この作品は、ウェスタン·オンタリオ、産科と婦人科の大学によってサポートされていました。とMinistryof研究とイノベーション、初期のリサーチャー賞からの助成金ER06-02-188。 MMDは、再生、早期開発と健康（REDIH）大学院奨学金への影響のCIHRのトレーニングプログラムによってサポートされていました。

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+imprinting+perturbations+do+not+originate+from+superovulation-induced+defects+in+DNA+methylation+acquisition.">Embryonic imprinting perturbations do not originate from superovulation-induced defects in DNA methylation acquisition.</a> Fertil. Steril. 96, 734-738 (2011).</li><li>Tahiliani, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conversion+of+5-methylcytosine+to+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+in+mammalian+DNA+by+MLL+partner+TET1.">Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1.</a> Science. 324, 930-935 (2009).</li><li>Hajj, N. E. l. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limiting+dilution+bisulfite+(pyro)sequencing+reveals+parent-specific+methylation+patterns+in+single+early+mouse+embryos+and+bovine+oocytes.">Limiting dilution bisulfite (pyro)sequencing reveals parent-specific methylation patterns in single early mouse embryos and bovine oocytes.</a> Epigenetics. 6, 1176-1188 (2011).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

この単一の卵母細胞アッセイは重要であり、特別なケアを必要とする数多くの手順が含まれています。最初は卵母細胞の洗浄です。それは、できるだけ多くの卵丘細胞のように削除するヒアルロニダーゼ処理後に廃棄し新鮮な培地に各卵母細胞を複数回洗浄することが特に重要である。また、透明帯を除去するため、酸性タイロード液に卵を転送するときは、周囲の媒体が卵丘細胞の明確で?...

特定の試薬 ​​や機器のテーブルです。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名前 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> コメント </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> 卵母細胞コレクション </td></tr><tr><td>ヒアルロニダーゼ</td><td>シグマ</td><td> H4272 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>酸性タイロード</td><td>シグマ</td><td> T1788 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>プロテイナーゼK </td><td>シグマ</td><td> P5568 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 10％IGEPAL </td><td> Bioshop </td><td> NON999.500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> 溶菌液 </td></tr><tr><td>トリス（pH7.5） </td><td> Bioshop </td><td> TRS001.5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> LiClを</td><td>シグマ</td><td> L9650 </td><td> ＆n個のBSPは、 </td></tr><tr><td> EDTA pH8.0で</td><td>シグマ</td><td> E5134 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> LIDS </td><td> Bioshop </td><td> LDS701.10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DTT </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> P2325 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> SDS溶解バッファー </td></tr><tr><td> TE pH7.5の</td><td> Bioshop（トリス） シグマ（EDTA） </td><td> TRS001.5 E5134 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 10％SDS </td><td> Bioshop </td><td> SDS001.500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> Bisulfite変換 </td></tr><tr><td>水酸化ナトリウム</td><td>シグマ</td><td> S8045 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>亜硫酸ナトリウム（亜硫酸水素ナトリウム） </td><td>シグマ</td><td> 243973 </td><td>; </td></tr><tr><td>ハイドロキノン</td><td>シグマ</td><td> H9003 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>低融点（LMP）アガロース</td><td>シグマ</td><td> A9414 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>鉱油</td><td>シグマ</td><td> M8410 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> M2中</td><td>シグマ</td><td> M7167 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GIBCO蒸留水</td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> 15230-196 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>オートクレーブ滅菌蒸留（DD）水</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> PCR </td></tr><tr><td> IllustraホットスタートミックスRTG </td><td> GEヘルスケア</td><td> 28-9006-54 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 240 ng / mlの酵母tRNA </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> 15401-011 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5倍グリーンGoTaq反応バッファー</td><td>プロメガ</td><td> M7911 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>内側と外側のネストされたプライマー</td><td>シグマ</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> ライゲーション </td></tr><tr><td>プロメガのpGEM-T Easyベクター</td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> A1360 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> TAクローニング </td></tr><tr><td>有能な大腸菌細胞</td><td> Zymoリサーチ（株） </td><td> T3009 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> 機器 </td></tr><tr><td>解剖顕微鏡</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 70°Cと90°Cヒートブロック</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 37°Cと50°C Waterbaths（42°Cの変換用） </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ロッカー</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PCRマシン</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

