

hi-c-a-method-to-study-the-three-dimensional-architecture-of-genomes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

408.3K ビュー.  University of Massachusetts Medical School. のHi - Cのメソッドは、クロマチンの相互作用（1）の公平な、ゲノムワイドな同定が可能になります。のHi - Cのカップル近接ライゲーションと超並列シーケンシング。結果のデータは、複数のスケールでのゲノムアーキテクチャを研究するために使用することができます：最初の結果は、染色体テリトリー、オープンおよびクローズクロマチンの分離、お?...

ビデオ: Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

トカゲの運動の速度と方向の視覚感度のテスト

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

生物学

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help achieve an comprehensive understanding of molecular pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the development of the non-essential gene deletion array, we can globally study the morphology of different organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria using GFP (or variant)-markers in different gene backgrounds. However, incorporating GFP markers in each single mutant individually is a labor-intensive process. Here, we describe a procedure that is routinely used in our laboratory. By using a robotic system to handle high-density yeast arrays and drug selection techniques, we can significantly shorten the time required and improve reproducibility. In brief, we cross a GFP-tagged mitochondrial marker (Apc1-GFP) to a high-density array of 4,672 nonessential gene deletion mutants by robotic replica pinning.  Through diploid selection, sporulation, germination and dual marker selection, we recover both alleles. As a result, each haploid single mutant contains Apc1-GFP incorporated at its genomic locus. Now, we can study the morphology of mitochondria in all non-essential mutant background. Using this high-throughput approach, we can conveniently study and delineate the pathways and genes involved in the inheritance and the formation of organelles in a genome-wide setting.

GFP-fusion proteins are widely used to visualize organelles by confocal microscopy. However, screening for mutations that affect the morphology of organelles generally requires individual mutagenesis and is time consuming. Here, we demonstrate a method to simultaneously incorporate organelle-GFP markers in almost 5,000 non-essential genes in yeast.

グローバルS. cerevisiaeの細胞小器官の形態を研究するためにハイスループット法

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique with sub-micron resolution capability that is now being used to evaluate the structure and function of plant xylem network in three dimensions (3D) (e.g. Brodersen et al. 2010; 2011; 2012a,b). HRCT imaging is based on the same principles as medical CT systems, but a high intensity synchrotron x-ray source results in higher spatial resolution and decreased image acquisition time. Here, we demonstrate in detail how synchrotron-based HRCT (performed at the Advanced Light Source-LBNL Berkeley, CA, USA) in combination with Avizo software (VSG Inc., Burlington, MA, USA) is being used to explore plant xylem in excised tissue and living plants. This new imaging tool allows users to move beyond traditional static, 2D light or electron micrographs and study samples using virtual serial sections in any plane. An infinite number of slices in any orientation can be made on the same sample, a feature that is physically impossible using traditional microscopy methods.
Results demonstrate that HRCT can be applied to both herbaceous and woody plant species, and a range of plant organs (i.e. leaves, petioles, stems, trunks, roots). Figures presented here help demonstrate both a range of representative plant vascular anatomy and the type of detail extracted from HRCT datasets, including scans for coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), walnut (Juglans spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), and maple (Acer spp.) tree saplings to sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), grapevines (Vitis spp.), and ferns (Pteridium aquilinum and Woodwardia fimbriata). Excised and dried samples from woody species are easiest to scan and typically yield the best images. However, recent improvements (i.e. more rapid scans and sample stabilization) have made it possible to use this visualization technique on green tissues (e.g. petioles) and in living plants. On occasion some shrinkage of hydrated green plant tissues will cause images to blur and methods to avoid these issues are described. These recent advances with HRCT provide promising new insights into plant vascular function.

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique that can be used to study the structure and function of plant vasculature in 3D. We demonstrate how HRCT facilitates exploration of xylem networks across a wide range of plant tissues and species.

プラントの脈管構造の三次元構造と機能を可視化するために、高分解能CTを用いた

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique with sub-micron resolution capability that is now being ...

Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells

During testicular germ cell differentiation, the structure of nuclear chromatin dynamically changes. The following describes a method designed to preserve the three-dimensional chromatin arrangement of testicular germ cells found in mice; this method has been termed as the three-dimensional (3D) slide method. In this method, testicular tubules are directly treated with a permeabilization step that removes cytoplasmic material, followed by a fixation step that fixes nuclear materials. Tubules are then dissociated, the cell suspension is cytospun, and cells adhere to slides. This method improves sensitivity towards detection of subnuclear structures and is applicable for immunofluorescence, DNA, and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the combination of these detection methods. As an example of a possible application of the 3D slide method, a Cot-1 RNA FISH is shown to detect nascent RNAs. The 3D slide method will facilitate the detailed examination of spatial relationships between chromatin structure, DNA, and RNA during testicular germ cell differentiation.

The material here describes a method developed to preserve the three-dimensional chromatin structure of testicular germ cells. This has been termed the three-dimensional (3D) slide method. This method improves sensitivity for detection of subnuclear structures and is applicable for immunofluorescence, DNA, and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

精巣生殖細胞の三次元クロマチンアーキテクチャを保存するためのスライド調製方法

During testicular germ cell differentiation, the structure of nuclear chromatin dynamically changes. The following describes a method designed to preserve ...

