Serene Samyesudhas and Dr. Lynn Roy assisted in preparing samples for filming.

卵巣癌細胞株の1。細胞培養および蛍光標識<ol><li> 10％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）を補充したマッコイ培地、0.1 mMのL-グルタミン、50 U / mlペニシリン、および50μg/ mlストレプトマイシン：SKOV3メディアを準備する。 10％FBS、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム、0.1 mMのL-グルタミン、50 U / mlペニシリン、および50μg/ mlのストレプトマイシンを補充した最小必須培地（MEM）でOVCA429細胞を維持する。 </li><li> 5％のCO 2、37℃で加湿インキュベーター中SKOV3とOVCA429細胞株を伝播します。 40〜50％の集密度に細胞を成長させる。 </li><li> インビトロおよびインビボでの生存率を監視するために、赤色蛍光タンパク質（RFP）を発現する細胞を生成する。 <ol><li> RFPを発現してSKOV3細胞を生成するには、72時間ペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシンが存在しない場合に、RFPとSKOV3メディアへの10μg/ mlのポリブレンを発現するレンチウイルス粒子を添加する。 </li><li> 72時間後、蛍光活性化細胞SortiによってRFP陽性の細胞を選択するngの（FACS）を以下のようにトリプシン処理のRFPおよび非RFP発現細胞を、5分間、125×gで遠心分離、0.1％BSAを含有するPBS中で10 7細胞/ mlで再懸濁細胞。セルソーターに、選別パラメータを決定する非RFP細胞を使用する。その後、561 nmのレーザーを用いて高RFPを発現する細胞を集める。 </li><li>レンチウイルスプラスミドは、抗生物質耐性カセットを表現する場合には別の方法として、適切な抗生物質中で培養することによってRFP発現する細胞を選択します（例えば10 mg / mlのブラストサイ）。注：使用する必要があるレンチウイルス粒子の量は、バッチによっておよび細胞型によって変化することができる。適切なレンチウイルス力価は、各細胞型について決定されるべきである。 </li></ol></li></ol>がん幹細胞の2。エンリッチメント<ol><li> 72時間のシスプラチン、20μMとSKOV3、SKOV3-RFP、またはOVCA429細胞株を扱う。注意：シスプラチンは毒性が強い。防護服/手袋を使用し、皮膚や粘膜の膜との接触を避ける。シスプラチン私に捨てないでくださいn個の排水。 </li><li> CSCメディアの準備：5μg/ mlのインスリン、10ng / mlのヒト組換え上皮成長因子（EGF）、10ng / mlの塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子（bFGF）を補充した無血清DMEM / F12培地を、12 / mlの白血病抑制因子および0.4％ウシ血清アルブミン（BSA）。 </li><li>細胞をトリプシン処理。 CSC培地中で生存細胞培養。 注：文化非接着スフェロイド中2日後に形成することになる。 </li><li>細胞を含有し、5分間125×gで遠心分離し、メディアを収集することにより、2日おきにメディアを変更します。そして、新鮮なCSC培地でペレットを再懸濁します。細胞を計数し、トリパンブルー排除を実行することにより、2日ごとに実行可能性のために細胞を確認してください。 </li><li>その後、5分間129×gでの遠心分離グアニジニウムthiocynate（RNA）を含むフェノールペレットを再懸濁することにより更なる実験のためのCSCを収集、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS：137mMのNaCl、2.7mMのKCl、11.9 mMリン酸緩衝液、pH7.4）で（フローサイトメトリー用の）0.1％のBSA、またはCSCメディアが継続する細胞を培養する。 </li><li> 20Xと40Xの倍率で光学顕微鏡を用いてCSC細胞形態を監視します。 </li></ol>幹細胞マーカーのための遺伝子発現解析を経由して3のCSCキャラ<ol><li>メディアは5分間129×gで遠心分離し、細胞を含有する収集、およびフェノールを含むグアニジニウムthiocynateの溶液中にペレットを再懸濁することにより、CSCの3製剤を集める（RNA抽出のための他の方法を用いることができる）。 </li><li>製造業者のプロトコールに従ってTRIzolを使用して全RNAを準備します。市販のcDNA逆転写キットを用いてRNAの0.1μgのから相補的DNA（cDNA）を合成する。 </li><li>定量的逆転写ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（QRT-PCR）を行う。 <ol><li>サンプルあたり8μlの総するQRT-PCRミックス、プライマー、および水を含むプライマーのセットごとにマスターミックスを構成する（異なる蛍光体を有するプライマーは、同じウェルで増幅することができる）。例えば、生成する1のOct4-FAM用のマスターミックス、Nanogの、ヘックス、およびGAPDH-CY5。ネスチンとPROM1に個別のマスターミックスを生成します。サンプルあたりのcDNA鋳型の2を添加する。 注記：この研究のために、QRT-PCRは、表1に列挙されたプライマーを用いて行った。 </li><li>複数のフルオロフォアを検出することが可能なリアルタイムPCRサーモを使用して、各サンプルについてはすべて2重QRT-PCRを実行します。何テンプレートコントロールが含まれていない。 </li><li> ΔΔCT法を用いて、各サンプルについてGAPDHの発現に対する幹細胞の遺伝子発現を正規化する。 </li></ol></li></ol><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="746"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><tbody><tr height="21"><td height="63" rowspan="3" style="height:62px;width:111px;"> 10月 - 4-FAM </td><td style="width:636px;">プライマー1：5&#39;-CCCAAGGAATAGTCTGTAGAAGTG-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;">プライマー2：5&#39;-TGCATGAGTCAGTGAACAGG-3 &#39;</td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;"> FAMプローブ：5&#39;-CTTCCAAGC / ZEN / TG​​CCCACCTAACTTCT / 3IABkFQ -3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="63" rowspan="3" style="height:62px;">のNanog-HEX </td><td>プライマー1：5&#39;-CCTTCTGCGTCACACCATT-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;">プライマー2：5&#39;-AACTCTCCAACATCCTGAACC-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;"> HEXプローブ：5&#39;-CTGCCACCT / ZEN.CTTAGATTTCATTCTCTGGT / 3IABkFQ-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="63" rowspan="3" style="height:62px;"> GAPDH-CY5 </td><td>プライマー1：5&#39;-TGTAGTTGAGGTCAATGAAGGG-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;">プライマー2：5&#39;-ACATCGCTCAGACACCATG-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;"> CY5プローブ：5&#39;-AAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATTTGGTC / 3IABRQSP-3 &#39; </td><html></tr><tr height="21"><td height="63" rowspan="3" style="height:62px;">ネスチン-FAM </td><td>プライマー1：5&#39;-AGGACCTGAGCGATCTGG-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;">プライマー2：5&#39;-CGTTGGAACAGAGGTTGGAG-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;"> FAMプローブ：5&#39;-AACTTTTCA / ZEN / GTAGCCCGCAGCC / 3IABkFQ -3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="63" rowspan="3" style="height:62px;"> CD133-HEX </td><td>プライマー1：5&#39;-ACTCTCTCCAACAATCCATTCC-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;">プライマー2：5&#39;-AAACAATTCACCAGCAACGAG-3 &#39; </td></tr><tr height="21"><td height="21" style="height:21px;"> HEXプローブ：5&#39;-ACAATCACT / ZEN / GAGCACTCTATACCAAAGCG / 3IABkFQ-3 </td></tr></tbody></table> QRT-PCRにより、CSCの特徴付けに使用表1プライマー。 e_title &quot;&gt; 4。細胞表面マーカーCD117及びCD133のためのCSCの分析<ol><li>細胞を含有し、5分間125×gで遠心分離媒体を収集することによって収穫のCSC。細胞を、破壊するために、非タンパク質分解細胞剥離溶液500μlを追加します。 5分間125×gで遠心分離細胞は、細胞剥離液を除去した。その後、冷たいPBSで2回細胞を洗浄する。 </li><li>標識細胞の前に1時間、通常の増殖培地中でインキュベートする。 129×gで5分間細胞をスピンダウン。抗CD133-PEおよび抗CD117-FITC 0.1％BSAを含むPBSで細胞を再懸濁する。 </li><li> 1％パラホルムアルデヒド中で一晩細胞を固定します。注意：ホルムアルデヒドは有毒（被疑物質）である。ドラフト内で行って、一週間以内に使用しています。 </li><li> CD117（FITCと結合した抗CD117付き）と（PEに結合した抗CD133付き）CD133フローサイトメーター上の細胞表面発現を分析するために、フローサイトメトリーを実行します。チャネル（PE用）（FITC用）FL1とFL3のセルのデータを収集します。の両方を発現する細胞についてゲートを生成するFITCおよびPE。 4象限（FITC-とPE-、FITC + PE-、FITC- PE +、およびFITC +およびPE +）とのドットプロットを生成し、各象限における細胞の数を決定します。 </li></ol> 5。治療反応のためのCSCの分析<ol><li>プレートを一晩96ウェルプレート上にウェル当たり5,000細胞（SKOV3、SKOV3-RFP、SKOV3 CSCとSKOV3-RFPのCSC）。 </li><li> 96時間シスプラチン（0、1、10、100、1000μM）またはパクリタキセル（0、0.01、0.1、1、10、及び100μM）で処理する。 </li><li> MTT（3 - （4,5 - ジメチルチアゾール2 - イル）-2,5 - ジフェニルテトラブロミド）細胞生存率アッセイを行う。 <ol><li>プレート5000 96ウェルプレート上のウェルあたり100μlあたりの細胞（連でプレート細胞および培地のみ対照ウェルが含まれる）。 </li><li> 24時間後、10 mg / mlのMTTを10μlを加える。 （沈殿物が形成されるまで）2-4時間、37℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li> MTT溶剤4 mMのHClを100μlの、イソプロパノール中の0.1％NP-40を追加します。暗所で15分間インキュベートします。 </li><li>プレートrに570nmでプレートを読むeader。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Pennington, K., Pulaski, H., Pennington, M., Liu, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Too+Much+of+a+Good+Thing:+Suicide+Prevention+Promotes+Chemoresistance+in+Ovarian+Carcinoma.">Too Much of a Good Thing: Suicide Prevention Promotes Chemoresistance in Ovarian Carcinoma.</a> Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 10, 575-583 (2010).</li><li>Thigpen, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rational+approach+to+the+management+of+recurrent+or+persistent+ovarian+carcinoma.">A rational approach to the management of recurrent or persistent ovarian carcinoma.</a> Clin Obstet Gynecol. 55, 114-130 (2012).