single oocyte bisulfite mutagenesis

エピジェネティクスは、すべてがこのように遺伝子のアクセシビリティを変更し、遺伝子の転写1を調整するための主要なメカニズムであることをクロマチンに遺伝性で可逆的改変を包含する。 DNAメチル化は、抑圧的なマークとして主に作用するエピジェネティックな修飾である。 CpGジヌクレオチドのシトシン上のメチル基の共有結合的付加により、それは、クロマチンを凝縮と遺伝子2をサイレンシングに関与するプロセスを開始するために追加の抑圧的なタンパク質やヒストン修飾を募集することができます。それは発達のプログラミング、細胞分化、レトロエレメントの弾圧、X染色体不活性化とゲノムインプリンティングに重要な役割を果たしているDNAのメチル化は正常な発達に不可欠である。 DNAメチル化解析のための最も強力な方法の一つは、亜硫酸水素塩の突然変異誘発である。亜硫酸水素ナトリウムは、ウラシルにシトシンをdeaminates DNAの変異原である。 PCR増幅とseque以下<html> ncingは、これらの変換イベントはチミンとして検出されます。メチル化シトシンは脱アミノ化から保護するため、個々のヌクレオチドレベル3でDNAメチル化の同定を可能にする、シトシンのままにされています。亜硫酸塩の突然変異誘発アッセイの開発は、当初より高感度と7再現性のあるものに向かって4-6を報告されたものから発展してきた。一つの重要な進歩は、それによって過酷な重亜硫酸塩処理8からDNAを保護し、アガロースビーズにDNAの少量を埋め込 ​​むされました。卵母細胞および胚盤胞段階の胚9のプール上で実行するために、この対応のメチル化解析。これまでで最も洗練された亜硫酸塩の突然変異誘発のプロトコルは、個々の胚盤胞段階の胚は10です。胚盤胞は、平均64個のセル（ゲノムDNAの120から720 pgを含む）を持っているのでしかし、この方法は、個々の卵母細胞または切断ステージ胚におけるメチル化研究のための効果的ではありません。 テント&quot;&gt;卵母細胞11を含む分DNA量の埋め込 ​​みをアガロースから手がかりをとると、ここでは卵母細胞を直接検索し、卵母細胞から透明帯を除去した後、直ちにアガロース溶解ソリューションビーズに埋め込 ​​まれているさせる方法を提示します。これは私たちに可能単一の卵重亜硫酸突然変異誘発の2つの主要な課題を回避する：多数のプロトコルステップの間に低下し、その後の損失からのDNAの微量を保護する重要なことは、データが単一の卵母細胞から得られたとして、プール内のPCRバイアスの問題が排除されるさらに。複数のメチル化パターンを持つ任意のサンプルはこのプロトコルは、単一細胞レベルでのDNAメチル化の成功と再現性の解析のための改良方法を提供する。分析12から除外されることがあり、理想的に適していますので、不注意な卵丘細胞の混入は、この方法で検出可能である個々の卵母細胞と同様に開裂段階の胚のために。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis at JoVE.com

Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis

亜硫酸塩の突然変異誘発は、DNAメチル化を解析するためのゴールドスタンダードです。私たちの変更されたプロトコルは、単一細胞レベルでのDNAメチル化解析を可能にし、特に個々の卵のために設計されました。また、開裂段階の胚に使用することができます。

単一の卵重亜硫酸塩の突然変異誘発

Epigenetics encompasses all heritable and reversible modifications to chromatin that alter gene accessibility, and thus are the primary mechanisms for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.0K ビュー.  Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario. 亜硫酸塩の突然変異誘発は、DNAメチル化を解析するためのゴールドスタンダードです。私たちの変更されたプロトコルは、単一細胞レベルでのDNAメチル化解析を可能にし、特に個々の卵のために設計されました。また、開裂段階の胚に使用することができます。

