この作品は、HLにG.ハロルド＆レイラY.マザーズ賞でサポートされているとRESCEJにNIHの助成金（R24 GM080527）はNRSA博士研究員（NIH F32GM9037222）され、現在国立からの指導研究員開発賞でサポートされていた老化に関する研究所（K01AG04435）。私たちは、有益なコメントを頂いた査読に感謝したいと思います。

プラスミドDNA、針及び注射料理の調製<ol><li>高速マキシやミディキットを用いてプラスミドDNAを調製し、エタノール沈殿を用いて溶液を2.5mg / DNAに集中する。 DNAペレットをヌクレアーゼフリーの脱イオン水に溶解されるべきである。 -20℃で10〜20μlのアリコート中のDN​​Aを保管してください。 （入手可能なベクターのリストについては、 補足表1を参照してください） </li><li> 100×15ミリメートルペトリ皿に胚を保持するためのトラフを構築するためにアガロース用いて射出料理を作る。 <ol><li>角度で100×15ミリメートルペトリ皿に75×50ガラス顕微鏡スライドを配置します。ペトリ皿にヒドラ媒体 24内で溶融、2％アガロースの約50ミリリットル注ぐ。あるいは、第皿にアガロースを注ぎ、トップの「マイクロインジェクション魚モールド」をフロート。 </li><li>アガロースが固化した後、ガラススライドや金型を削除します。ガラススライドを使用した場合、剃刀のbla過剰アガロースを切り取るドは、壁を形成する。皿にハイドラ培地を注ぎ、すぐにそれを使用したり、必要になるまで4℃で保管してください。注：使用の間、4℃で保存した場合、注入皿を再利用することができる。 </li></ol></li><li>彼らがあるように、ペトリ皿中の粘土の狭いストリップにそれらを押すことで、熱525、75を引いて、速度100、時間50店舗針：以下の条件を用いてプラーマイクロピペット上のフィラメントとホウケイ酸ガラスキャピラリーから針を引き出します皿の底に平行に保持。 </li><li>注射液を調製し、10％のフェノールレッドの2μlの2.5 mg / mlのプラスミドDNA溶液を3μlを組み合わせること。溶液を短時間ボルテックスし、次いで針を詰まらせる可能性のある粒子を除去するために微量に最大速度で10分間、それを回す。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で、小さな開口部を作成するためにピンセットで先端から針数ミリメートルのクリップ。注：オープンの適切なサイズに多少の柔軟性があります圧力がこの変化に対応するために、ステップ3.3に調整することができるのでる。 </li><li>それは、先端を下にして垂直に針を保持しているように、ペトリ皿を置きます。針の後端に液体をピペッティングすることにより注射液の約0.5μlの針をロードします。毛細管現象を針の先端に解決策を引っ張るようにします。 </li></ol>注射用胚の作製<ol><li>毎日のように卵を生産するためのポリープハイドラ AEP株文化をスキャンします。これらのポリープを収集し、別の培養皿に保管します。卵形成の進行状況を監視するために、日中、これらのポリープを数時間ごとに観察します。卵は外胚葉を突破と後退外胚葉細胞のリングの上に座るとき、彼らは注射の25の準備ができている。受精を可能にするために、注入前に少なくとも1時間精巣を持つ複数のハイドラと皿にこれらのポリープを置きます。 ハイドラ&lt;/ em&gt;の男性は、特別な操作を行わずに精子を放出する。 </li><li>メスが完全に形成された約400μmの直径が25である、卵、または1〜8細胞期胚とAEPコロニーで発見された場合、また、注射のために、これらを収集します。すぐに切断し始めている胚を注入する。注：これは、完全に形成された卵や単細​​胞接合体の違いを見分けることができず、従って、これらは、注射前に男性と一緒にインキュベートされるべきである。 </li><li>注射の前に、＃15刃でメスを用いて胚の上下に親の組織の大部分を除去。取付体列の小片でのみ胚を残すが、必要に応じて鉗子で胚を操作するために使用される。注：胚から離れて解剖されている組織が ​​再生成され、女性はハイドラコロニーに残ることを保証するために保存する必要があります。 </li><li>パスツールピペットを用いて、それらの壁に平行に配置し、注入皿に胚を移動アガローストラフ。 </li></ol>プラスミドDNAの3マイクロインジェクション<ol><li>鉄板に座っ磁気スタンドにインジェクターをマウントします。ジョイスティックマイクロマニピュレーターで、針を保持しているマイクロインジェクターの一部であるインジェクションホルダーをマウントします。マグネチックスタンドで、鉄板にジョイスティックマニピュレータをマウントします。解剖顕微鏡の右側にあるこの全体のセットアップを置き、観察視野に表示されているように、注射ホルダーを配置します。 </li><li>アガローストラフの垂直壁が左にあるように配向解剖顕微鏡下で胚を注射料理を置きます。インジェクションホルダーに針を挿入し、皿にハイドラ媒体への針の先端を下げる。 </li><li>鉱物油は、針の上部を満たし、注射液の安定した流れがHydrに針を出観察されるまでゆっくりと時計回りの方向に注射器のノブを回すミディアム。ストリームが強すぎると、反時計回りにノブを回して圧力を下げる。日常（針がステップ1.5にクリップされたか、すなわち ）針開口部の大きさに依存する適切な圧力を得るために、このステップを練習。注：ストリームが強すぎると、胚は注入を生き残ることはありません。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡を通して見ながら最初の胚は、フィールドの中心にあるように、注射用の皿を移動します。それがその胚に触れているように、針を移動します。針で胚を貫通するマイクロマニピュレーターを使用してください。注：アガローストラフの垂直壁は、針でわき押されてから胚を維持します。 </li><li>注射液は、胚1または2秒に流入し、その後すぐに針を除去することを許可します。胚は複数のセルを有する場合、個別のセルを注入する。針の先端で次のセルを整列させるために胚を再配向するために鉗子を使用してください。 </li><li>最初エンブリーの後oは次胚が注入位置となるように皿を移動し、手順を繰り返し、注入される;すべての胚が注入されるまで継続する。 </li></ol> 4。胚の培養および孵化<ol><li>精巣を持つ少数のハイドラと皿に注入した胚のすべてを移動します（これはすべての胚が受精していることを確認することです）。彼らは胚形成を継続しながら、18℃のインキュベーター内で胚をインキュベートする。 </li><li>キューティクル段階に達すると、 ハイドラ媒体が充填された24ウェルプレートの各ウェルにそれぞれ注入された胚を移動させる。 </li><li> 18℃の暗所で2週間注入した胚をインキュベートする。 </li><li> 2週間の潜伏期間の後、解剖顕微鏡下でそれぞれ注入された胚をご確認ください。キューティクル段階の胚は、親組織の小片から切り離されており、親の組織が再生していたいずれの場合に注意してください。それはマイルにならないように、すぐにこの再生されたポリープを削除する新しい雛のためにstaken。 </li><li> RTで水槽の光の下で注入した胚の皿を移動します。毎日のプレートを確認し、孵化を収集します。 ハイドラポリープの典型的なピンク色は、彼らが食べるアルテミアから来ているので、新孵化は白になります。 </li><li>導入遺伝子の発現を検出するために、蛍光顕微鏡下で孵化を観察します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wittlieb, J., Khalturin, K., Lohmann, J. U., Anton-Erxleben, F., Bosch, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+Hydra+allow+in+vivo+tracking+of+individual+stem+cells+during+morphogenesis.">Transgenic Hydra allow in vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103, 6208-6211 (2006).