</li><li>Burgos-Ojeda, D., Rueda, B. R., Buckanovich, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+cancer+stem+cell+markers:+prognostic+and+therapeutic+implications.">Ovarian cancer stem cell markers: prognostic and therapeutic implications.</a> Cancer letters. 322, 1-7 (2012).</li><li>Ma, L., Lai, D., Liu, T., Cheng, W., Guo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+stem-like+cells+can+be+isolated+with+drug+selection+in+human+ovarian+cancer+cell+line+SKOV3.">Cancer stem-like cells can be isolated with drug selection in human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3.</a> Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 42, 593-602 (2010).</li><li>Bonnet, D., Dick, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+acute+myeloid+leukemia+is+organized+as+a+hierarchy+that+originates+from+a+primitive+hematopoietic+cell.">Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell.</a> Nature Medicine. 3, 730-737 (1997).</li><li>Alison, M. R., Lim, S. M., Nicholson, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+stem+cells:+problems+for+therapy.">Cancer stem cells: problems for therapy.</a> The Journal of pathology. 223, 147-161 (2011).</li><li>Luo, X., Dong, Z., Chen, Y., Yang, L., Lai, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enrichment+of+ovarian+cancer+stem-like+cells+is+associated+with+epithelial+to+mesenchymal+transition+through+an+miRNA-activated+AKT+pathway.">Enrichment of ovarian cancer stem-like cells is associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition through an miRNA-activated AKT pathway.</a> Cell proliferation. 46, 436-446 (2013).</li><li>Wang, L., Mezencev, R., Bowen, N. J., Matyunina, L. V., McDonald, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+stem-like+cells+from+a+human+ovarian+cancer+cell+line.">Isolation and characterization of stem-like cells from a human ovarian cancer cell line.</a> Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 363, 257-268 (2012).</li><li>Abubaker, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+single+treatment+of+chemotherapy+results+in+the+enrichment+of+ovarian+cancer+stem+cell-like+cells+leading+to+an+increased+tumor+burden.">Short-term single treatment of chemotherapy results in the enrichment of ovarian cancer stem cell-like cells leading to an increased tumor burden.</a> Molecular cancer. 12, 24 (2013).</li><li>Conic, I., Dimov, I., Tasic-Dimov, D., Djordjevic, B., Stefanovic, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+epithelial+cancer+stem+cells.">Ovarian epithelial cancer stem cells.</a> ScientificWorldJournal. 11, 1243-1269 (2011).</li><li>Liu, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+cancer+stem-like+cells+show+induced+translineage-differentiation+capacity+and+are+suppressed+by+alkaline+phosphatase+inhibitor.">Ovarian cancer stem-like cells show induced translineage-differentiation capacity and are suppressed by alkaline phosphatase inhibitor.</a> Oncotarget. 4 (12), 2366-2382 (2013).</li><li>Liu, T., Cheng, W., Lai, D., Huang, Y., Guo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+primary+ovarian+cancer+cells+in+different+culture+systems.">Characterization of primary ovarian cancer cells in different culture systems.</a> Oncology reports. 23, 1277-1284 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors declare they have no competing financial interest.