FRET Imaging in Three-dimensional Hydrogels

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly employ two-dimensional (2D) culture, which does not mimic the three-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironment. A method to perform quenched emission FRET imaging using conventional widefield epifluorescence microscopy of cells within a 3D hydrogel environment is presented. Here an analysis method for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the probe activation range is described. Measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels is demonstrated in chondrocytes under forskolin stimulation using a probe for EPAC1 activation (ICUE1) and the ability to detect differences in cAMP signaling dependent on hydrogel material type, herein a photocrosslinking hydrogel (PC-gel, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and a thermoresponsive hydrogel (TR-gel). Compared with 2D FRET methods, this method requires little additional work. Laboratories already utilizing FRET imaging in 2D can easily adopt this method to perform cellular studies in a 3D microenvironment. It can further be applied to high throughput drug screening in engineered 3D microtissues. Additionally, it is compatible with other forms of FRET imaging, such as anisotropy measurement and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and with advanced microscopy platforms using confocal, pulsed, or modulated illumination.

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging is a powerful tool for real-time cell biology studies. Here a method for FRET imaging cells in physiologic three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel microenvironments using conventional epifluorescence microscopy is presented. An analysis for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the activation range is described.

三次元ハイドロゲルでイメージングをFRET

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly ...

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the biliary tract in Suncus murinus (S. murinus&#160;). First, the specimen was dissected from S. murinus and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Second, an enzymatic treatment and potential endogenous peroxidase inactivation were performed. The specimen was then exposed to the primary antibody, anti-neurofilament protein antibody, for 3-6 days. It was then incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The color reaction was revealed by reacting the specimen with a 3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate. This method can be applied to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs. Furthermore, this protocol can also be adapted to test other neuronal antibodies, but optimization of the antibodies should be done first. This method was originally introduced by Kuratani and Tanaka1,2,3.

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

A whole-mount immunohistochemical approach, to visualize neurofilament protein expression in the extrahepatic biliary tract in Suncus murinus. is presented here. This protocol can be used to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs in S. murinus or other species.

全身免疫組織化学的方法を用いて胆道の内腔を調べる<em&gt; Suncus murinus</em

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the ...

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P &#60;0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.

Here we present an adaptation of the passive CLARITY and 3D reconstruction method for visualization of the ovarian vasculature and follicular capillaries in intact mouse ovaries.

受動的な明快さクリア マウス卵巣の血管の 3次元再構築

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine ...

Combining Chemical Cross-linking and Mass Spectrometry of Intact Protein Complexes to Study the Architecture of Multi-subunit Protein Assemblies

Proteins interact with their ligands to form active and dynamic assemblies which carry out various cellular functions. Elucidating these interactions is therefore fundamental for the understanding of cellular processes. However, many protein complexes are dynamic assemblies and are not accessible by conventional structural techniques. Mass spectrometry contributes to the structural investigation of these assemblies, and particularly the combination of various mass spectrometric techniques delivers valuable insights into their structural arrangement.
In this article, we describe the application and combination of two complementary mass spectrometric techniques, namely chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry and native mass spectrometry. Chemical cross-linking involves the covalent linkage of amino acids in close proximity by using chemical reagents. After digestion with proteases, cross-linked di-peptides are identified by mass spectrometry and protein interactions sites are uncovered. Native mass spectrometry on the other hand is the analysis of intact protein assemblies in the gas phase of a mass spectrometer. It reveals protein stoichiometries as well as protein and ligand interactions. Both techniques therefore deliver complementary information on the structure of protein-ligand assemblies and their combination proved powerful in previous studies.

The architecture of protein complexes is essential for their function. Combining various mass spectrometric techniques proved powerful to study their assembly. We provide protocols for chemical cross-linking and native mass spectrometry and show how these complementary techniques help to elucidate the architecture of multi-subunit protein assemblies.

化学架橋と複合体タンパク質複合体の建築を学びそのまま蛋白質の複合体の質量分析法を組み合わせた

Proteins interact with their ligands to form active and dynamic assemblies which carry out various cellular functions. Elucidating these interactions is ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

裏打ちクリア: 組織の脂肪組織の三次元イメージング法をクリア

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations

The concept of drug-combination therapy is becoming very important mainly with the drastic increase in resistance to drugs. The Quadruple&#160;checkerboard, also called the Q-checkerboard, aims at maximizing the number of possible combinations that can be obtained between four drugs in one experiment to minimize the time and work needed to accomplish the same results with other protocols. This protocol is based on the simple micro dilution technique where the drugs are diluted and combined together in several 96-well plates.
In the first set of 96-well plates, Muller-Hinton broth is added followed by the first required drug (e.g., Cefotaxime here) to serially dilute it. After the first step is done, another set of 96-well plates is used to dilute the second drug (e.g., Amikaci), which will be transferred by removing a specific volume of drug 2 and put in the corresponding wells in the first set of 96-well plates that contains drug one. The third step is done by adding the required concentrations of the third drug (e.g., Levofloxacin), to the appropriate plates in the initial set containing combination of drug 1 and 2. The fourth step is done by adding the required concentrations of the fourth drug (e.g., Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol) into the appropriate plates in the first set. Then, E. coli ESBL bacterial inoculum will be prepared and added.
This method is important to evaluate all the possible combinations and has a wider range of possibilities to be tested furthermore for in vivo testing. Despite being a tiring technique requiring a lot of focus, the results are remarkable and time saving where a lot of combinations can be tested in a single experiment.

This protocol describes how to study all possible combinations that can be obtained between four drugs in one single experiment. This method is based on the standard 96-well plate micro dilution assay and the calculation of fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) to evaluate the results.