</li><li>Glauber, K. M., Dana, C. E., Steele, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydra.">Hydra.</a> Curr Biol. 20, 964-965 (2010).</li><li>Holstein, T. W., Hobmayer, E., David, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pattern+of+epithelial+cell+cycling+in+hydra.">Pattern of epithelial cell cycling in hydra.</a> Dev Biol. 148, 602-611 (1991).</li><li>Dubel, S., Hoffmeister, S. A., Schaller, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+pathways+of+ectodermal+epithelial+cells+in+hydra.">Differentiation pathways of ectodermal epithelial cells in hydra.</a> Differentiation. 35, 181-189 (1987).</li><li>Khalturin, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+stem+cells+in+Hydra+reveal+an+early+evolutionary+origin+for+key+elements+controlling+self-renewal+and+differentiation.">Transgenic stem cells in Hydra reveal an early evolutionary origin for key elements controlling self-renewal and differentiation.</a> Dev Biol. 309, 32-44 (2007).</li><li>Bosch, T., David, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+Cells+of+Hydra+magnipapillata+can+differentiate+into+somatic+cells+and+germ+line+cells.">Stem Cells of Hydra magnipapillata can differentiate into somatic cells and germ line cells.</a> Dev Biol. 121, 182-191 (1987).</li><li>David, C. N., Murphy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+interstitial+stem+cells+in+hydra+by+cloning.">Characterization of interstitial stem cells in hydra by cloning.</a> Dev Biol. 58, 372-383 (1977).</li><li>Chapman, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+genome+of+Hydra.">The dynamic genome of Hydra.</a> Nature. 464, 592-596 (2010).</li><li>Boehm, A. M., Bosch, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migration+of+multipotent+interstitial+stem+cells+in+Hydra.">Migration of multipotent interstitial stem cells in Hydra.</a> Zoology (Jena). 115, 275-282 (2012).</li><li>Glauber, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+small+molecule+screen+identifies+a+novel+compound+that+induces+a+homeotic+transformation+in+Hydra.">A small molecule screen identifies a novel compound that induces a homeotic transformation in Hydra.</a> Development. 140, 4788-4796 (2013).</li><li>Siebert, S., Anton-Erxleben, F., Bosch, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+type+complexity+in+the+basal+metazoan+Hydra+is+maintained+by+both+stem+cell+based+mechanisms+and+transdifferentiation.">Cell type complexity in the basal metazoan Hydra is maintained by both stem cell based mechanisms and transdifferentiation.</a> Dev Biol. 313, 13-24 (2008).</li><li>Anton-Erxleben, F., Thomas, A., Wittlieb, J., Fraune, S., Bosch, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+epithelial+cell+shape+in+response+to+upstream+signals:+a+whole-organism+study+using+transgenic+Hydra.">Plasticity of epithelial cell shape in response to upstream signals: a whole-organism study using transgenic Hydra.</a> Zoology (Jena). 112, 185-194 (2009).</li><li>Hemmrich, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+signatures+of+the+three+stem+cell+lineages+in+Hydra+and+the+emergence+of+stem+cell+function+at+the+base+of+multicellularity.">Molecular signatures of the three stem cell lineages in Hydra and the emergence of stem cell function at the base of multicellularity.</a> Mol Biol Evol. , (2012).