治療に抵抗性であるCSCは、原発腫瘍の治療後の再発に責任があります。 CSCはの特徴付けは、卵巣癌のための改善された治療法につながる可能性があります。上記のプロトコルを使用して、化学療法抵抗性のCSCの確立において重要なパラメータは、化学療法による治療の長さおよび化学療法の濃度チャートである。 Ma らにプロトコルを使用する場合。それは、シスプラチン及びパクリ?...

Resistance to chemotherapy is a major impediment to the treatment and cure of cancer. Ovarian cancer is the 5th leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States (American Cancer Society Facts and Figures 2013). Patients initially respond well to chemotherapy, but most patients relapse1. After relapse patients are treated with a variety of additional chemotherapy agents with very little benefit2. General properties of CSCs include unlimited proliferative capabilities, retention of an undifferentiated state, resistance to drug treatment, efficient DNA repair, and ability to generate malignant tumor cells with different phenotypes3. CSCs frequently exhibit expression of stem cell genes such as Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, Nestin, CD133, and CD117. CSCs often express elevated levels of ABCG2, and ALDH genes that may contribute to drug efflux and metabolism3,4. 
The first definitive evidence for CSCs was demonstrated by isolating acute myeloid leukemia-initiating cells that were capable of self-renewal and tumor generation5. These leukemic stem cells expressed surface CD34 and generated leukemia in NOD/SCID (immunocompromised) mice5. Since then CSCs have been identified in many cancer types including leukemias/lymphomas, breast, bladder, colorectal, endometrial, sarcomas, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanomas, gliomas, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, squamous cell carcinoma, and lung6. Therefore, being able to study this subtype of cancer cell is advantageous.
The goal of this study is to create a protocol for the selection and isolation of chemoresistant CSCs. Several methods have been reported for the isolation of CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines. Non-adherent spheroids isolated from OVCAR-3, SKOV3, or HO8910 cultures demonstrate stem-like properties7,8. Isolation of CD133+ cells from OVCAR-3 cultures also yields CSCs. CSCs have also been selected in culture by treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. Treating tumor cell lines (OVCA433, Hey, and SKOV3 cells) with cisplatin and paclitaxel allows for the expansion and isolation of CSCs4,9. While culture of some cell types in CSC media leads to isolation of CSCs, SKOV3 cells did not survive culture in serum-free media or form sphere cells4. Therefore, treatment of cells with cisplatin and paclitaxel aided the expansion or isolation of this population4.
Using a modification of the procedure presented by Ma and colleagues4 we developed a method to isolate CSCs from the ovarian cancer cell lines. Our protocol is advantageous as it yields more viable cells while using less toxic chemotherapeutic agents. Cells are treated with cisplatin and subsequently grown in serum-free media supplemented with growth factors (stem cell media). We isolate the resulting non-adherent sphere cells and assay them for their expression of stem cell markers. This model enables the study of CSC properties and response to drug therapy.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">McCoy</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16600-108</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Warm to 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">DMEM / F12 serum free</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11320-033</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Warm to 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Minimal Essential Media</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>42360032</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Warm to 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/11360070">11360070</a></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Polybrene</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Millipore</td>
			<td>TR-1003-G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Blasticidin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/R21001">R21001</a></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Atlas Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-0500-A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Penicillin-streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15070-063</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Cisplatin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T7402-5MG</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Caution: Toxic Use precautions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">pLenti-suCMV-Rsv</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gentarget</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LVP023</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">BSL2 approval needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I-1882</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:216px;">Human Recombinant EGF&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8916LC</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">bFGF</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354060</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="41" rowspan="2" style="height:41px;width:216px;">LIF</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:71px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:119px;">sc-4988A</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">03 116 956 001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">TRIzol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15596-018</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4368813</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IQ Multiplex Powermix</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1725849</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Accumax</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:216px;">Primers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Integrated DNA Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">individually designed and ordered (see protocol for sequnces)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Anti-CD133 PE</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Milenyl</td>
			<td>130-098-826</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Primer/probe sets are light sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">CD117-Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Miltenly</td>
			<td>130-098-570</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">AntiBiotin-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Miltenly</td>
			<td>130-098-796</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148-1KG</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Caution: Toxic always prepare in hood and make fresh.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/25300062">25300062</a></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-072</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">EVOS Fl Epifluorescence and Transmitted Light Microscope</td>
			<td>Advanced Microscopy Group</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Biorad CFX96 C1000 System</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Beckman Coulter FC500 Flow Cytometer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Spectramax 340PC384&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enrichment for chemoresistant ovarian cancer stem cells from human cell lines