ビデオ: Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis

Homemade Site Directed Mutagenesis of Whole Plasmids

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. With this method the cloned target gene can be altered by substitution, deletion or insertion of a few bases directly into a plasmid. It works by simply amplifying the whole plasmid, in a non PCR-based thermocycling reaction. During the reaction mutagenic primers, carrying the desired mutation, are integrated into the newly synthesized plasmid. In this video tutorial we demonstrate an easy and cost effective way to introduce base substitutions into a plasmid. The protocol works with standard reagents and is independent from commercial kits, which often are very expensive. Applying this protocol can reduce the total cost of a reaction to an eighth of what it costs using some of the commercial kits. In this video we also comment on critical steps during the process and give detailed instructions on how to design the mutagenic primers.

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. Here we demonstrate an easy and cost effective way to introduce base substitutions into a plasmid using standard reagents.

全プラスミドの自家製のサイトが特異的突然変異誘発

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. With this method the cloned ...

生物学

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

異種哺乳動物細胞で発現したイオンチャネルの変異導入と機能解析

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

An Introduction to Worm Lab: from Culturing Worms to Mutagenesis

This protocol describes procedures to maintain nematodes in the laboratory and how to mutagenize them using two alternative methods: ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and 4, 5', 8-trimethylpsoralen combined with ultraviolet light (TMP/UV). Nematodes are powerful biological systems for genetics studies because of their simple body plan and mating system, which is composed of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and males that can generate hundreds of progeny per animal. Nematodes are maintained in agar plates containing a lawn of bacteria and can be easily transferred from one plate to another using a pick. EMS is an alkylating agent commonly used to induce point mutations and small deletions, while TMP/UV mainly induces deletions. Depending on the species of nematode being used, concentrations of EMS and TMP will have to be optimized. To isolate recessive mutations of the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, animals of the F2 generation were visually screened for phenotypes. To illustrate these methods, we mutagenized worms and looked for Uncoordinated (Unc), Dumpy (Dpy) and Transformer (Tra) mutants.

Screening for mutants with phenotypic defects is a straightforward method for identifying genes that function in a given biological process. In this article we describe how to culture free living worms (e.g., Pristionchus pacificus) in the laboratory and show two different mutagenesis methods, EMS and TMP/UV.

ワームの研究室の紹介：培養ワームから変異へ

This protocol describes procedures to maintain nematodes in the laboratory and how to mutagenize them using two alternative methods: ethyl methane ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

The efficient generation of genetic diversity represents an invaluable molecular tool that can be used to label DNA synthesis, to create unique molecular signatures, or to evolve proteins in the laboratory. Here, we present a protocol that allows the generation of large (>1011) mutant libraries for a given target sequence. This method is based on replication of a ColE1 plasmid encoding the desired sequence by a low-fidelity variant of DNA polymerase I (LF-Pol I). The target plasmid is transformed into a mutator strain of E. coli and plated on solid media, yielding between 0.2 and 1 mutations/kb, depending on the location of the target gene. Higher mutation frequencies are achieved by iterating this process of mutagenesis. Compared to alternative methods of mutagenesis, our protocol stands out for its simplicity, as no cloning or PCR are involved. Thus, our method is ideal for mutational labeling of plasmids or other Pol I templates or to explore large sections of sequence space for the evolution of activities not present in the original target. The tight spatial control that PCR or randomized oligonucleotide-based methods offer can also be achieved through subsequent cloning of specific sections of the library. Here we provide protocols showing how to create a random mutant library and how to establish drug-based selections in E. coli to identify mutants exhibiting new biochemical activities.

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Here we demonstrate a simple protocol to create a random mutant library for a given target sequence. We show how this method, which is performed in vivo in Escherichia coli, can be coupled with functional selections to evolve new enzymatic activities.

内タンパク質の定方向進化のための変異導入と機能選択プロトコル E.大腸菌</em

The efficient generation of genetic diversity represents an invaluable molecular tool that can be used to label DNA synthesis, to create unique molecular ...