</li><li>Juliano, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PIWI+proteins+and+PIWI-interacting+RNAs+function+in+Hydra+somatic+stem+cells.">PIWI proteins and PIWI-interacting RNAs function in Hydra somatic stem cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111, 337-342 (2014).</li><li>Nishimiya-Fujisawa, C., Kobayashi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+stem+cells+and+sex+determination+in+Hydra.">Germline stem cells and sex determination in Hydra.</a> Int J Dev Biol. 56, 499-508 (2012).</li><li>Milde, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+taxonomically+restricted+genes+in+a+phylum-restricted+cell+type.">Characterization of taxonomically restricted genes in a phylum-restricted cell type.</a> Genome Biol. 10, 8 (2009).</li><li>Nakamura, Y., Tsiairis, C. D., Ozbek, S., Holstein, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoregulatory+and+repressive+inputs+localize+Hydra+Wnt3+to+the+head+organizer.">Autoregulatory and repressive inputs localize Hydra Wnt3 to the head organizer.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108, 9137-9142 (2011).</li><li>Gee, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-catenin+plays+a+central+role+in+setting+up+the+head+organizer+in+hydra.">beta-catenin plays a central role in setting up the head organizer in hydra.</a> Dev Biol. 340, 116-124 (2010).</li><li>Fraune, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+an+early+branching+metazoan,+bacterial+colonization+of+the+embryo+is+controlled+by+maternal+antimicrobial+peptides.">In an early branching metazoan, bacterial colonization of the embryo is controlled by maternal antimicrobial peptides.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107, 18067-18072 (2010).</li><li>Bridge, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoxO+and+stress+responses+in+the+cnidarian+Hydra+vulgaris.">FoxO and stress responses in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris.</a> PLoS One. 5, e11686 (2010).</li><li>Boehm, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoxO+is+a+critical+regulator+of+stem+cell+maintenance+in+immortal+Hydra.">FoxO is a critical regulator of stem cell maintenance in immortal Hydra.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 19697-19702 (2012).</li><li>Franzenburg, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MyD88-deficient+Hydra+reveal+an+ancient+function+of+TLR+signaling+in+sensing+bacterial+colonizers.">MyD88-deficient Hydra reveal an ancient function of TLR signaling in sensing bacterial colonizers.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 19374-19379 (2012).</li><li>Dana, C. E., Glauber, K. M., Chan, T. A., Bridge, D. M., Steele, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incorporation+of+a+horizontally+transferred+gene+into+an+operon+during+cnidarian+evolution.">Incorporation of a horizontally transferred gene into an operon during cnidarian evolution.</a> PLoS One. 7, e31643 (2012).</li><li>Lenhoff, H. M., Lenhoff, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hydra: Research Methods. , 29-34 (1983).</li><li>Miller, M. A., Technau, U., Smith, K. M., Steele, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oocyte+development+in+Hydra+involves+selection+from+competent+precursor+cells.">Oocyte development in Hydra involves selection from competent precursor cells.</a> Dev Biol. 224, 326-338 (2000).</li><li>Lenhoff, H. M., Lenhoff, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hydra: Research Methods. , 53-62 (1983).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