癌幹細胞（CSCが）をゆっくりサイクリング、高度に増殖性の侵襲性生成するために非対称的に分裂未分化細胞、および化学療法抵抗性の腫瘍細胞のサブセットとして定義される。そのため、CSCは、治療標的とする細胞の魅力的な集団である。 CSCは、血液、脳、肺、胃腸管、前立腺、および卵巣のものを含む悪性腫瘍の種類の数に貢献すると予想される。単離とのCSCのための腫瘍細胞集団を濃縮すると、プロパティ、遺伝学、およびのCSC治療反応を研究する研究者ができるようになります。私たちは、再現可能に卵巣癌細胞株（SKOV3及びOVCA429）から卵巣癌のCSCが富化プロトコルを生成しました。細胞株は、3日間20μMのシスプラチンで処理される。生存細胞は、サイトカインおよび成長因子を含む血清を含まない幹細胞培地中で単離され、培養される。私たちは、kの単離した細胞を分析することによって、これらの精製のCSCの濃縮を実証ノウン細胞マーカーのOct4、Nanogの、およびPROM1（CD133）およびCD177およびCD133の細胞表面発現ステム。 CSCは展示は化学療法抵抗性を増加させた。 CSCを単離するためのこの方法は、化学療法抵抗性および腫瘍の再発でのCSCの役割を研究するための有用なツールである。

私たちは、シスプラチン処理を用いて上皮性卵巣癌細胞株からのCSCを単離することを実証するために、最初の治療の前および選択後の細胞系の画像を取得した。私たちは、付着性（未処理）SKOV3とOVCA429細胞およびSKOV3とOVCA429のCSC（ 図1）の画像をキャプチャするために、光学顕微鏡を使用していました。 CSCはラウンド表示され、組織培養プレート（ 図1および?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines at JoVE.com

Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

癌幹細胞（CSCは）による化学療法耐性に対する腫瘍の再発に関与している。私たちは、選択および卵巣癌細胞株からのCSCの拡張のためのプロトコールを最適化した。化学療法剤シスプラチンで細胞を処理し、私たちは非接着CSC培養液を濃縮するメディアを促進幹細胞で培養することによる。

ヒト細胞株から化学療法抵抗性の卵巣がん幹細胞の濃縮

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, ...

enrichment-for-chemoresistant-ovarian-cancer-stem-cells-from-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.4K ビュー.  Indiana University School of Medicine. 癌幹細胞（CSCは）による化学療法耐性に対する腫瘍の再発に関与している。私たちは、選択および卵巣癌細胞株からのCSCの拡張のためのプロトコールを最適化した。化学療法剤シスプラチンで細胞を処理し、私たちは非接着CSC培養液を濃縮するメディアを促進幹細胞で培養することによる。 

ビデオ: Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

Isolation of Cardiomyocyte Nuclei from Post-mortem Tissue

Identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei has been challenging in tissue sections as most strategies rely only on cytoplasmic marker proteins1. Rare events in cardiac myocytes such as proliferation and apoptosis require an accurate identification of cardiac myocyte nuclei to analyze cellular renewal in homeostasis and in pathological conditions2. Here, we provide a method to isolate cardiomyocyte nuclei from post mortem tissue by density sedimentation and immunolabeling with antibodies against pericentriolar material 1 (PCM-1) and subsequent flow cytometry sorting. This strategy allows a high throughput analysis and isolation with the advantage of working equally well on fresh tissue and frozen archival material. This makes it possible to study material already collected in biobanks. This technique is applicable and tested in a wide range of species and suitable for multiple downstream applications such as carbon-14 dating3, cell-cycle analysis4, visualization of thymidine analogues (e.g. BrdU and IdU)4, transcriptome and epigenetic analysis.

Cardiac nuclei are isolated via density sedimentation and immunolabeled with antibodies against pericentriolar material 1 (PCM-1) to identify and sort cardiomyocyte nuclei by flow cytometry.

事後組織から心筋細胞核の分離

Identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei has been challenging in tissue sections as most strategies rely only on cytoplasmic marker proteins1. Rare events ...