Mouse Oocyte Microinjection, Maturation and Ploidy Assessment

Mistakes in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploid cells. In somatic cells, aneuploidy is associated with cancer but in gametes, aneuploidy leads to infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Haploid gametes form through species-specific developmental programs that are coupled to meiosis. The first meiotic division (MI) is unique to meiosis because sister chromatids remain attached while homologous chromosomes are segregated. For reasons not fully understood, this reductional division is prone to errors and is more commonly the source of aneuploidy than errors in meiosis II (MII) or than errors in male meiosis 1,2. 
In mammals, oocytes arrest at prophase of MI with a large, intact germinal vesicle (GV; nucleus) and only resume meiosis when they receive ovulatory cues. Once meiosis resumes, oocytes complete MI and undergo an asymmetric cell division, arresting again at metaphase of MII. Eggs will not complete MII until they are fertilized by sperm. Oocytes also can undergo meiotic maturation using established in vitro culture conditions 3. Because generation of transgenic and gene-targeted mouse mutants is costly and can take long periods of time, manipulation of female gametes in vitro is a more economical and time-saving strategy. 
Here, we describe methods to isolate prophase-arrested oocytes from mice and for microinjection. Any material of choice may be introduced into the oocyte, but because meiotically-competent oocytes are transcriptionally silent 4,5 cRNA, and not DNA, must be injected for ectopic expression studies. To assess ploidy, we describe our conditions for in vitro maturation of oocytes to MII eggs. Historically, chromosome-spreading techniques are used for counting chromosome number 6. This method is technically challenging and is limited to only identifying hyperploidies. Here, we describe a method to determine hypo-and hyperploidies using intact eggs 7-8. This method uses monastrol, a kinesin-5 inhibitor, that collapses the bipolar spindle into a monopolar spindle 9 thus separating chromosomes such that individual kinetochores can readily be detected and counted by using an anti-CREST autoimmune serum. Because this method is performed in intact eggs, chromosomes are not lost due to operator error.

Oocytes are prone to aneuploidy due to errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic maturation. Aneuploid eggs can cause infertility, miscarriages or developmental disorders like Down syndrome. Here, we describe methods to introduce materials of choice into oocytes and methods to study meiotic maturation and assess ploidy.

マウス卵母細胞のマイクロインジェクション、成熟および倍数性評価

Mistakes in chromosome segregation lead to aneuploid cells.  In somatic cells, aneuploidy is associated with cancer but in gametes, aneuploidy leads to ...

Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4

TRPV4 (Transient Receptor Potentials, vanilloid family, type 4) is widely expressed in vertebrate tissues and is activated by several stimuli, including by mechanical forces. Certain TRPV4 mutations cause complex hereditary bone or neuronal pathologies in human. Wild-type or mutant TRPV4 transgenes are commonly expressed in cultured mammalian cells and examined by Fura-2 fluorometry and by electrodes. In terms of the mechanism of mechanosensitivity and the molecular bases of the diseases, the current literature is confusing and controversial. To complement existing methods, we describe two additional methods to examine the molecular properties of TRPV4. (1) Rat TRPV4 and an aequorin transgene are transformed into budding yeast. A hypo-osmtic shock of the transformant population yields a luminometric signal due to the combination of aequorin with Ca2+, released through the TRPV4 channel. Here TRPV4 is isolated from its usual mammalian partner proteins and reveals its own mechanosensitivity. (2) cRNA of TRPV4 is injected into Xenopus oocytes. After a suitable period of incubation, the macroscopic TRPV4 current is examined with a two-electrode voltage clamp. The current rise upon removal of inert osmoticum from the oocyte bath is indicative of mechanosensitivity. The microAmpere (10-6 to 10-4 A) currents from oocytes are much larger than the subnano- to nanoAmpere (10-10 to 10-9 A) currents from cultured cells, yielding clearer quantifications and more confident assessments. Microscopic currents reflecting the activities of individual channel proteins can also be directly registered under a patch clamp, in on-cell or excised mode. The same oocyte provides multiple patch samples, allowing better data replication. Suctions applied to the patches can activate TRPV4 to directly assess mechanosensitivity. These methods should also be useful in the study of other types of TRP channels.

Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4

To complement commonly used methods to study TRPV4&#8217;s, two methods are described: Its mechanosensitivity can be studied by Ca2+-aequorin luminometry in transgenic yeast upon hypo-osmotic challenge. It can also be examined in TRPV4-RNA injected Xenopus oocytes by whole-cell two-electrode voltage clamp or patch clamp in on-cell or excised mode.