Hydraは日常的に無性再現しますが、配偶子の生産を開始する環境刺激を必要とします。これらの刺激はほとんどハイドラ種について、明確に定義されておらず、歪み歪みと異なる場合があります。それは性的になるためにハイドラを誘導するために実験室の設定で困難な場合がありますので、トランスジェニックハイドラの生産に重要なハードルは定期的に胚を得?...

Hydraは再生、パターン形成を研究し、約250年2のための幹細胞に使用されているHydraは 3つの細胞系統からなるシンプルなボディープランがあります。外胚葉上皮、内胚葉上皮と間質を。管状体は、単一の細胞層でそれぞれが外胚葉と内胚葉上皮系統によって形成される。体内の欄の上皮細胞のすべてが有糸分裂である。上皮細胞は、尾方端に経口端部または足に四肢3、ヘッド（口および触手）（基礎円板）に変位するとき、それらは、細胞周期のG2期で停止させると、細胞の運命4を変更する。間質細胞系統の細胞は、上皮細胞間の隙間内に存在する。この系統は、本体コラム5の外胚葉上皮層に位置している多能性幹細胞でサポートされています。間質幹細胞を3セルの体細胞を生じさせるLタイプ（神経、腺細胞、およびnematocytes）と生殖細胞6,7。 門刺胞動物、すべてbilateriansの姉妹グループの一員として、Hydraは多細胞動物の間で共有の基本的な生物学的プロセスに光を当てることができます。最近まで、これらの努力は、遺伝子機能の摂動のための信頼できる方法の欠如により妨げられた。しかし、トランスジェニック手法1の開発を、私たちは今、幹細胞機能、再生、およびパターニングなどの多細胞動物に共通する基本的なメカニズムのよりよい理解を得るためにハイドラを最大限に活用することができます。トランスジェニックヒドララインは、孵化のかなりの頻度でランダムな組み込みおよびキメラ発現をもたらす胚へのプラスミドDNAの注射によって確立される。特定の系列に均一発現とラインが無性繁殖によって確立することができる。クローン的transgを増殖させる能力ENIC ヒドララインは、有性生殖により増殖することができる動物モデルの大部分よりも有利で ​​ある。また、トランスジェニック細胞は、動物の透明性および内因性蛍光タンパク質8が存在しない場合にインビボで容易に追跡することができる。 第一のトランスジェニックヒドラ線が1行われたので、7年間、そのような線は、さまざまな用途に使用されてきた。異なる細胞型における蛍光タンパク質の発現は、細胞の動きを追跡する細胞形状の変化を観察し、野生型条件および化学的摂動1,5,9-12後の両方において細胞の運命を追跡することが可能となった。また、さまざまな系統の異なる蛍光タンパク質の発現は、特定の細胞集団のFACS単離を可能にする。この技術は、幹細胞特異的mRNAおよび系統特異的低分子RNA 13,14の配列決定のために使用されてきた。プロモーターの一方2 ヒドラアクチン遺伝子の一つは、最も広く使用されているいくつかの細胞型特異的プロモーターを同定し、トランスジェニックヒドラ 9,11,15,16でGFPの発現を駆動するために使用されている。将来的には、細胞型特異的プロモーターは、任意の特定の細胞型の観察および回収を可能にする。また、トランスジェニックアプローチは、成功しWnt3をプロモーター17のシス作用調節エレメントを定義するために使用された。 ハイドラにおけるトランスジェニック方法の開発が異所性発現、過剰発現、およびノックダウンにより遺伝子の機能をテストするための堅牢なアプローチを提供します。トランスジェニック動物は、機能および細胞局在18-20の両方を検討するために、蛍光標識タンパク質を発現することが行われている。また、GFP導入遺伝子の3&#39;UTR中のRNAヘアピンの発現は、標的遺伝子21,22のノックダウンにつながる。これらのアプローチでは、GFPを識別するために必要とされているトランスジェニックラインの作成中にトランスジェニック組織を追跡します。しかしながら、いくつかのケースではGFP分子は、タグ付きタンパク質の機能を妨害する可能性がある。最近の研究では、 イドラ遺伝子がオペロン構成に配置することができることを実証する、 すなわち、多シストロン性転写物はその後、トランス-スプライスリーダーを添加することにより分離し、個別に23翻訳される、作製される。タンパク質またはオペロンと下流位置における蛍光タンパク質遺伝子の上流位置でヘアピンRNAをコードする遺伝子を配置することによって、人は、タンパク質またはRNAヘアピンをコードする遺伝子をタグ付けすることなく、トランスジェニック組織を追跡することができる。この方法は、14遺伝子ノックダウンを達成するためにDsRed2のとオペロン構成のRNAヘアピンを発現するために使用されてきた。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AEP Hydra Strain</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:576px;">Email: Celina Juliano at celina.juliano@yale.edu or Hiroshi Shimizu bubuchin2006@yahoo.co.jp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">High Speed Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">12662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100 x 15 mm Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">351029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">75 x 50 mm Glass Microscope Slide</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS294775X50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microinjection Fish Mold</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">IBI Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FM-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Borosilicate Glass with Filament</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BF100-50-10</td>
			<td>O.D.: 1.0 mm, I.D.: 0.50 mm, 10 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Phenol Red</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Jewelers Forceps, Durmont #5</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>F6521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel Blade #15</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-822-421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mineral oil</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M8410-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microinjector</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IM-9B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnetic Stand</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GJ-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Iron Plate</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Joystick Micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MN-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of transgenic hydra by embryo microinjection