医学

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

人間の神経内分泌腫瘍療法の研究のための三次元モデルとしての人間の神経内分泌腫瘍細胞株

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

単離、特徴付けと二つの異なる方法を使用して永久歯に由来するヒト歯髄幹細胞の分化の比較

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

乳がんの遺伝子改変マウスモデル由来の初代前癌乳腺上皮細胞のタイムラプスイメージング

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

CD133の患者由来の細胞培養および分離<sup&gt; +</supメラノーマから&gt;推定されるがん幹細胞

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

ヒト前立腺癌サンプルからがん幹細胞の単離

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a valuable tool for understanding ovarian cancer, their use has many limitations. These include the lack of heterogeneity and the plethora of genetic alterations associated with extended in vitro passaging.&#160;Here we describe a method that allows for rapid establishment of primary ovarian cancer cells form solid clinical specimens collected at the time of surgery. The method consists of subjecting clinical specimens to enzymatic digestion for 30 min. The isolated cell suspension is allowed to grow and can be used for downstream application including drug screening. The advantage of primary ovarian cancer cell lines over established ovarian cancer cell lines is that they are representative of the original specific clinical specimens they are derived from and can be derived from different sites whether primary or metastatic ovarian cancer.

This study describes a detailed method for isolation and characterization of primary ovarian cancer cells from solid clinical specimens. Ovarian cancer clinical specimens are subjected to enzymatic digestion to obtain viable, fibroblast-free epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells highly suitable for downstream applications.

ソリッド検体からの原発性卵巣癌細胞を得る方法

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a ...

Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem cells&#8221; (CSCs) responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and relapse following conventional chemotherapies. Identification of ovarian CSCs is therefore an important goal. A commonly used method to assess CSC potential in vitro is the spheres assay in which cells are plated under non-adherent culture conditions in serum-free medium supplemented with growth factors and sphere formation is scored after a few days. Here, we review currently available protocols for human ovarian cancer spheres assays and perform a side-by-side analysis between commonly used multi cell-based assays and a more accurate system based on single cell plating. Our results indicate that both multi cell-based as well as single cell-based spheres assays can be used to investigate sphere formation in vitro. The more laborious and expensive single cell-based assays are more suitable for functional assessment of individual cells and lead to overall more accurate results while multi cell-based assays can be strongly influenced by the density of plated cells and require titration experiments upfront. Methylcellulose supplementation to multi cell-based assays can be effectively used to reduce mechanical artifacts.

In vitro spheres assays are commonly used to identify cancer stem cells. Here we compare single with multi cell-based spheres assays. The more laborious single cell-based assays or methylcellulose supplementation give more accurate results while multi cell-based assays performed in liquid medium can be highly influenced by cell density.

マルチとシングルセルベース球アッセイを用いてヒト卵巣癌細胞における幹細胞特性の評価

Years of research indicates that ovarian cancers harbor a heterogeneous mixture of cells including a subpopulation of so-called &#8220;cancer stem ...

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor initiation and/or relapse. Clarifying the mechanisms by which these tumor-initiating cells (TICs) support tumor formation and progression could lead to the development of clinically favorable therapies. Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous and highly recurrent disease. Recent studies suggest TICs may play an important role in disease biology. We have identified culture conditions that enrich for TICs from ovarian cancer cell lines. Growing either adherent cells or non-adherent &#8216;floater&#8217; cells in a low attachment plate with serum free media in the presence of growth factors supports the propagation of ovarian cancer TICs with stem cell markers (CD133 and ALDH activity) and increased tumorigenicity without the need to physically separate the TICs from other cell types within the culture. Although the presence of floater cells is not common for all cell lines, this population of cells with innate low adherence may have high tumorigenic potential.Compared to adherent cells grown in the presence of serum, TICs readily form spheres, are significantly more tumorigenic in mice, and express putative stem cell markers. The conditions are easy to establish in a timely manner and can be used to study signaling pathways important for maintaining stem characteristics, and to identify drugs or combinations of drugs targeting TICs. The culture conditions described herein are applicable for a variety of ovarian cancer cells of epithelial origin and will be critical in providing new information about the role of TICs in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse.

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) may represent a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer, a highly recurrent and fatal disease. We present a protocol for culture conditions that enrich for this highly tumorigenic population of cells.

卵巣がんの腫瘍開始細胞の体外富化

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor ...

Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

ヒト乳癌組織および細胞株からマンモスフェア形成アッセイ

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that ...