酵母発光測定と<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</emTRPV4の分子機械的感受性の&gt;卵母細胞電気生理学的検定試験

TRPV4 (Transient Receptor Potentials, vanilloid family, type 4) is widely expressed in vertebrate tissues and is activated by several stimuli, including ...

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion channels in oocytes. Recordings from the cut-open setup are particularly useful for resolving low magnitude gating currents, rapid ionic current activation, and deactivation. The main benefits over the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique include increased clamp speed, improved signal-to-noise ratio, and the ability to modulate the intracellular and extracellular milieu.
Here, we employ the human cardiac sodium channel (hNaV1.5), expressed in Xenopus oocytes, to demonstrate the cut-open setup and protocol as well as modifications that are required to add voltage clamp fluorometry capability.
The properties of fast activating ion channels, such as hNaV1.5, cannot be fully resolved near room temperature using TEVC, in which the entirety of the oocyte membrane is clamped, making voltage control difficult. However, in the cut-open technique, isolation of only a small portion of the cell membrane allows for the rapid clamping required to accurately record fast kinetics while preventing channel run-down associated with patch clamp techniques.
In conjunction with the COVG technique, ion channel kinetics and electrophysiological properties can be further assayed by using voltage clamp fluorometry, where protein motion is tracked via cysteine conjugation of extracellularly applied fluorophores, insertion of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, or the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into the region of interest1. This additional data yields kinetic information about voltage-dependent conformational rearrangements of the protein via changes in the microenvironment surrounding the fluorescent molecule.

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open Vaseline gap approach is used to obtain low noise recordings of ionic and gating currents from voltage-dependent ion channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes with high resolution of fast channel kinetics. With minor modification, voltage clamp fluorometry can be coupled to the cut-open oocyte protocol.

ザ·<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em蛍光測定で&gt;卵母細胞のカットオープンワセリンギャップ電圧クランプ法

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion ...

Generation of Enterobacter sp. YSU Auxotrophs Using Transposon Mutagenesis

Prototrophic bacteria grow on M-9 minimal salts medium supplemented with glucose (M-9 medium), which is used as a carbon and energy source. Auxotrophs can be generated using a transposome. The commercially available, Tn5-derived transposome used in this protocol consists of a linear segment of DNA containing an R6K&#947; replication origin, a gene for kanamycin resistance and two mosaic sequence ends, which serve as transposase binding sites. The transposome, provided as a DNA/transposase protein complex, is introduced by electroporation into the prototrophic strain, Enterobacter sp. YSU, and randomly incorporates itself into this host&#8217;s genome. Transformants are replica plated onto Luria-Bertani agar plates containing kanamycin, (LB-kan) and onto M-9 medium agar plates containing kanamycin (M-9-kan). The transformants that grow on LB-kan plates but not on M-9-kan plates are considered to be auxotrophs. Purified genomic DNA from an auxotroph is partially digested, ligated and transformed into a pir+ Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain. The R6K&#947; replication origin allows the plasmid to replicate in pir+ E. coli strains, and the kanamycin resistance marker allows for plasmid selection. Each transformant possesses a new plasmid containing the transposon flanked by the interrupted chromosomal region. Sanger sequencing and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) suggest a putative identity of the interrupted gene. There are three advantages to using this transposome mutagenesis strategy. First, it does not rely on the expression of a transposase gene by the host. Second, the transposome is introduced into the target host by electroporation, rather than by conjugation or by transduction and therefore is more efficient. Third, the R6K&#947; replication origin makes it easy to identify the mutated gene which is partially recovered in a recombinant plasmid. This technique can be used to investigate the genes involved in other characteristics of Enterobacter sp. YSU or of a wider variety of bacterial strains.

Generation of Enterobacter sp. YSU Auxotrophs Using Transposon Mutagenesis

Enterobacter sp. YSU grows in glucose minimal salts medium. Auxotrophs are generated by transforming it with a transposome which randomly inserts itself into the host genome. Mutants are found by replica plating from complex medium to minimal medium. Interrupted genes are identified by gene rescue and sequencing.