As a member of the phylum Cnidaria, the sister group to all bilaterians, Hydra can shed light on fundamental biological processes shared among multicellular animals. Hydra is used as a model for the study of regeneration, pattern formation, and stem cells. However, research efforts have been hampered by lack of a reliable method for gene perturbations to study molecular function. The development of transgenic methods has revitalized the study of Hydra biology1. Transgenic Hydra allow for the tracking of live cells, sorting to yield pure cell populations for biochemical analysis, manipulation of gene function by knockdown and over-expression, and analysis of promoter function. Plasmid DNA injected into early stage embryos randomly integrates into the genome early in development. This results in hatchlings that express transgenes in patches of tissue in one or more of the three lineages (ectodermal epithelial, endodermal epithelial, or interstitial). The success rate of obtaining a hatchling with transgenic tissue is between 10% and 20%. Asexual propagation of the transgenic hatchling is used to establish a uniformly transgenic line in a particular lineage. Generating transgenic Hydra is surprisingly simple and robust, and here we describe a protocol that can be easily implemented at low cost.

トランスジェニックハイドララインの確立 アルテミアノープリウスを2〜3日ごとジェニック孵化フィード。孵化は時に孵化後一日か二日のために食べてはいけない。いくつかの新しい孵化は食べることはありませんので、生き残ることはありません。雛は、外胚葉（ 図1A）または内胚葉上皮組織のいずれかでトランスジェニックであれば、動物は?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection at JoVE.com

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Stably transgenic Hydra are made by microinjection of plasmid DNA into embryos followed by random genomic integration and asexual propagation to establish a uniform line. Transgenic Hydra are used to track cell movements, overexpress genes, study promoter function, or knock down gene expression using RNAi.

トランスジェニックの世代<em&gt;ハイドラ</em&gt;胚マイクロインジェクションによる

As a member of the phylum Cnidaria, the sister group to all bilaterians, Hydra can shed light on fundamental biological processes shared among ...

generation-of-transgenic-hydra-by-embryo-microinjection

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

13.9K ビュー.  Yale University School of Medicine. Stably transgenic Hydra are made by microinjection of plasmid DNA into embryos followed by random genomic integration and asexual propagation to establish a uniform line. Transgenic Hydra are used to track cell movements, overexpress genes, study promoter function, or knock down gene expression using RNAi. 

ビデオ: Generation of Transgenic Hydra by Embryo Microinjection

Microinjection of A. aegypti Embryos to Obtain Transgenic Mosquitoes

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever.  The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever. The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

トランスジェニック蚊を取得するA.ネッタイシマカの胚のマイクロインジェクション

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue ...

生物学

Generation of Stable Transgenic C. elegans Using Microinjection

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1. The plasmid DNA rearranges to form extrachromosomal concatamers that are stably inherited, though not with the same efficiency as actual chromosomes 2. A gene of interest is co-injected with an obvious phenotypic marker, such as rol-6 or GFP, to allow selection of transgenic animals under a dissecting microscope. The exogenous gene may be expressed from its native promoter for cellular localization studies. Alternatively, the transgene can be driven by a different tissue-specific promoter to assess the role of the gene product in that particular cell or tissue. This technique efficiently drives gene expression in all tissues of C. elegans except for the germline or early embryo 3. Creation of transgenic animals is widely utilized for a range of experimental paradigms. This video demonstrates the microinjection procedure to generate transgenic worms. Furthermore, selection and maintenance of stable transgenic C. elegans lines is described.

This video demonstrates the technique of microinjection into the gonad of C. elegans to create transgenic animals.

マイクロインジェクションを使用して安定したトランスジェニック線虫の世代

Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans can be readily created via microinjection of a DNA plasmid solution into the gonad 1.  The plasmid DNA rearranges to ...

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo for studying mitosis1. Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced genome, and it can be easily maintained and manipulated. Many mitotic mutants exist, and transgenic flies expressing functional fluorescently (e.g. GFP) - tagged mitotic proteins have been and are being generated. Targeted gene expression is possible using the GAL4/UAS system2. 

The Drosophila early embryo carries out multiple mitoses very rapidly (cell cycle duration, &asymp;10 min). It is well suited for imaging mitosis, because during cycles 10-13, nuclei divide rapidly and synchronously without intervening cytokinesis at the surface of the embryo in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex. These rapidly dividing nuclei probably use the same mitotic machinery as other cells, but they are optimized for speed; the checkpoint is generally believed to not be stringent, allowing the study of mitotic proteins whose absence would cause cell cycle arrest in cells with a strong checkpoint. Embryos expressing GFP labeled proteins or microinjected with fluorescently labeled proteins can be easily imaged to follow live dynamics (Fig. 1). In addition, embryos can be microinjected with function-blocking antibodies or inhibitors of specific proteins to study the effect of the loss or perturbation of their function3. These reagents can diffuse throughout the embryo, reaching many spindles to produce a gradient of concentration of inhibitor, which in turn results in a gradient of defects comparable to an allelic series of mutants. Ideally, if the target protein is fluorescently labeled, the gradient of inhibition can be directly visualized4. It is assumed that the strongest phenotype is comparable to the null phenotype, although it is hard to formally exclude the possibility that the antibodies may have dominant effects in rare instances, so rigorous controls and cautious interpretation must be applied. Further away from the injection site, protein function is only partially lost allowing other functions of the target protein to become evident.

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of microinjection and high resolution imaging in the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo to study mitosis.

に有糸分裂研究のためのマイクロインジェクション技術キイロショウジョウバエ合胞体胚

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo  for studying mitosis1.  Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced ...

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later stages of embryonic development, and to define how enhancers and promoters regulate gene expression within the embryo. The protocol demonstrated here can be used to efficiently produce transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos. This transgenesis approach involves three parts: 1. Sperm nuclei are isolated from adult X. laevis testis by treatment with lysolecithin, which permeabilizes the sperm plasma membrane. 2. Egg extract is prepared by low speed centrifugation, addition of calcium to cause the extract to progress to interphase of the cell cycle, and a high-speed centrifugation to isolate interphase cytosol. 3. Nuclear transplantation: the nuclei and extract are combined with the linearized plasmid DNA to be introduced as the transgene and a small amount of restriction enzyme. During a short reaction, egg extract partially decondenses the sperm chromatin and the restriction enzyme generates chromosomal breaks that promote recombination of the transgene into the genome. The treated sperm nuclei are then transplanted into unfertilized eggs. Integration of the transgene usually occurs prior to the first embryonic cleavage such that the resulting embryos are not chimeric. These embryos can be analyzed without any need to breed to the next generation, allowing for efficient and rapid generation of transgenic embryos for analyses of promoter and gene function. Adult X. laevis resulting from this procedure also propagate the transgene through the germline and can be used to generate lines of transgenic animals for multiple purposes.

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

This video protocol demonstrates a method for generating transgenic Xenopus laevis by introduction of transgenes into sperm nuclei followed by nuclear transplantation into unfertilized eggs.

トランスジェニックの生産アフリカツメガエル制限酵素を介した統合と核移植によって

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later ...

Generation of Transgenic C. elegans by Biolistic Transformation

The number of laboratories using the free living nematode C. elegans is rapidly growing. The popularity of this biological model is attributed to a rapid generation time and short life span, easy and inexpensive maintenance, fully sequenced genome, and array of RNAi resources and mutant animals. Additionally, analysis of the C. elegans genome revealed a great similarity between worms and higher vertebrates, which suggests that research in worms could be an important adjunct to studies performed in whole mice or cultured cells. A powerful and important part of worm research is the ability to use transgenic animals to study gene localization and function. Transgenic animals can be created either via microinjection of the worm germline or through the use of biolistic bombardment. Bombardment is a newer technique and is less familiar to a number of labs. Here we describe a simple protocol to generate transgenic worms by biolistic bombardment with gold particles using the Bio-Rad PDS-1000 system. Compared with DNA microinjection into hermaphrodite germline, this protocol has the advantage of not requiring special skills from the operator with regards to identifying worm anatomy or performing microinjection. Further multiple transgenic lines are usually obtained from a single bombardment. Also in contrast to microinjection, biolistic bombardment produces transgenic animals with both extrachromosomal arrays and integrated transgenes. The ability to obtain integrated transgenic lines can avoid the use of mutagenic protocols to integrate foreign DNA. In conclusion, biolistic bombardment can be an attractive method for the generation of transgenic animals, especially for investigators not interested in investing the time and effort needed to become skilled at microinjection.