の世代<em&gt;エンテロバクター</em&gt;エスピー。 YSU要求株にはトランスポゾン突然変異誘発を用いて

Prototrophic bacteria grow on M-9 minimal salts medium supplemented with glucose (M-9 medium), which is used as a carbon and energy source. Auxotrophs can ...

Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing for Assessment of DNA Methylation at Base Pair Resolution

DNA methylation pattern mapping is heavily studied in normal and diseased tissues. A variety of methods have been established to interrogate the cytosine methylation patterns in cells. Reduced representation of whole genome bisulfite sequencing was developed to detect quantitative base pair resolution cytosine methylation patterns at GC-rich genomic loci. This is accomplished by combining the use of a restriction enzyme followed by bisulfite conversion. Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (ERRBS) increases the biologically relevant genomic loci covered and has been used to profile cytosine methylation in DNA from human, mouse and other organisms. ERRBS initiates with restriction enzyme digestion of DNA to generate low molecular weight fragments for use in library preparation. These fragments are subjected to standard library construction for next generation sequencing. Bisulfite conversion of unmethylated cytosines prior to the final amplification step allows for quantitative base resolution of cytosine methylation levels in covered genomic loci. The protocol can be completed within four days. Despite low complexity in the first three bases sequenced, ERRBS libraries yield high quality data when using a designated sequencing control lane. Mapping and bioinformatics analysis is then performed and yields data that can be easily integrated with a variety of genome-wide platforms. ERRBS can utilize small input material quantities making it feasible to process human clinical samples and applicable in a range of research applications. The video produced demonstrates critical steps of the ERRBS protocol.

Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing is a method for the preparation of sequencing libraries for DNA methylation analysis based on restriction enzyme digestion combined with cytosine bisulfite conversion. This protocol requires 50 ng of starting material and yields base pair resolution data at GC-rich genomic regions.

塩基対解像度でDNAメチル化の評価のための強化されたの減少表現重亜硫酸塩シークエンシング

DNA methylation pattern mapping is heavily studied in normal and diseased tissues. A variety of methods have been established to interrogate the cytosine ...

A Protocol for Functional Assessment of Whole-Protein Saturation Mutagenesis Libraries Utilizing High-Throughput Sequencing

Site-directed mutagenesis has long been used as a method to interrogate protein structure, function and evolution. Recent advances in massively-parallel sequencing technology have opened up the possibility of assessing the functional or fitness effects of large numbers of mutations simultaneously. Here, we present a protocol for experimentally determining the effects of all possible single amino acid mutations in a protein of interest utilizing high-throughput sequencing technology, using the 263 amino acid antibiotic resistance enzyme TEM-1 &#946;-lactamase as an example. In this approach, a whole-protein saturation mutagenesis library is constructed by site-directed mutagenic PCR, randomizing each position individually to all possible amino acids. The library is then transformed into bacteria, and selected for the ability to confer resistance to &#946;-lactam antibiotics. The fitness effect of each mutation is then determined by deep sequencing of the library before and after selection. Importantly, this protocol introduces methods which maximize sequencing read depth and permit the simultaneous selection of the entire mutation library, by mixing adjacent positions into groups of length accommodated by high-throughput sequencing read length and utilizing orthogonal primers to barcode each group. Representative results using this protocol are provided by assessing the fitness effects of all single amino acid mutations in TEM-1 at a clinically relevant dosage of ampicillin. The method should be easily extendable to other proteins for which a high-throughput selection assay is in place.

We present a protocol for the functional assessment of comprehensive single-site saturation mutagenesis libraries of proteins utilizing high-throughput sequencing. Importantly, this approach uses orthogonal primer pairs to multiplex library construction and sequencing. Representative results using TEM-1 &#946;-lactamase selected at a clinically relevant dosage of ampicillin are provided.

ハイスループットシーケンシングを利用し全体プロテイン飽和突然変異誘発ライブラリの機能評価のためのプロトコル

Site-directed mutagenesis has long been used as a method to interrogate protein structure, function and evolution. Recent advances in massively-parallel ...