Generation of Transgenic C. elegans by Biolistic Transformation

Transgenic worms are commonly used in C. elegans research. Described is a simple, yet effective, protocol to introduce transgenes into worms using biolistic bombardment with DNA-coated gold particles. The effort involved and results of bombardment compare favorably with microinjection for the generation of transgenic animals.

トランスジェニックの世代 C.エレガンスバイオリスティック変換による

The number of laboratories using the free living nematode C. elegans is rapidly growing. The popularity of this biological model is attributed to a rapid ...

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

In eukaryotes, messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed in the nucleus and must be exported into the cytoplasm to access the translation machinery. Although the nuclear export of mRNA has been studied extensively in Xenopus oocytes1 and genetically tractable organisms such as yeast2 and the Drosophila derived S2 cell line3, few studies had been conducted in mammalian cells. Furthermore the kinetics of mRNA export in mammalian somatic cells could only be inferred indirectly4,5. In order to measure the nuclear export kinetics of mRNA in mammalian tissue culture cells, we have developed an assay that employs the power of microinjection coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). These assays have been used to demonstrate that in mammalian cells, the majority of mRNAs are exported in a splicing dependent manner6,7, or in manner that requires specific RNA sequences such as the signal sequence coding region (SSCR) 6. In this assay, cells are microinjected with either in vitro synthesized mRNA or plasmid DNA containing the gene of interest. The microinjected cells are incubated for various time points then fixed and the sub-cellular localization of RNA is assessed using FISH. In contrast to transfection, where transcription occurs several hours after the addition of nucleic acids, microinjection of DNA or mRNA allows for rapid expression and allows for the generation of precise kinetic data.

Here we describe an assay that employs the power of microinjection coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization in order to accurately measure the nuclear export kinetics of mRNA in mammalian somatic cells.

マイクロインジェクションによる哺乳動物細胞におけるmRNA核外輸送の速度論の解析

In eukaryotes, messenger RNA (mRNA) is transcribed in the nucleus and must be exported into the cytoplasm to access the translation machinery. Although ...

Analyzing the Function of Small GTPases by Microinjection of Plasmids into Polarized Epithelial Cells

Epithelial cells polarize their plasma membrane into biochemically and functionally distinct apical and basolateral domains where the apical domain faces the 'free' surfaces and the basolateral membrane is in contact with the substrate and neighboring cells. Both membrane domains are separated by tight junctions, which form a diffusion barrier. Apical-basolateral polarization can be recapitulated successfully in culture when epithelial cells such as Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are seeded at high density on polycarbonate filters and cultured for several days 1 2. Establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is regulated by an array of small GTPases of the Ras superfamily such as RalA, Cdc42, Rab8, Rab10 and Rab13 3 4 5 6 7. Like all GTPases these proteins cycle between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state. Specific mutations in the nucleotide binding regions interfere with this cycling 8. For example, Rab13T22N is permanently locked in the GDP-form and thus dubbed 'dominant negative', whereas Rab13Q67L can no longer hydrolyze GTP and is thus locked in a 'dominant active' state 7. To analyze their function in cells both dominant negative and dominant active alleles of GTPases are typically expressed at high levels to interfere with the function of the endogenous proteins 9. An elegant way to achieve high levels of overexpression in a short amount of time is to introduce the plasmids encoding the relevant proteins directly into the nuclei of polarized cells grown on filter supports using microinjection technique. This is often combined with the co-injection of reporter plasmids that encode plasma membrane receptors that are specifically sorted to the apical or basolateral domain. A cargo frequently used to analyze cargo sorting to the basolateral domain is a temperature sensitive allele of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVGts045) 10. This protein cannot fold properly at 39&deg;C and will thus be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) while the regulatory protein of interest is assembled in the cytosol. A shift to 31&deg;C will then allow VSVGts045 to fold properly, leave the ER and travel to the plasma membrane 11. This chase is typically performed in the presence of cycloheximide to prevent further protein synthesis leading to cleaner results. Here we describe in detail the procedure of microinjecting plasmids into polarized cells and subsequent incubations including temperature shifts that allow a comprehensive analysis of regulatory proteins involved in basolateral sorting.

This article details the procedures involved in overexpression and analysis of small GTPases in polarized epithelial cells using microinjection technique.

偏上皮細胞へのプラスミドのマイクロインジェクションによる低分子量GTPaseの機能を解析する

Epithelial cells polarize their plasma membrane into biochemically and functionally distinct apical and basolateral domains where the apical domain faces ...

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a conserved and highly regulated pathway by which cells die1. Apoptosis can be triggered when cells encounter a wide range of cytotoxic stresses. These insults initiate signaling cascades that ultimately cause the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytoplasm2. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria is a key event that triggers the rapid activation of caspases, the key cellular proteases which ultimately execute cell death3-4.
The pathway of apoptosis is regulated at points upstream and downstream of cytochrome c release from mitochondria5. In order to study the post-mitochondrial regulation of caspase activation, many investigators have turned to direct cytoplasmic microinjection of holocytochrome c (heme-attached) protein into cells6-9. Cytochrome c is normally localized to the mitochondria where attachment of a heme group is necessary to enable it to activate apoptosis10-11. Therefore, to directly activate caspases, it is necessary to inject the holocytochrome c protein instead of its cDNA, because while the expression of cytochrome c from cDNA constructs will result in mitochondrial targeting and heme attachment, it will be sequestered from cytosolic caspases. Thus, the direct cytosolic microinjection of purified heme-attached cytochrome c protein is a useful tool to mimic mitochondrial cytochrome c release and apoptosis without the use of toxic insults which cause cellular and mitochondrial damage.
In this article, we describe a method for the microinjection of cytochrome c protein into cells, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and primary sympathetic neurons as examples. While this protocol focuses on the injection of cytochrome c for investigations of apoptosis, the techniques shown here can also be easily adapted for microinjection of other proteins of interest.

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

In this protocol, we describe the direct cytoplasmic microinjection of cytochrome c protein into fibroblasts and primary sympathetic neurons. This technique allows for the introduction of cytochrome c protein into the cytoplasm of cells and mimics the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which occurs during apoptosis.

シトクロムの細胞質マイクロインジェクションによるアポトーシスの活性化 C</em

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a conserved and highly regulated pathway by which cells die1.  Apoptosis can be triggered when cells encounter a ...

Generation of Myospheres From hESCs by Epigenetic Reprogramming

Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based therapies and for a "disease in a dish" model of human neuromuscular diseases. Major hurdles, such as low abundance and heterogeneity of the population of interest, as well as a lack of protocols for the formation of three-dimensional contractile structures, have limited the applications of stem cells for neuromuscular disorders. We have designed a protocol that overcomes these limits by ectopic introduction of defined factors in hESCs - the muscle determination factor MyoD and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex component BAF60C - that are able to reprogram hESCs into skeletal muscle cells. Here we describe the protocol established to generate hESC-derived myoblasts and promote their clustering into tridimensional miniaturized structures (myospheres) that functionally mimic miniaturized skeletal muscles7.

Here, we describe a protocol based on epigenetic reprogramming of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) toward generating a homogeneous population of skeletal muscle progenitors that under permissive culture conditions form three-dimensional clusters of contractile myofibers (myospheres), which recapitulate biological features of human skeletal muscles.

エピジェネティックリプログラミングによるヒトES細胞からMyospheresの生成

Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based ...

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

In this protocol, we present the required materials, and the procedure for making modified&#160;C. elegans&#160;Habituation and Reproduction media (mCeHR). Additionally, the steps for exposing and acclimatizing C. elegans grown on E. coli to axenic liquid media are described. Finally, downstream experiments that utilize axenic C. elegans illustrate the benefits of this procedure. The ability to analyze and determine C. elegans&#160;nutrient requirement was illustrated by growing N2 wild type worms in axenic liquid media with varying heme concentrations. This procedure can be replicated with other nutrients to determine the optimal concentration for worm growth and development or, to determine the toxicological effects of drug treatments. The effects of varied heme concentrations on the growth of wild type worms were determined through qualitative microscopic observation and by quantitating the number of worms that grew in each heme concentration. In addition, the effect of varied nutrient concentrations can be assayed by utilizing worms that express fluorescent sensors that respond to changes in the nutrient of interest. Furthermore, a large number of worms were easily produced for the generation of transgenic C. elegans using microparticle bombardment.

Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in Axenic Liquid Media and Creation of Transgenic Worms by Microparticle Bombardment

C. elegans is usually grown on solid agar plates or in liquid cultures seeded with E. coli. To prevent bacterial byproducts from confounding toxicological and nutritional studies, we utilized an axenic liquid medium, CeHR, to grow and synchronize a large number of worms for a range of downstream applications.